Geological Methods in Mineral Exploration and Mining Bearbeitet von Roger Marjoribanks 2nd ed. 2010. Buch. xv, 238 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 540 74370 5 Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 596 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Geologie, Geographie, Klima, Umwelt > Geologie > Petrologie, Mineralogie schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.
Contents 1 Prospecting and the Exploration Process... 1 1.1 Definition of Terms.... 1 1.2 Generating New Projects and Prospects... 1 1.3 Some Ways of Generating New Exploration Ideas... 3 1.4 A Check-List of Negative Assumptions... 4 1.5 Stages in Prospect Exploration... 5 1.5.1 Target Generation..... 5 1.5.2 Target Drilling... 6 1.5.3 Resource Evaluation Drilling.... 6 1.5.4 Feasibility Study..... 6 1.6 Maximizing Success in Exploration Programmes... 7 1.7 Different Types of Exploration Strategy... 9 1.8 Exploration Feedbacks... 9 1.9 Breaking Occam s Razor...... 10 References... 11 2 Geological Mapping in Exploration... 13 2.1 General Considerations... 13 2.1.1 WhyMakeaMap?... 13 2.1.2 TheNatureofaGeologicalMap... 14 2.1.3 Intelligent Mapping.... 15 2.1.4 Choosing the Best Technique.... 18 2.1.5 Choosing the Best Scale... 20 2.1.6 Measuring and Recording Structures..... 22 2.1.7 Using Satellite Navigation (GPS)... 23 2.2 Mapping Using Reflectance Imagery as a Map Base..... 25 2.2.1 General..... 25 2.2.2 Acquiring Air Photographs..... 26 2.2.3 GeologicalInterpretation... 26 2.2.4 Determining Scale..... 27 2.2.5 Stereoscopic Image Pairs...... 29 2.2.6 Image Handling Techniques.... 31 2.2.7 Working with Enlarged Air Photographs... 34 xi
xii Contents 2.2.8 DataTransfertoBaseMap... 37 2.3 Mapping with a Plane Table.... 38 2.4 Mapping on a Pegged Grid..... 41 2.4.1 Requirements of the Grid...... 41 2.4.2 MakingtheMap... 43 2.5 Mapping with Tape and Compass...... 47 References... 49 3 Mine Mapping... 51 3.1 General..... 51 3.2 Mapping in Open Cuts... 51 3.3 Mapping Underground Openings...... 56 3.4 SafetyinMines... 60 References... 61 4 Trenching and Underground Development... 63 4.1 Preamble... 63 4.2 Pitting and Trenching... 63 4.3 Underground Development..... 64 4.4 Safety and Logistics in Trenching...... 65 4.5 Geological Mapping... 66 4.6 Geochemical Sampling... 69 4.7 Examples of Successful Exploration Programmes... 71 References... 72 5 Drilling: A General Discussion the Importance of Drilling... 75 5.1 Types of Drilling..... 75 5.2 Choosing the Right Technique... 76 5.3 TargetingHoles... 79 5.4 Drilling on Section.... 83 References... 84 6 Rotary Percussion and Auger Drilling... 85 6.1 Rotary Percussion Drilling..... 85 6.1.1 Reverse Circulation Drilling (RC)...... 85 6.1.2 Air Core Drilling..... 93 6.1.3 Rotary Air Blast (RAB) Drilling... 93 6.2 Auger Drilling...... 96 References... 97 7 Diamond Drilling... 99 7.1 Preamble... 99 7.2 SomeDefinitions... 100 7.3 BeforeYouBegin... 102 7.4 Setting Up a Diamond Hole.... 102 7.5 GeologicalObservation... 103 7.6 Recognizing and Interpreting Structures in Core.... 104
