Course Book of Fluid Mechanics By Mr. Brosk Frya Ali Petroleum Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering Koya University 2013-2014 1
CONTENT 2 1. Course Coordinator and List of Lecturers on this Course... 3 2. Course Overview... 4 3. Course Objectives... 4 4. Course Reading List... 5 5. Syllabus 6 6. Topics Covered... 7 9. Student Feed Back.. 13 2
Course Coordinator and List of Lecturers on this Course Course Name: Fluid Mechanics (Theory and Tutorial) Lecturer: Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana Department: Petroleum Engineering Faculty: Engineering University: Koya Email: brosk.zangana@koyauniversity.org Course Name: Fluid Mechanics (Practical) Instructor: Mr. Ali Hussein Department: Chemical Engineering Faculty: Engineering University: Koya Email: ali.hosin.alibak@gmail.com Course coordinator: Mr. Pshtiwan Tahsin Mohammed Jaf Department: Petroleum Engineering Faculty: Engineering University: Koya Email: pshtiwan.jaf@koyauniversity.org 3
Course Overview Fluid is a substance that deforms continuously when subjected to a shear stress, no matter how small that shear stress may be, based on that, both gases and liquids are classified as fluids. As its name suggests, fluid mechanics is the study of fluids either in motion (fluid dynamics) or at rest (fluid statics) and the subsequent effects of the fluid upon the boundaries, which may be either solid surfaces or interfaces with other fluids. The number of fluids engineering applications is enormous: breathing, blood flow, swimming, pumps, fans, turbines, airplanes, ships, rivers, windmills, pipes, missiles, engines, filters, and jets, to name a few. When you think about it, almost everything on this planet either is a fluid or moves within or near a fluid. Petroleum engineers are also encountering the application of fluid flow most frequently, e.g. flow of fluids in well tubing and in flow lines and pumping raw materials such as natural gas and petroleum products over very long distances to domestic or industrial consumers. This being the case, this course is aimed at students of petroleum engineering, namely, second year, and it is designed to provide them with an understanding of the basic principles of fluid mechanics and of their application to this area of engineering problems. Course objectives During the fluid mechanics course students will be introduced to the fundamental Engineering science concepts related to the mechanics of fluids. This includes fluid properties, fluid static, and fluid dynamics; flow of liquids through pipes, pumps and pumping, flow of compressible fluids, flow measurement devices, two phase flow, flow of non-newtonian fluids and flow in porous media. On successful completion of this course students will be: Able to explain the fundamental properties of fluids. Familiar with behavior of fluids when it is at rest and accordingly can deal with it. Able to apply dimensional analysis to problems in fluid mechanics. Able to analyze incompressible flows in pipe systems, including series and parallel pipe systems. Familiar with methods of flow and pressure measurements. Aware of fundamental aspects of more complicated types of flow such as Gas Liquid flow in pipes, flow of non-newtonian fluids and flow of fluids in porous media. 4
Course reading list Dr. R. K. Bansal, A Text Book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines. Streeter V.L., Wylie E.B. and Bedford K.W.,(1998), Fluid Mechanics, 9th Edition. by McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Frank M., White, Fluid Mechanics, 4 th edition, McGraw-Hill. William D.McDAIN, Jr. (1990), The Properties of petroleum fluids, 2 nd edition, PennWell Publishing Company. Elemer Bobok, (1993) Fluid mechanics for petroleum engineers, Elsevier science publisher and Akademia kiado, Budapest Hungary. Goldstein R.J, (1996), Fluid Mech. Measurements, 2nd edition, Pub. Taylor and Francis. Azzopardi, B. J., (2006), Gas-Liquid Flows, Pub. Begell House, Inc. Brill, J. P., and Beggs, H. D., (1991), Two Phase Flow in Pipes, 6th edition, University of Tulsa. 5
