Fratur Mhani Conrt Conrt Strutur - High Prforman, Fibr Rinfor Conrt, Spial Loaing Strutural Appliation- B. H. Oh, t al. () Kora Conrt Intitut, ISBN 978-89-578-8- Vrifiation wt ry paking with xprimntal ata M. Shkarhi Univrity Thran, Thran, Iran. S. M. Mouavi Univrity Thran, Thran, Iran. N. A. Libr Ilami Aza Univrity, Qazvin branh, Qazvin, Iran S. Sorouh-Nia Ilami Aza Univrity, Mmbr Young Rarhr Club, Taktan Branh, Taktan, Iran. ABSTRACT: It i wll known that paking nity aggrgat, whih i rlat to itribution aggrgat, aggrgat iz, hap, urfa txtur, play an important rol in prforman onrt. All xiting mauring th paking nity aggrgat ar arri out unr ry onition. A nw, whih maur th paking nity aggrgat unr wt onition, ha bn vlop. It i all th wt paking. Partil paking mol, whih ar u to timat th paking nity/voi ratio th oli ombination, an provi tool to improv th prforman onrt. In thi papr, paking nity aggrgat in variou onition inluing ry wt paking wr xprimntally alulat. Finally, alulat rult unr wt onition hav bn ompar to tho unr ry on hav bn vrifi by thortial mol. INSTRUCTION Paking nity, fin a th volum oli pr total bulk volum, whih i wily u to valuat ombin aggrgat. Th gomtrial haratriti hap, angularity, txtur, partil iz itribution afft paking nity; thrfor, paking nity an b u a an inirt iniator aggrgat gomtrial haratriti. In gnral, highr paking nity i prfrr, although th maximum paking nity may not b optimal (ohann & Anrn 99, Goltrmann t al. 997, Powr 93, Powr 968). Aoring to (Goltrmann t al. 997) onrt mix houl hav mor fin aggrgat than what i rquir for th maximum paking nity. Howvr, it houl b not that a mall hang in ontnt o not gnrally au a larg hang in paking nity. Mol for paking nity hav bn appli for Slf Compating Conrt (SCC). SCC with nar optimum aggrgat paking xhibit lowr vioity, lowr High-Rang Watr-Ruing Amixtur (HRWRA) m, imilar or gratr filling apaity than SCC with lightly lowr aggrgat paking nity (Khayat & Lay ). Vahon, t al. utiliz th ompribl paking mol to lt aggrgat for SCC (Vahon t al. ). Rarhr hav publih om mathmatial mol to prit paking nity powr partil (Stovall t al. 988, Yu & Stih 988, Yu t al. 997, Suzuki t al., Raouly 999). Stui on paking rhologial bhavior hav bn prform for no-lump onrt/ Rollr Compating Conrt (Oullt 997, Lahu ), for SCC (Noguhi t al. 999) for Ultra High Prforman Conrt (Nhi & Min 998, Ginhanlu & Shmit 4, aobn t al. 5) iniating varying mpirial rlation. Rgaring th paking nity maurmnt, th onvntional, a tipulat in th xiting tar, uh a (Blgian Star NBN B-6 (98), Britih Star BS 8: Part (995), Europan Star EN 97-3 (998) EN 97-4 (999)), maur th bulk nity th oli partil unr ry onition trmin th paking nity a th ratio th bulk nity to th oli nity. Th, hraftr all th ry paking, ar wily u. For intan, (DShuttr & Popp 4) hav maur th paking nity a pr th Blgian Star orrlat th paking nity o trmin with th watr m th in mortar. Howvr, In pit th goo orrlation obtain by thm, it i, in fat, not appropriat to maur th paking nity uing any ry paking (Fung t al. 8).
