STUDY ON STANDARDIZATION OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING AND CHARTING

STUDY ON STANDARDIZATION OF HYDROGRAPHIC Li, S., Wu, D., Yin, X. and Cui, Y. The department of Hydrography and Cartography, Dalian Naval Academy, 667, Jiefang Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116018,P.R.China. E-mail: lishujunhao@163.com ABSTRACT Standardization is one of important contents in the field of surveying and mapping, however, the research literature about it is very little. Most of surveyors and cartographers have not known how many standards that have been established there were by now. So we did special study on this content, which aim is to increase people s understanding on Standardization of Hydrographic Survey and Charting, and to accelerate its establishing and implementing. The concept of Standardization of Hydrographic Surveying and Charting will be given in this paper, that is, it is an uniform technology standard that was established to organize, implement the practice of Hydrographic Surveying and Charting, and is relation to the quality and using of Hydrographic Surveying and Charting products. Its aim is to meet the need of developing of Hydrographic Surveying and Charting and multi-user s applications. It can be divided into three categories: International Standard, National Standard and Professional Standard. In this paper, the developing process and meaning of Standardization of Hydrographic Surveying and Charting will be expounded; the primary documents and contents of International Standard of Hydrographic Survey and Charting will be generalized; developing trend of concretion, variety and globalization of Standard of Hydrographic Surveying and Charting will be considered, countermeasure that should be adopted in establishing and using the standardization documents and contents in the field of Hydrographic Surveying and Charting will be discussed. Keywords: Standardization, Standardization of hydrographic surveying and charting, International Hydrographic Organization, Publications 1. THE CONCEPTS, DEVELOPMENT AND SIGNIFICANT OF STANDARDIZATION OF HYDROGRAPHIC The standardization of hydrographic surveying and charting is a unite technological standard in the respect of organization, implementation of hydrographic surveying and charting activities and the quality, utility of surveying product, etc, in order to meet the requirements of hydrographic surveying and charting or the requirements of multiple clients. The world wide common used standard is called International standard. Standard that used only in a country is called national standard. Otherwise, standard used in hydrographic industry is called industry standard. The standardization of hydrographic surveying and charting has a long history. Since the late nineteenth century and till now, that has more than one hundred developing history, in those decades, it has been perhaps three development moments: that is sprout phase, development and implementation phase, consummated phase. Sprout phase. From the late 19 th century to the initial stage of 20 th century, with the increasing of marine exploration action and marine surveying data, it is possible to compile various small scale charts spanning the ocean of many countries. The problem of standardization of surveying and charting product is produced bit by bit in some hydrographic surveying and charting experts. For example, in 1878, dean of American hydrographic surveying bureau E.R.Knorr firstly put forward the thought of standardization of chart. In 1899 Washington international navigational conference and in 1908 and 1912 Russian St.Petersburg international navigational conference, some experts suggested that the united standard of navigational publications should be compiled. [1] Development and implementation phase. In 1921, International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is formally established. From then on it has taken the greatest possible uniformity in nautical charts and documents as one of the important tasks. IHO celebrates a convention every five years, and the standardization problem is taken as main topic for discussion in every convention. Periodic published International Hydrographic Bulletin circulates a notice of the international collaboration in time. In 1967, the 9 th IHO conference was held, an intergovernmental pact was set down, and the plan to authorize the international chart (INT Chart) was advanced. In the 1980s, some standardization technological documents such as INT specifications for hydrographic survey, INT specifications for nautical charts, Proceedings of the 21 st International Cartographic Conference (ICC) Durban, South Africa, 10 16 August 2003 Cartographic Renaissance Hosted by The International Cartographic Association (ICA) ISBN: 0-958-46093-0 Produced by: Document Transformation Technologies