Syllabus Week Contents 1 Introduction, Definition of fluid, Types of fluids. 2,3 Units and Dimensions, Dimensional Analysis, Methods of dimensional Analysis: Rayliehg s method, Bukingham s -theorem. 4 Properties of fluid: Bulk modulus of elasticity (K), Vapor Pressure, Viscosity, Surface tension and Capillarity. 5 Fluid-Static: Fluids pressure at a point, Pascal s law, pressure variation in a fluid at rest. 6,7 Measurement of pressure: Simple manometers, Single column manometer, Differential manometers and Mechanical gauges. 8,9 Kinematics of flow, Types of fluid flow, Rate of flow or Discharge, Continuity equation, Velocity and Acceleration. Fluid Dynamic: Equations of motion, Euler's equation of motion, 10,11 Bernoulli s equation from Euler s equation, Bernoulli's equation for real fluid. Newtonian s Fluid (Incompressible Fluid): Laminar and turbulent flow, 12,13 Reynolds Number, Flow of liquids through pipes, calculation of pressure drop, friction factor. 14 Minor losses, sudden contraction and expansion, non-circular diameter pipes. 15 Multiple pipe systems: Pipe connected in series, pipe connected in parallel, branching pipe 16,17 Flow measurement devices, orificemeter, venturimeter, nozzle, pitote tube, rotameter, weirs, 18,19 Pumping of Liquids 20,21 Flow of compressible fluids 22 Cavitations, Cavitation in a Variable Diameter Pipe, Cavitation in siphons, Cavitation in a Pumping System. 23 Flow in open channels 24,25 Flow of Multiphase Mixtures 26,27 Non-Newtonian fluid flow 28 Flow in porous media 6
1: Introduction, Definition of fluid, Types of fluids. Static Fluid Mechanics Kinematics Dynamics Fluid Static: is the study of fluids at rest. Fluid kinematics: deals with the motion of fluids without considering the forces and momentums that cause the motion. Fluid dynamics: is concerned with velocity and forces exerted by or upon fluids in motion. Definition of fluid: A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously when subjected to a shear stress, no matter how small that shear stress may be. Gases and most common liquids tend to be Newtonian fluids, while thick, long chained hydrocarbons may be non- Newtonian. 2,3: Units and Dimensions, Dimensional Analysis, Methods of dimensional Analysis: Rayliehg s method, Bukingham s -theorem. Units and Dimensions: Mass, Length and Time are commonly used as primary units, other units being derived from them. Their dimensions are written as M, L and T respectively. Sometimes force is used as a primary unit and its dimension is written as F. Familiarity with the various systems of units and an ability to convert from one to another are essential, as it will frequently be necessary to access literature in which the SI system has not been used. Dimensional Analysis: Solving practical design problems in fluid mechanics usually requires both theoretical developments and experimental results. By grouping significant quantities into dimensionless parameters it is possible to reduce the number of variables and to make this compact result (equation or data plots) applicable to all similar situations. 7
4: Properties of fluid: Bulk modulus of elasticity (K), Vapor Pressure, Viscosity, Surface tension and Capillarity. Properties of fluid: The engineering science of fluid mechanics has developed because of an understanding of fluid properties. The properties of density and viscosity play principle roles e.g. in open and closed channel flow. Surface tension effects are important e.g. in the formation of droplets, and in situations where liquid-gas-solid or liquid-liquid-solid interface occurs. The property of vapor pressure becomes important when reduced pressures are encountered: 5: Fluid-Static: Fluids pressure at a point, Pascal s law, Pressure variation in a fluid at rest. 6,7: Measurement of pressure: Simple manometers, Single column manometer, Differential manometers and Mechanical gauges. Fluid Static: Fluid static is that branch of mechanics of fluids that deals with fluids at rest. Problems in fluid static are much simpler than those associated with the motion of fluids. Since individual elements of fluid do not move relative to one another, shear forces are not involved and all forces due to pressure of the fluid are normal to the surfaces on which they act. With no relative movement between the elements, the viscosity of the fluid is of no concern. Many of the hydrodynamic concepts such as fluid pressure, pressure measuring concepts and devices and forces acting on submerged bodies