. Thortial mol Paking mol, whih ar u to timat th paking nity th aggrgat, hav bn vlop ovr th pat 7 yar. Th Furna mol (Goltrmann t al. 997) onir th ial paking phrial partil to obtain th maximum nity a binary ytm. In a mixtur two kin partil, (iamtr <<, volum fration r r, paking nity ), thr ar two limiting a: ) r >>r ) r << r. In a th paking nity th mixtur i: = () r + r In a th paking nity th mixtur i: = r () Th Furna mol i only vali for a binary ytm at whih <<. Toufar mol (Toufar t al. 976) alulat th paking nity a multi-omponnt mixtur (mor than la). Th bai onpt th mol i that th iamtr ratio mallr partil/largr partil i largr than., th mallr partil i too larg to b ituat within th intrti btwn th largr partil th mixtur form om pak ara oniting mainly mallr partil. For thr limiting a a binary ytm, ) /, ) /, 3) /, th funtion z i fin in tabl. Tabl. Valu for iffrnt / a in Toufar mol (Toufar t al. 976). Conition Z / / r [+Ф+Ф / (Ф -Ф Ф )] /[(Ф - Ф Ф )-Ф /(Ф -Ф Ф )] / r Th paking nity i alulat by inrting z valu into th quation: = r (3) + r + z ( ) Lik th Furna mol, Aim G mol (Goltrmann t al. 997) u in binary mixtur only. Auming th partil ar phrial, th volum fration th fin partil r * that giv th maximum paking nity i: = D ( h, T ) h ( +.9 ) ( ε ) * r = Th proportionality fiint (4) D(h,T) ( +.9 moitur ) ( εprmability ) it i a nonlina th rlativ humiity h tmpratur If th hap & th Najjar fin 97). oar Th moitur partil ma ar balan not phrial, th rthat * bom th variation in tim th watr ma volum onrt (watr ontnt w) b q ( + ivrgn.9 ) th moitur flux * r = (5) ( +.9 ) = + t whr ar th xprimntal paking Th watr ontnt w an b xpr a niti fin partil i th xprimntal th vaporabl watr w paking nity oar partil. In a (apillary wa th vapor, aorb watr) th non- volum fration fin partil r i mallr than r * (hmially boun) watr w, th paking nity i: n (Mil Pantazopoulo & Mill 995). It i ra = aum that th vaporabl watr i a fu rlativ humiity, h, gr hyration (6) r gr ilia fum ration,, i.. w =w = ag-pnnt orption/orption (Norling Mjonll 997). Unr thi aum. Laboratory Mtho by ubtituting Equation into Equati.. Dry Paking obtain On th appli to alulat th maximum paking nity aggrgat i alulat w by ASTM C 9 (Star h Tt Mtho for Bulk + w Dnity ( Unit Wight ) h t h Voi in Aggrgat). Thi i u to alulat th bulk nity th voi volum whr btwn fin oar aggrgat / h i th lop th orption/ in th olltion iothrm aggrgat (alo u all in ompat moitur apa onition loo onition. If th maur alo govrning quation (Equation 3) mut b i to b u for tting for bulk nity frhlymix onrt aoring to Tt Mtho C 38 by appropriat bounary initial oniti Th rlation btwn th amount (Star Tt Mtho for Dnity (Unit Wight), watr rlativ humiity i all Yil, Air Contnt (Gravimtri) Conrt), iothrm if maur with inraing th maur hall b ma tl or othr uitabl mtal not raily humiity ubjt to attak orption by mnt iothrm pat. in th Th ampl that a. hoo Nglting for alulating thir iffrn olltion (Xi t al. paking nity mut th following, hav th volum orption nar iothrm 5 to will b prnt th rfrn ontainr to volum, both orption mut kp orption in ovn with ±5 By th tmpratur way, if th for on hytri ay. th Thi tar alulat iothrm th woul paking b nity takn into thr aount, two way. rlation, vaporabl watr v rlativ humi To alulat th b voi u aoring volum, it to i th nity ign to th varia know th aggrgat rlativity