INT symbols and abbreviations used on charts, etc. were successively published. Those documents are established the foundation of the internationalized nautical publications. Consummated phase. In the end of 20 th century, as the development of surveying and charting technology, two important features were showed in the area of hydrographic surveying and charting. Firstly, the range of international collaboration becomes wider and wider. Secondly, the product of surveying and charting shows the digitalization current. In order to adapt the change, IHO successively constitute and consummate tens of standardization documents in hydrographic surveying and charting area (see Part II). Especially the work of constituting and revising standardization were paid more and more attention, and some very useful digitalization documents of hydrographic surveying and charting products were successively printed, such as specifications for electronic charts, specifications for chart content and display aspects of ECDIS, and transfer standard for digital hydrographic data. [2] The standardization documents that IHO constituted has provided uniform standard for the innovation of hydrographic surveying and charting area in every coastal state of the world, and has established the base of sharing and economizing surveying and charting consumed work for the hydrographic surveying products, and quicken the course of digitalization. The surveying and mapping department of each country has successively constitute and consummate its many standardization technological documents in hydrographic surveying, nautical charting, electronic chart technology, and nautical data format and data transfer etc. combining its native practice and referring to the IHO standardization documents in the late of 20 th century. These documents have played an important role in those coastal nations and IHO sharing surveying and mapping data. 2. THE MAIN DOCUMENTS AND CONTENTS OF THE STANDARDIZATION OF HYDROGRAPHIC 2.1 Main documents and contents of International standardization of Hydrographic surveying and charting IHO has constituted a great deal of standardization documents in the area of hydrographic surveying and charting, and these documents appeared in various publications, the below are part of M, B, S three series of standardization documents published by IHO. [3]! M series of standardization documents M-2 Part I National maritime policies and hydrographic services Part II Economic benefits M-4 Chart Specifications of the IHO and regulations of the IHO for international (INT) charts M-5 Standards of competence for hydrographic surveyors M-6 Reference texts and journals for training in hydrography M-11 Catalogue of international (INT) charts and guidance for regional coordinators of INT chart schemes M-12 List of lights! B series of standardization documents B-1 General bathymetric chart of the oceans ( GEBCO) B-2 Catalogue of IHO bathymetric plotting sheets B-4 Information concerning recent bathymetric data B-6 Standardization of undersea feature names B-7 GEBCO guidelines B-8 Gazetteer of geographical names of undersea features! S series of standardization documents S-23 Limits of oceans and seas S-32 Hydrographic dictionary S-39 Precise positioning systems for hydrographic surveying S-44 IHO standards for hydrographic surveys S-46 Correction of echo-soundings S-47 Training courses in hydrography and nautical cartography S-49 Recommendations concerning mariners and routing guides S-50 IHO tidal constituent bank----station catalogue S-51 Manual on technical aspects of the United Nations convention on the law of the sea S-52 Specifications for chart content and display aspects of ECDIS S-53 Worldwide navigational warnings service---guidance document S-55 Status of hydrographic surveying and nautical charting worldwide S-57 IHO transfer standard for digital hydrographic data S-59 Status of hydrographic surveying and nautical charting in Antarctica S-60 User s handbook on datum transformations involving WGS-84 S-61 Product specifications for raster navigational charts(rnc)

From the publications showed above, IHO has established relatively integrated technological documents in every aspects such as hydrographic surveying and charting, nautical chart compiling, surveyors and cartographers training, electronic chart producing, marine tidal data-base establishing etc. 2.2 Main documents and contents of standardization in coastal states In order to meet international need, hydrographic surveying and charting industry of each coastal country actively push the standardization of every content in hydrographic surveying and mapping, established bit by bit a series of hydrographic surveying and charting standard, it has two forms such as national standard and industry standard. 2.2.1 National standard documents and contents According to incomplete statistics, hydrographic surveying and charting area in each country has nearly 150 national standards, and these publications have certain marks printed on them. For example, various national standards of Chinese hydrographic surveying and charting publications are all printed red letter GB or GB/T. Underside are some standard documents and contents have made and commonly used on some countries. Specifications for hydrographic survey; Specifications for marine engineering terrain surveying; Specifications for engineering surveying; Specifications for topographic map surveying of flat bearing; Specifications for topographic map of aerial photographic digitalization surveying and charting ; Specifications for plan of remote sensing charting; Engineering photography surveying criterion; Marine surveying criterion; Marine monitoring criterion; Water level observation standard; Sea water aided navigation marks; Sea water building marks; Inland water aided navigation marks; Symbols, terms and abbreviations used on charts; Symbols, terms and abbreviations used on topographic maps; Specifications for nautical charts; Specifications for topographic maps; Specifications for electronic charts; Terms used on cartography; Terms used on Geodetic surveying; Oceanography terms; Software engineering terms; Basic terms of surveying and mapping; Electronic data transferring terms; Photogrammetric surveying and remote sensing terms; 2.2.2 Industry standard documents and contents Hydrographic surveying and charting area in each country has many industry specifications and regulations, according to incomplete Stat., there are nearly one hundred criterions. Those publications are always printed certain symbols and letters. Take Chinese hydrographic surveying and charting for example, the standards print letters such as CHG JB DZ/T SLJ JTJ JT DLJ SYJ CJJ YBJ GBJ ISBN HY/T etc. Underside are some standard documents and contents of industry criterions. [4] Mapping product quality evaluation criterion; Hydrographic surveying product quality evaluation criterion; Nautical publications quality evaluation criterion; Global positioning system(gps)geodetic surveying regulations; Feature attribute code of digital map; Feature attribute code of digital chart; Digital chart producing managing regulation; Data dictionary used on charts; Marine gravity surveying criterion; Gravity surveying criterion; Satellite remote sensing image product quality controlling regulation; Hydrographic surveying automatic system technology regulation; Technological regulations of coastal zone topographic map; Specifications for Inland water route survey;