Contents xiii 7.6.1 StatementoftheProblem... 104 7.6.2 Planar Structures..... 104 7.6.3 Faults... 105 7.6.4 Linear Structures..... 107 7.6.5 Folds... 109 7.6.6 The Scale Problem.... 110 7.6.7 Vergence..... 112 7.7 Measuring and Recording Structures in Core..... 113 7.8 Core Logging Systems... 116 7.8.1 Prose Logging... 116 7.8.2 Graphical Scale Logging...... 117 7.8.3 Analytical Spreadsheet Logging... 119 7.9 Down-HoleSurveying... 123 7.9.1 Procedure.... 123 7.9.2 Using Down-Hole Survey Data to Plot Sections andplans... 124 7.10 When Should Core Be Oriented?... 127 7.11 SamplingandAssaying... 127 7.12 CoreHandling... 130 7.13 Core Photography.... 135 References... 136 8 Satellite Imagery... 137 8.1 General Discussion.... 137 8.2 How Earth Observation Satellites Work... 139 8.3 Display of Satellite Images..... 140 8.4 GeologicalInterpretation... 140 8.5 Analysis of Reflectance Data.... 142 References... 142 9 Geophysical and Geochemical Methods... 143 9.1 General Discussion.... 143 9.2 Magnetic Surveys..... 146 9.3 GravitySurveys... 149 9.4 RadiometricSurveys... 150 9.5 Electromagnetic (EM) Surveys... 150 9.6 ElectricalSurveys... 151 9.7 Hybrid Electrical and Magnetic Surveys... 152 9.8 Advances in Instrumentation and Data Modelling... 153 9.9 Stream Sediment Sampling..... 155 9.10 SoilSampling... 157 9.11 Heavy Mineral Concentrate (HMC) Sampling..... 158 9.12 RockChipSampling... 160 9.13 LateriteSampling... 161 References... 162
xiv Contents 10 Geographical Information Systems and Exploration Databases.. 165 10.1 Definition.... 165 10.2 The Need for Digital Exploration Databases...... 165 10.3 GISStorageofMapData... 168 10.3.1 Digitised Line Format... 168 10.3.2 Polygon or Vector Format...... 170 10.3.3 RasterFormat... 170 10.4 Validation... 170 10.5 Georeferencing...... 171 10.5.1 Geographical Coordinates...... 171 10.5.2 CartesianCoordinates... 171 10.5.3 MapDatums... 172 10.5.4 MapRegistering... 173 10.6 ManipulationofGISData... 173 10.7 PresentationofGISData... 174 Appendix A Notes on the Use of Graphical Scale Logging... 179 A.1 Column1(HoleDepth)... 180 A.2 Column2(CoreRecovery)... 180 A.3 Column 3 (Core Quality)...... 180 A.4 Column4(SampleNo.)... 180 A.5 Column5(AssayResults)... 180 A.6 Column 6 (Mapping Logs)..... 180 A.7 Column7(HistogramLogs)... 181 A.8 Column8(GeologyNotes)... 182 A.9 Column9(SummaryLog)... 182 A.10 RemarksArea... 182 Appendix B Oriented Drill Core: Techniques and Procedures... 183 B.1 Techniques for Orienting Drill Core..... 183 B.1.1 Non-mechanical Means...... 183 B.1.2 Mechanical Means.... 183 B.2 How to Handle Oriented Core... 188 B.3 HowtoMeasureStructuresinOrientedCore... 190 B.3.1 BeforeYouMeasure... 190 B.3.2 How Many Measurements Are Needed?... 191 B.3.3 UsingaCoreFrame... 192 B.3.4 UsingInternalCoreAngles... 195 B.3.5 Discussion on the Best Measuring Technique.... 201 B.3.6 Plotting Structure Measurements on Drill Section... 202 Appendix C Calculating Strike and Dip from Multiple Diamond Drill Holes.. 205 C.1 TheThreePointProblem... 205
Contents xv C.2 SolutionUsingStructureContours... 205 C.3 Solution Using a Stereonet..... 206 C.4 An Elegant Solution to Determining the Attitude of Planes in Non-oriented Core.... 208 Appendix D How to Use a Stereo Net to Convert Internal Core Angles to Geographic Coordinates... 211 D.1 The Solution for Planar Structures...... 211 D.2 The Solution for Linear Structures...... 213 Appendix E Practical Field Techniques... 215 E.1 Choosing the Right Compass.... 215 E.2 Understanding Your Compass... 215 E.3 Measuring the Strike and Dip of Planes... 217 E.4 Measuring the Trend and Plunge of Lineations.... 218 Appendix F Suggested Further Reading... 223 Acronyms and Abbreviations... 229 Index... 233