pifi humiity. nity that Th an b hap u th aoring to th ort iothrm aggrgat for HPC i o influn that ar fin by many p aggrgat or oar pially aggrgat tho from that ASTM influn C 7 xtnt (Star Tt Mtho hmial for Dnity, ration Rlativ, Dnity in turn, trm (Spifi Gravity), trutur Aborption por iz itribution Coar (watrratio, ASTM mnt C 8 hmial (Star ompoition, Tt SF Aggrgat) Mtho for Dnity, uring Rlativ tim Dnity, (Spifi tmpratur, mix Gravity), Aborption t.). In th litratur Fin Aggrgat). variou formulatio Howvr, alulation foun to th rib pifi th gravity orption fin iothrm aggrgat i tiou onrt (Xi tim-onuming t al. 994). in Howvr, thi in th. papr th mi-mpirial xprion pro Norling Mjornll (997) i aopt b Proing FraMCoS-7, May 3-8,
.. = D ( hwt, T ) Paking h () Th majority availabl laboratory to maur Th proportionality th paking nity fiint aggrgat D(h,T) ar i all ba on ry onition. Th ar nitiv to moitur prmability it i a nonlinar funtion quantity paking aoring to th way th rlativ humiity h tmpratur T (Bažant lting alulation; th quantity paking & Najjar 97). Th moitur ma balan rquir nity will b iffrnt. Bau th making that th variation in tim th watr ma pr unit for btwn th fin ingrint th ar volum not uitabl onrt for mnt (watr matrial ontnt in w) imnion b qual to fin th ivrgn ingrint. On th moitur th nw flux laboratory, whih ar rommn rntly, i rogniz with wt = paking (Fung t al. 8). In thi, th () paking t nity aggrgat alulat by oniring th fft platiizr watr ontnt Th watr ontnt ha l w an nibility b xpr in quantity a th um paking th vaporabl an alo watr u in w mnt (apillary ingrint. watr, watr vapor, Aoring aorb to th watr) onqun th non-vaporabl a rarh (hmially (Wong & Kwan boun) 8), latly, watr it i w n avoat (Mill that 966, th Pantazopoulo ry paking nity & Mill 995). houl It i b raonabl rpla by to aum th wt that paking th vaporabl for watr th following i a funtion raon. rlativ Firt, th humiity, wt onition h, gr i mor hyration, raliti. Son., gr Th wt ilia paking fum ration, i, i.. l w nitiv =w (h,,to ) = ompation; ag-pnnt thu houl orption/orption yil mor onitnt iothrm (Norling rult. Mjonll Thir, 997). if o Unr ir, thi aumption th fft by uprplatiizr ubtituting Equation may b inorporat. into Equation Fourth, on th obtain bnfiial fft blning i bttr rval. Fifth, th wt paking may b u togthr with that for mntitiou matrial to maur th paking h nity all th oli partil win mortar + & n (3) h onrt t (Fung h t al. 8). whr EXPERIMENTAL / h i th lop th orption/orption PROGRAMS iothrm (alo all moitur apaity). Th govrning Calulating quation paking (Equation nity 3) in mut aggrgat b omplt in two by appropriat wa mntion. bounary initial onition. Th For rlation thi purpo, btwn fiv th iffrnt amount mixing vaporabl ign in watr mortar iz rlativ wa ma humiity alulat i all th aorption aggrgat iothrm paking nity if maur in ompat with inraing onition rlativity loo humiity ompat onition. orption Survying iothrm in in nibility th oppoit a. aggrgat Nglting paking thir nity iffrn in fin (Xi t iz al. 994), with th in th laboratory following, orption i our iothrm purpo in will thi b work. u with rfrn to both orption orption onition. By th way, if th hytri th