may be illustrated with a fluid at static. A flowing fluid starts with a fluid at static e.g. pumping fluids from tanks. The pump suction head is a function of the fluid hydrostatic pressure at the pump. Fluid static provide means to measure pressure difference of flowing static fluids. Barometers and manometers devices are examples where static fluid is used to measure the pressure or pressure difference: 8,9: Kinematics of flow, Types of fluid flow, Rate of flow or Discharge, Continuity equation, Velocity and Acceleration. Kinematics is the branch of mechanics that deals with quantities involving space and time only. It is used to describe the motions of particles and objects, but does not take the forces that cause these motions into account. Continuity of Flow: Mass cannot be created nor destroyed therefore it follows that under steady state flow condition the mass flow rate into any control volume must equal the mass flow out of the control volume this applies to gases, vapours, and liquids. 8
10,11: Fluid Dynamic: Equations of motion, Euler's equation of motion, Bernoulli s equation from Euler s equation, Bernoulli's equation for real fluid. Dynamics of fluid flow: is the study of fluid which is in motion taking into consideration the forces causing the flow, e.g., fluid flow in pipes which are probably the most common problems encountered in engineering. Bernoulli's equation: Bernoulli equation is the most useful equation in fluid especially for incompressible flow calculations. These equations are derived from the principle of conservation of energy, which states: For any mass system, the net energy supplied to the system equal the increase of energy of system plus the energy leaving the system. 12,13: Newtonian s Fluid (Incompressible Fluid): Laminar and turbulent flow, Reynolds Number, Flow of liquids through pipes, calculation of pressure drop, friction factor. Laminar Flow: In this type of flow layers of fluid move relative to each other without any microscopic intermixing between them. Turbulent Flow: in turbulent flow there is an irregular random movement of fluid in directions transverse to the main direction of flow and eddies are formed. Turbulent flow is the most probable for engineering applications. Reynolds Number (Re): When a fluid flows through a pipe, the flow varies with the velocity, the physical properties of the fluid, and the geometry of the pipe. This was expressed by what is so known in Fluid Dynamics as Reynolds Number (Re): 9
Calculation of pressure drop: Pressure drop is a key parameter in pipeline design. Information on this parameter is very important to determine the pumping power needed for the movement of the fluids through pipelines and through other equipment such as heat exchangers. 14: Minor losses, sudden contraction and expansion, non-circular diameter pipes. Minor losses: Losses which occur in pipelines because of bends, elbows, joints, valves, etc, are called local or minor losses. This is misnomer because in many situations they are more important than the losses due to pipe friction. However, the name is conventional. 10
15: Multiple pipe systems: Pipe connected in series, pipe connected in parallel, branching pipe. Pipes Connected in Series: A series pipe connection or a compound pipe is one in which a number of pipes of different diameters, different lengths and different friction factors are connected in series with gradual or sudden changes in section. Pipes Connected in Parallel: If two or more pipes are connected between two given points of a flow system, it is called parallel pipe system. 16,17: Flow measurement devices, orificemeter, venturimeter, nozzle, pitote tube, rotameter, weirs. Fluid flow measurements are performed across the breadth of engineering, eg flows of oil, gas, petrol, water, process chemicals, effluent are all necessarily and routinely measured. Several types of flow meter are rely on Bernoulli's principle (they are also called pressure based flow-meters): e.g. Venturi meter, Orifice meter and Pitot-tube. 18,19: Pumping of Liquids For the pumping of liquids or gases from one vessel to another or through long pipes, some form of mechanical pump is usually employed. The energy required by the pump will depend on the height through which the fluid is raised, the pressure required at delivery point, the length and diameter of the pipe, the rate of flow, together with the physical properties of the fluid, particularly its viscosity and density. 