River-route observation technology regulation; Surveying regulation of port and channel surveying ; Engineering surveying regulation for water transport; Marine buoy working regulation; Sea-route engineering basic terms standard; Hydrographic surveying and charting dictionary. 3. THE DEVELOPING CURRENT OF HYDROGRAPHIC STANDARD AND TASKS OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING DEPARTMENT IN EACH COUNTRY 3.1 Developing current As the great efforts IHO have made, the fruit of standardization of hydrographic surveying and charting are prominent. From then on, IHO will keep on developing towards concretion, universality and globalization. Concretion: contents within each standard will be more particular, material, one large standard including many small standards, all kinds of criterions will be enriched and consummated. Universality: with many subjects intercrossing, syncretizing and infiltrating, the cooperation between hydrographic surveying and other area is enlarged. Thus, it is a tendency to establish many more criterions in more fields and industries. IHO has established many criterions with other organizations: IHO and IMO combined to establish electronic chart criterions; IHO and FIG combines to establish standards of competence for hydrographic surveyors; IHO and FIG, ICA are combining to establish standards of competence for nautical cartographers, etc. Globalization: now IHO has only 67 member countries, with the global wide establishing and embedding digital ocean and digital earth, land countries (far from sea area) also use some marine data, thus marine data sharing will be an important study subject, and some countries that offered marine basic data will also consider special requirement and interest of that land countries, so it is necessary to establish globalize hydrographic surveying and charting technology criterion. 3.2 Tasks of hydrographic surveying and mapping department in each country Nowadays, every department and every industry are developing toward international and standardization. Same to other industries, hydrographic surveying and charting are stepping into international development. Although each country has already made some technology standard, because each country has different technology and culture, there are many differences in establishing and implementing the criterion. Especially some underdevelopment countries that economy and culture are lagging behind have many gaps with IHO whether in depth or width. So, each country must buildup consciousness in studying standardization of hydrographic surveying and charting, putting more strength and input to establish standardization of hydrographic surveying and charting, aiming at international current standardization of hydrographic surveying and charting, making efforts to standardization and advancing. Standardization is that each country must accord the international standard to establish standardization of hydrographic surveying and charting, advance the imitate degree with international standard, at the same time pay attention to native practical development level in order to make the standard more practice. Advancing is that fully considering the development current of universality, globalization and developing level in the future, so that the standards have made are leading and steady, to fully exert direction efficiency on hydrographic surveying and charting producing and practicing. The multi grade standardization such as international standard, country standard and industry standard etc. will be developed together, and at last, they will be got full uniform. 4. REFERENCES [1] Lou xichun, Zhu jian-qiu, Chart Generality. Surveying and Mapping publishing house of China, p.61(1993) [2] IHO, Special Publications,( 2001) [3] IHO, Catalogue of the IHO Publications,( 2001) [4] People s Republic of China maritime affairs bureau, Hydrographic code criterion collection, Chinese criterion publishing house,p.231 (2001)

STUDY ON STANDARDIZATION OF HYDROGRAPHIC Li, S., Wu, D., Yin, X. and Cui, Y. The department of Hydrography and Cartography, Dalian Naval Academy, 667, Jiefang Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116018,P.R.China. E-mail: lishujunhao@163.com Short CV Name: Li Shujun Record of Education: Master Professional Title: Associate professor Course Instructed: Map Projection, Chart Cartography Sex: Male Date of Birth: 1962.12.25 Brief Experience: 1981.8~1985.7 Hydrography & Cartography Department, Dalian Naval Academy, undergraduate 1985.8 ~1988.10 China Navigation Press, editor 1988.11~1996.7 Hydrography & Cartography Department, Dalian Naval Academy, teacher 1996.8 ~1999.7 Mapping Department, PLA Institute of Surveying & Mapping, graduate 1999.8~ Hydrography & Cartography Department, Dalian Naval Academy, Associate professor Main publishing and theses:! Li Shujun. Chart Drawing and Compiling, Dalian Naval Academy of China, 1997! Li Shujun. General English For Charts, China Navigation Press, 2003! Li Shujun, Liang Kailong. Cloudy and windy Ocean, Haichao publishing house, 2003! Li Shujun, Liu Ying. The map in 21 st century, ICC 20, 2001.8! Li Shujun, Liuying. Developing features of symbols used on Chinese charts, ICC 20, 2001.8! Li Shujun, Liu minying. The development of Chinese chart in the 20 th century and the prospects for the 21 st century. ICC 20, 2001.8! Li Shujun, Liu Minying. Research on digitalizing education of chart cartography of China. ICC 20, 2001.8! Otherwise, there are more than50 thesises have been published on the related academic journals.