moitur. Tt Mtho iothrm woul b takn into aount, two iffrnt rlation, Th two vaporabl laboratory watr v rlativ ar lit humiity, in Tabl mut b brifly. u aoring to th ign th variation th rlativity humiity. Th hap th orption iothrm Tabl. Tt for Mtho. HPC i influn by many paramtr, pially Laboratory tho Prambl that influn xtnt rat th hmial ration, in turn, trmin por typ trutur Fill por th iz maur itribution on-thir full (watr-to-mnt lvl th ratio, mnt urfa hmial with th ompoition, fingr. Ro th layr SF ontnt, uring tim aggrgat, with tmpratur, 5 trok th mix tamping aitiv, ro t.). In th litratur vnly itribut variou ovr formulation th urfa. Fill th an b Compat maur two-thir full again lvl foun to rib th orption iothrm normal Mtho ro a abov. Finally, fill th maur to onrt (Xi ovrflowing t al. 994). ro Howvr, again in th in mannr th prnt papr th mi-mpirial prviouly mntion. xprion Lvl th propo urfa th by Norling Mjornll aggrgat (997) with th i fingr aopt or a traightg bau in it xpliitly aount uh a way for that any th light volution projtion hyration th ration largr SF pi ontnt. th oar Thi aggrgat orption iothrm approximatly balan th largr voi in th ra urfa blow th top th maur. Loo In thi th onrt mix pour from 3m hight. Mixing with watr, filling into a ontainr, w ( h,, ) ompation = G (, (if ) any) bulk nity + Wt maurmnt. Firt, th ( aggrgat g wa ) h paking thoroughly mix with a prtrmin (4) amount watr. Thn, th mixtur wa fill into a ontainr. Aftr ( gfilling, ompation ) h wa K ( appli, to th ) mixtur, if rquir. Finally, th bulk nity th mixtur wa maur to valuat th oli onntration th partil. whr th firt trm (gl iothrm) rprnt th phyially boun (aorb) watr th on. trm Matrial (apillary iothrm) Mixing Dign: rprnt th apillary Th watr. Orinary Thi xprion Typ II Portl i vali Cmnt only for (OPC) low ontnt wa u SF. in Th th urrnt fiint work. GTh rprnt Fly Ah wa th amount u for imulation watr pr unit Conition volum hl in SCC th gl mixing por ign. at % Th rlativ u humiity, ha maximum it an b iz xpr.36 (Norling mm, pifi Mjornll gravity 997) a.56, aborption valu.7%, wa mploy in all mixtur. Fig. how th partil iz itribution urv th uing. G (, ) = k + k (5) vg vg whr k vg k vg ar matrial paramtr. From th maximum amount watr pr unit volum that an fill all por (both apillary por gl por), on an alulat K a on obtain K (, ) = g w.88 +. G g (6) Th matrial paramtr k vg k vg g an b alibrat by fitting xprimntal ata rlvant to Figur fr. (vaporabl) Th partil iz watr itribution ontnt urv in th onrt uing. at Not: S S wr riv from th graing limit variou ag (Di Luzio & Cuati 9b). rib by ASTM C33.. Tmpratur volution Not that, at arly ag, in th hmial ration To imulat th onition SCC, a ituation aoiat with mnt hyration SF ration ha bn onir in whih th prtain ar xothrmi, th tmpratur fil i not uniform limton powr wa in th mixing ign, with for non-aiabati ytm vn if th nvironmntal pifi gravity.8, aborption valu 3.% maximum tmpratur aggrgat i ontant. iz Hat.3 mm, onution wa mploy an b in rib all mixtur. in onrt, Figur at illutrat lat for th tmpratur partil iz not itribution xing urv C thi (Bažant limton & Kaplan powr. 996), by Fourir Fiv iffrnt law, whih mixing ra ign with iffrnt ombination wighting proportion u in th urrnt q = λ T work ar lit in Tabl 3. (7) whr q i th hat flux, T i th abolut tmpratur, λ i th hat onutivity; in thi Proing FraMCoS-7, May 3-8,
