Name: PART A: Ocean Bottom Profile Background: Seafloor spreading is the hypothesis that the sea floor moves sideways away from the crest of the mid- ocean ridge. It is estimated that 20 volcanic eruptions occur each day along Earth s mid- ocean ridges and that every year 2.5 square kilometers of new sea floor is formed by this process. With a crustal thickness of 1 to 2 kilometers, this amounts to about 4 cubic kilometers of new ocean crust formed each year. Using ocean depth data, you will construct an ocean bottom profile. Using profile maps of the ocean floor, you will identify features of the ocean bottom in regions of diverging plate boundaries. Procedure PART A: Construct an ocean bottom profile using our online chart tool which is linked on my teacher homepage. ESCI Useful Links Introduction Unit Resources Graphing Chart Tool. Title the graph North Atlantic Ocean Bottom Profile using the ocean depth data provided below. 1.) Label both vertical and horizontal axis 2.) When graph is done take a screen shot and also save as a PDF to pull into Notability 3.) Mark sea level at elevation of 0 across the entire width of the graph in blue (In Notability) 4.) Label the following ocean floor features once graph is in Notability: Mid- Atlantic Ridge, island, seamount, shorelines, continental shelf, and Rift Valley (Spreading Center). Graph Grade: / Distance (km) Depth (km) Distance (km) cont. Depth (km) cont. 0 0 3500-3.5 120-0.2 3600-3.7 200-2.7 3650-3.7 400-3.7 4025-4.0 490-3.7 4050-2.7 620-4.6 4100 +0.5 680-1.8 4125-2.2 720-4.6 4500-4.6 2000-4.6 5000-5.0 2500-4.0 5300-4.4 2900-2.7 5800-3.7 3000-1.8 6000-2.7 3090-4.0 6075-0.2 3100-2.4 6100 0 3200-2.9 - - - - - - - - * Distance is measured from the East cost of the United States to the western cost of Africa or Europe.
Profile Maps of the Ocean Floor: PART B: Paleomagnetism and the Rate of Seafloor Spreading Background: Some minerals in igneous rocks develop a slight magnetism in alignment with Earth s magnetic field at the time of their formation. Also, scientists have discovered the polarity of Earth s magnetic field has periodically reversed and the North Magnetic Pole becomes the South Magnetic Pole, while the South Magnetic Pole becomes the North Magnetic Pole. Putting these facts together provides additional support for plate tectonics. The ancient magnetism, called paleomagnetism, present in rocks on the ocean floor can be used to determine the rate at which the plates are separating and, consequently, the time when they began to separate. Where plates separate along the mid- ocean ridge, magma from the mantle rises to the surface and creates new ocean floor. As the magma cools, the minerals assume magnetism equal to the magnetic field at that time. As the plates continue to separate and Earth s magnetic field reverses polarity, new material forming at the ridge is magnetized in the opposite direction. Scientists have reconstructed Earth s magnetic polarity reversals over the past several million years. A generalized record of these polarity reversals is shown in Figure 10.4. The periods of normal polarity, when a compass needle would have pointed North like today, are shown in color and labeled a- f. Use Figure 10.4 to answer the questions.
Questions for Figure 10.4: 1. The magnetic field of Earth has had (3, 5, 7) intervals of reversed polarity during the past 4 million years. 2. Approximately how long ago did the current normal polarity begin? years ago. One and a half million years ago, a compass needle would have pointed to the (North or South). 3. The period of normal polarity, c, began (1, 2, 3) million years ago. 4. During the past 4 million years, each interval of reverse polarity has lasted (more or less) than 1 million years.
The records of the magnetic polarity reversals that have been determined from the oceanic crust across sections of the mid- ocean ridges in the Pacific, South Atlantic, and North Atlantic oceans are shown in Figure 10.5. As new ocean crust forms along the mid- ocean ridge, it spreads out equally on both sides of the ridge. Therefore, a record of the reversals is repeated. Notice that the general pattern of polarity reversals in Figure 10.4 can be matched with the polarity of the rocks on either side of the ridge for each ocean basin in Figure 10.5. Use Figures 10.4 and 10.5 to answer questions 5-7. Questions for Figure 10.5: 5. Using the distance scale in Figure 10.5, the (Pacific, South Atlantic, or North Atlantic) has spread the greatest distance during the last 2 million years. 6. Refer to the distance scale in Figure 10.5. Notice that the left side of the South Atlantic basin has spread approximately 39 kilometers (km) from the center of the ridge crest in 2 million years. a. How many kilometers has the left side of the Pacific basin spread in 2 million years? km b. How many kilometers has the left side of the North Atlantic basin spread in 2 million years? km The distances in question 6 are for only one side of the ridge. Assuming that the ridge spreads equally on both sides, the actual distance each ocean basin has opened would be twice (2 x ) this amount. 7. How many kilometers has each ocean basin opened in the past 2 million years? a. Pacific Ocean basin km b. South Atlantic basin km c. North Atlantic basin km
Figure 10.5 Generalized record of the magnetic polarity reversals near the mid ocean ridge in the Pacific, South Atlantic, and North Atlantic Oceans. Periods of normal polarity are shown in color and correspond to those illustrated in figure 10.4. If both the distance that each ocean basin opened and the time it took to open that distance are known, the rate of seafloor spreading can be calculated. To determine the rate of spreading in centimeters per year for each ocean basin, first convert the distance the basing has opened (from question 7) from kilometers to centimeters and then divide this distance by the time which is 2 million years. 8. Determine the rate of seafloor spreading for the Pacific and North Atlantic basins. The South Atlantic has already been done. See Below a. South Atlantic: distance =78km x 100,000 cm/km = 7,800,000 cm Rate of spreading = 7,800,000cm = 3.9 cm/yr 2,000,000yr b. Pacific distance km x 100,000 cm/km = cm Rate of spreading = cm = cm/yr Yr c. North Atlantic distance km x 100,000 cm/km = cm Rate of spreading = cm = cm/yr Yr
Figure 10-6 Movement of the Pacific Plate over a stationary hot spot and the corresponding radiometric ages of the Hawaiian Islands in millions of years. Researchers have proposed that a rising plume of mantle material has formed a hot spot below the island of Hawaii (Figure 10.6 above). It is believed that the position of this hot spot within the Earth has remained constant during a very long period of time. In the past, as the Pacific plate has moved over the hot spot, the successive volcanic islands of the Hawaiian chain have been built. Today the island of Hawaii is forming over this mantle plume. Radiometric dating of the volcanoes in the Hawaiian chain has revealed that they increase with age with increasing distance from the island of Hawaii. Knowing the age of an island and its distance from the hot spot, the velocity of the plate can be calculated. Velocity is equal to distance divided by time. (V=d/t) Use Figure 10.6 to answer questions 9-11. 9. What are the minimum and maximum ages of the island of Kauai? Minimum million years Maximum million years 10. What is the distance of Kauai from the hot spot in both kilometers and centimeters? kilometers centimeters (cm = km x 100,000 cm/km) 11. Using the data in questions 9-10, calculate the approximate maximum and minimum velocities, in centimeters per year (cm/yr), of the Pacific plate as it moved over the Hawaiian hot spot. Maximum velocity cm/yr Minimum velocity cm/yr