20,21: Flow of compressible fluids For a wide range of fluids employed in engineering the assumption that the fluid is considered to be incompressible and thus it has a constant density is valid because the pressure changes which occur are normally too small to cause an appreciable change in density. For gases, however, this assumption cannot be made since large variations of density can be produced as a result of a change of pressure which occurs in normal engineering applications: this compressibility must be taken into account. 22: Cavitations, Cavitation in a Variable Diameter Pipe, Cavitation in siphons, Cavitation in a Pumping System. Cavitation: the formation and subsequent collapse of vapor bubbles known as cavitation and it can occur In situations that the flow of liquids are involving at pressures equal or less than vapor pressure. Cavitation can affect the operating performance of hydraulic pumps and turbines and can result in erosion of the metal parts In the region of cavitation. 11
23: Flow in open channels Flow in open channel is similar to pipe flow in many ways but differ in one important respect, open channel flow must have a free surface, whereas pipe flow has none. A free surface is subject to atmospheric pressure. 24,25: Flow of Multiphase Mixtures. Multiphase flow is more complicated than single phase due to the complex nature of the interface between the phases. Flow may be vertical, horizontal or inclined. Petroleum engineers encounter multiphase flow most frequently in well tubing and in flow lines and even during transportation both gas and liquid phases over long distances through pipeline systems before separation. This being the case, students of petroleum engineering must be familiar with the fundamental aspects and the behavior of such flow, specially gas-liquid two phase flow as one of the common flow in this field of engineering. 26,27: Non-Newtonian fluid flow Fluids encountered in the petroleum industry often act as non-newtonian fluids. These include: many of the drilling muds, fluids such as cements, frac and spacers used during well completion activities, and many of the oil and oil-water mixtures that are produced. The design of non-newtonian piping systems becomes complicated since the use of conventional friction factor correlations is not directly applicable. Therefore, it is important that students in this field of engineering to understand the basic principles of flow of such type of fluids. 28: Flow in porous media Flow in porous media occurs in many important industrial applications, especially, in the areas of petroleum engineering. A petroleum reservoir system is one example of a system where fluid flow control is critically important to maximize recovery of the available hydrocarbon resources. Therefore, it is important for the students on this course to understand and appreciate the mechanisms that drive fluid flow in porous media and to apply this knowledge to some of the more complex problems of fluid flow through porous media. 12
فيدباكي قوتابي خوي ندكار بؤ بابةتةكة 2014-2013 بەروار: كۆرس: ساڵى: مامۆستا: بروسك فريا على ناونيشانى بابەت: Fluid Mechanics ثرسياري هةل سةنطاندن ئاسيت بابةت تي بيين زياتر بةشي وةيةكي 5-1 بابةتيانة ئاماجنةكان و ثوختةي ثةيامةكاني بابةتةكة ر وون وئاشكرا بوون ناوةرؤكي بابةتةكة سوودبةخش بوو و ثةيوةندي بة ئاماجني سةرةكي كؤر سةكةوة هةبوو ثةر اوي بابةتةكة بة ثي ي ثي ويست ئامادة كرابوو مامؤستاكة لة كاتي وانة وتنةوةدا هةول ي دا ثرينسيث و ناوةرؤك و خال ة طرنطةكاني بابةتةكة بة جواني و بة سادةيي شي بكاتةوة مامؤستا هةول ي دا تةركيزم لةسةر بابةتةكة النةكةوي مامؤستا لة كاتي خؤيدا هاتة وانةكة و لة كاتي خؤيدا وانةكةي تةواو كرد مامؤستاكة بة نةرمي و بة هي مين و بة ر ي زلي نانةوة لة كاتي وانة طوتنةوةدا هةل سوكةوتي دةكرد ساليدةكاني بةكار هي نران ر وون و ئاشكرا و سةرنج ر اكي ش بوون مامؤستا كاتي ثرسيار كردني هي شتةوة و هةول ي دا ثرسيارةكان بة تي رو تةسةلي وةآلم بداتةوة سةرضاوةكاني خوي ندنةوة نوي ن و لةطةل ناوةرؤكي بابةتةكة دةطوجني ن كؤي ئاستةكان 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 ثي وةري هةل سةنطاندني ئاسيت ناوةرؤك 5 4 3 2 1 زؤر خراث خراث مام ناوةندي باش زؤر باش 13