= ) D ( h, T h Th proportionality fiint D(h,T) moitur prmability it i a nonlina th rlativ humiity h tmpratur & Najjar 97). Th moitur ma balan that th variation in tim th watr ma volum onrt (watr ontnt w) b q ivrgn th moitur flux = Figur 3. Paking nity ount via th two. t w Figur. Th partil iz itribution urv th uing limton powr. Tabl 3. Prntag mixing ign *. Mix ID C % L.P. % S. % C / ( C+ FA) MF 7 8 MF 6 9 MF3 5 55 8 MF4 3 5 9 MF5 6 8 * C: Cmnt, L.P.: Limton Powr, S.:, C/ (C+FA): Cmnt/ (Cmnt + Fly Ah) Ratio 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: By uing ASTM C9 [3], th gt paking nity in both two, Compat loo rult uing th Toufar mol ar lit in Tabl 4. Tabl 4. Th paking nity mixtur in thr omputation ituation. paking nity Mix ID Spifi gravity aggrgat Loo Compat Mtho Wt pakin g Toufa r mol MF.55.68.75.7.73 MF.55.68.78.75.76 MF3.55.65.7.7.7 MF4.55.64.73.7.7 MF5.55.65.78.76.77 Figur 3 alulat numbr ha how th paking nity. In th tabl 5, Th omparion watr ontnt btwn w an b th xpr a omput valu through th vaporabl th both watr xprimntal w (apillary wa ar lit vapor, in Tabl 5. aorb It ha bn watr) n that th non- th omput paking (hmially niti boun) ar iffrnt watr from w n (Mil both with Pantazopoulo a iffrn & Mill up 995). to It i ra prnt. Th iffrn aum that how th vaporabl th importan watr i a fu whn w know that rlativ th humiity, iffrn h, btwn gr wllgra gap-gra gr ilia i about fum th ration, limit, i.. w =w hyration (xtn). Th rult = ag-pnnt how th uptivity orption/orption omputing paking (Norling nity Mjonll with 997). ry Unr to thi aum ompat nrgy. Whn by ubtituting thi Equation u for th fin into Equati aggrgat, th uptivity obtain thi play an important rol in alulating th paking nity, thi uptivity rult in hto th high tolran. Thi + w mattr in mntitiou h matrial t ha it wa ai i mor important bau tablihing a Van Waal for btwn th partil. whr Aoring to Tabl 5, th / h i th lop th orption/ ount rult from iothrm (alo all moitur apa Dry paking in loo ar from vn govrning quation (Equation 3) mut b to twlv prnt by l appropriat than th Toufar bounary mol rult. initial oniti Alo in th Compat Th rlation th rult btwn ar from th amount on to thr prnt l watr than th rlativ Toufar humiity. Th i all ount rult from iothrm wt if paking maur with ar inraing from zro to two prnt humiity l than orption th Toufar iothrm mol in th rult. Th l tolran a. Nglting th wt thir paking iffrn (Xi t al. rult alo bing th following, lor to orption th Toufar iothrm mol, will b rult how that rfrn it i a mor to both uitabl orption orption ha l uptivity By to th th way, xprimnt if th hytri th i mor rliabl for iothrm mortar woul to ount b takn xprimntal into aount, two paking nity. rlation, vaporabl watr v rlativ humi Tabl 5. Th proportion b u ount aoring valu among to th xprimntal ign th varia Toufar mol. rlativity humiity. Th hap th Mix Th iothrm Th for Th HPC i influn Th by many p ID proportion pially proportion tho proportion that influn proportion xtnt Compat Loo wt hmial ration, in turn, trm to to Compat paking to Loo trutur Toufar por iz to itribution Toufar (watrratio, rult mnt Toufar hmial rult ompoition, SF uring tim rult, tmpratur, mix MF. t.)..93 In th.3 litratur variou.98 formulatio MF.5 foun.9 to rib. th orption.98 iothrm MF3. onrt.9 (Xi. t al. 994)..98 Howvr, in th MF4.4 papr.88 th mi-mpirial. xprion pro MF5. Norling.84 Mjornll. (997).99 i aopt b Proing FraMCoS-7, May 3-8,
4 = DCONCLUSIONS ( h, T ) h () Th Th paking proportionality nity fiint aggrgat wa D(h,T) afft i all in th proprti frh har onrt, th moitur prmability it i a nonlinar funtion attntion rarhr to omput thi fator th rlativ humiity h tmpratur T (Bažant how th importan it. Th maurmnt & Najjar 97). Th moitur ma balan rquir omputing th paking nity ar variou that th variation in tim th watr ma pr unit from th thortial xprimntal, volum ah th onrt (watr ha ontnt bnfit w) b qual limitation. to th ivrgn To hoo th th moitur uitabl flux in thortial houl b awar it thori limitation. = In xprimntal for omputing () thi t fator, th xprimnt opration ompat nrgy in omput quantity i vry fftiv. Th watr ontnt w an b xpr a th um th Aoring vaporabl to watr th xprimntal w (apillary watr, rult, watr th vapor, iffrn aorb btwn th watr) ount th valu non-vaporabl through th (hmially Compat boun) loo watr wa wonirabl n (Mill (from 966, Pantazopoulo to prnt). & Mill That 995). man It that i raonabl th ompat to aum nrgy that afft th th vaporabl xprimntal watr ry i a. funtion Thi rlativ uptivity humiity, in mallr h, gr al hyration, bau, th gr importan ilia fum Van ration, r Waal, i.. for w =w (h, btwn, ) = partil ag-pnnt woul b gratr orption/orption woul giv thi iothrm rult (Norling that th Mjonll wt paking 997). Unr thi aumption for th mall by imnion, ubtituting bau Equation th non-uptivity into Equation thi on obtain i mor uitabl than th ompat nrgy. Th ount rult from Dry paking in loo onition ar from vn to twlv prnt l than h th Toufar mol rult. Alo in Compat + w& n (3) h t th rult h ar from on to thr prnt l than th Toufar. Th ount rult from th wt paking ar from zro to two prnt whr l than / h i th lop th orption/orption th Toufar mol rult. Th l tolran iothrm (alo all moitur apaity). Th th wt paking rult alo bing govrning lor to th quation thortial (Equation, 3) rult mut b how omplt that it by i appropriat a mor uitabl bounary initial ha onition. l uptivity to Th th rlation xprimnt btwn th amount i mor rliabl vaporabl for watr th mortar rlativ to ount humiity xprimntal i all paking aorption nity. iothrm if maur with inraing rlativity humiity orption iothrm in th oppoit a. PREFERENCES Nglting thir iffrn (Xi t al. 994), in th following, orption iothrm will b u with rfrn A.B. Yu,. to Brigwatr, both orption A. Burbig, orption on th moling onition. th By paking th way, fin if partil, th hytri Powr Thnol. th 9 (997) moitur 85 iothrm 94. woul b takn into aount, two iffrnt A.B. Yu, N. Stih, An analytial-paramtri thory th rlation, rom vaporabl paking watr partil, v rlativ Powr humiity, Thnol. 55 mut (34) b u (988) aoring 7 86. to th ign th variation th rlativity ASTM C 7-4. humiity. Star Th Tt hap Mtho for Dnity, th orption Rlativ iothrm Dnity for (Spifi HPC i Gravity), influn by Aborption many paramtr, Coar Aggrgat, ASTM Intrnational. pially tho that influn xtnt rat th ASTM C 8-4a. Star Tt Mtho for Dnity, hmial Rlativ ration Dnity (Spifi, Gravity), in turn, trmin Aborption por Fin trutur Aggrgat, por ASTM iz Intrnational. itribution (watr-to-mnt ratio, ASTM mnt C 38. hmial Star Tt ompoition, Mtho for SF Dnity ontnt, (Unit uring Wight), tim Yil,, Air tmpratur, Contnt (Gravimtri) mix aitiv, Conrt ASTM Intrnational t.). In th litratur variou formulation an b ASTM C 9. Star Star Tt Mtho for Bulk foun Dnity to rib ( Unit Wight ) th orption Voi iothrm in Aggrgat, normal ASTM onrt Intrnational (Xi t al. 994). Howvr, in th prnt papr Britih th Star mi-mpirial Intitution (995) xprion BS 8 tting propo aggrgat: by part trmination nity. BSI, Lonon Norling Mjornll (997) i aopt bau it Comit xpliitly Europ n aount Normaliation for th volution (998) EN 97-3 hyration tt ration for mhanial SF ontnt. phyial proprti Thi orption aggrgat: iothrm part 3 trmination loo bulk nity voi. CEN, ra Brul Comit Europ n Normaliation (999) EN 97-4 tt for mhanial phyial proprti aggrgat: part 4 trmination th voi ry ompat fillr. w CEN, ( h, Brul, ) = G (, ) + DShuttr G, Popp A-M (4) Quantifiation ( g ) hth watr m in mortar. Contrut Buil Matr (4) 8(7):57 5 Furna, C. C., Flow Ga ( gthrough B ) h Brokn Soli, Bur. Min. K ( Bull.,, ) 99, 37. Ginhanlu k C, Shmit M (4) Mtho for moling alulation high nity paking for mnt fillr in UHPC, Pro Int Int.ymp on UHPC, Un Kal whr Hft 3, th 3:33 3 firt trm (gl iothrm) rprnt th Goltrmann, phyially P., boun ohann, (aorb) V., Palbol, watr L. (997). th Paking on Aggrgat: An Altrnativ Tool to Dtrmin Th trm (apillary iothrm) rprnt th apillary Optimal Aggrgat Mix, ACI Matrial ournal, 94(5), watr. 435-443., Thi xprion i vali only for low ontnt Guo SF. Y a, Th Huang fiint Xin a, Zhu GBao-lin rprnt a, Ma Bao-guo th amount b, Zhu watr Hong-bo pr b unit volum hl in th gl por at % rlativ ICOLD (Int humiity, Comm On Larg it Dam) an b (997) xpr Stat th (Norling art RCC am vr, 5 p 5. Noguhi T, Oh SG, Mjornll 997) a Tomoawa F (999) Rhologial approah to paing ability btwn rinforing bar lf ompating onrt, Pro PRO 7, t Int. RILEM ympoium on SCC G (, ) = k + k (5) 59 7 vg vg aobn S, Arntn B, Haugn L (5) Dvloping UHPC for onrt prout, Nori Conrt Rarh whr Publiation k vg No k33 vg ISBN ar 8-934-9-5, matrial paramtr. 56 58 From th ohann, maximum V., amount Anrn, watr P.. (99). pr unit Partil volum Paking that an fill Conrt all por Proprti, (both apillary matrial por Sin gl Conrt por), II, on Skalny,., Min, S.,. Wtrvill, OH: an alulat K Amrian Crami a on obtain Soity, -47. Khayat, K.H., Hu, C., Lay, L.M. (). Importan Aggrgat Paking Dnity on Workability Slf- g Conoliating Conrt, Firt North Amrian Confrn w.88 +. G on th Dign U Slf-Conoliating Conrt, Chiago, IL: ACBM, 53-6. (6) K (, ) = Lahu O, aobn S () High volum Fly-ah Rollr g Compat Conrt for am: mix optimization mhanial proprti. ACI SP :33 348 M. Suzuki, H. Sato, M. Hagawa, M. Hirota, Efft iz itribution Th matrial on tapping paramtr proprti k vg fin kpowr, vg Powr g an b Thnol. alibrat 8 by () fitting 55 57. xprimntal ata rlvant to fr Nhi (vaporabl) M, Min S (998) watr Moling ontnt th partil in onrt paking, at variou Mhanim ag (Di hyration Luzio & Cuati trngth vlopmnt 9b). in HPC ma with ompoit mnt, Int Symp. HP/RPC, Shrbrook 4:5 44 Norm Blg (98) NBN B-6 Eai granulat pour. Tmpratur volution b ton: D trmination la ma volumiqu n vra. Not Blgih that, at Norm, arly Brul ag, in th hmial ration Oullt E, (Marh Suprvior) (997) Formulation aoiat with mnt hyration SF ration t tu omportmnt mhaniqu b ton ar ompat xothrmi, au roulau, th tmpratur Matr thi, fil Univrit i not uniform Laval, for Dpt non-aiabati gni ivil, ytm 4 p vn if th nvironmntal Powr, tmpratur T.C. (93). i ontant. Stui Hat Workability onution Conrt, an b rib Proing, Amrian onrt, Conrt at lat Intitut for tmpratur not Powr, T.C. (968). Proprti Frh Conrt, Nw York: xing C (Bažant & Kaplan 996), by ohn Wily & Son, 664 pp. S.M.K. Fourir Raouly, law, whih Th paking ra nity prft binary mixtur, Powr Thnol. 3 (999) 45 5. T. qstovall, = λ TF. Dlarrar, M. Buil, Linar parking nity mol (7) grain mixtur, Powr Thnol. 48 (988) 33 35. Toufar, W., Born, M., Klo, E., Contribution whr optimization q i th omponnt hat flux, T iffrnt i th nity abolut in tmpratur, polyipr partil λ i th ytm, hat onutivity; Fribrgr Booklt in thi A 558, 976, 9-44. Proing FraMCoS-7, May 3-8,
Vahon, M., Kaplan, D., Fllaki, A. (). A SCC Appliation with Entri S, Firt North Amrian Confrn on th Dign U Slf-Conoliating Conrt, Chiago, IL: ACBM, 469-474. W. W. S. Fung ffi A. K. H. Kwan ffi H. H. C. Wong Wt paking ruh rok fin aggrgat Matrial Strutur (8) DOI.67/57-8-949 Wong HHC, Kwan AKH (8) Paking nity mntitiou matrial: part maurmnt uing a wt paking. Matr Strut 4(4):689 7 = ) D ( h, T h Th proportionality fiint D(h,T) moitur prmability it i a nonlina th rlativ humiity h tmpratur & Najjar 97). Th moitur ma balan that th variation in tim th watr ma volum onrt (watr ontnt w) b q ivrgn th moitur flux t w = Th watr ontnt w an b xpr a th vaporabl watr w (apillary wa vapor, aorb watr) th non- (hmially boun) watr w n (Mil Pantazopoulo & Mill 995). It i ra aum that th vaporabl watr i a fu rlativ humiity, h, gr hyration gr ilia fum ration,, i.. w =w = ag-pnnt orption/orption (Norling Mjonll 997). Unr thi aum by ubtituting Equation into Equati obtain h h = t h & + & + w whr / h i th lop th orption/ iothrm (alo all moitur apa govrning quation (Equation 3) mut b by appropriat bounary initial oniti Th rlation btwn th amount watr rlativ humiity i all iothrm if maur with inraing humiity orption iothrm in th a. Nglting thir iffrn (Xi t al. th following, orption iothrm will b rfrn to both orption orption By th way, if th hytri th iothrm woul b takn into aount, two rlation, vaporabl watr v rlativ humi b u aoring to th ign th varia rlativity humiity. Th hap th iothrm for HPC i influn by many p pially tho that influn xtnt hmial ration, in turn, trm trutur por iz itribution (watrratio, mnt hmial ompoition, SF uring tim, tmpratur, mix t.). In th litratur variou formulatio foun to rib th orption iothrm onrt (Xi t al. 994). Howvr, in th papr th mi-mpirial xprion pro Norling Mjornll (997) i aopt b Proing FraMCoS-7, May 3-8,