Cultivation strategies for hemp as a multipurpose crop

Cultivation strategies for hemp as a multipurpose crop Stefano AMADUCCI Department of Sustainable Crop Production stefano.amaducci@unicatt.it Summer School Lignocellulosic Crops as Feedstock for Value Added Bioproducts and Bioenergy Beijing, 26-31 July 2015

Cultivation strategies for hemp as a multipurpose crop Layout of the lecture: Introduction; Botany, biology and phenology of hemp; Agronomic strategies for multipurpose hemp production; Conclusion.

Potential uses of hemp Introduction Hemp as a multipurpose crop

Scheme of the MULTIHEMP Biorefinery concept www.multihemp.eu

Introduction Stem components after decortication (and field retting)

Introduction Actual European uses of hemp fibre

Introduction Actual European uses of hemp shives

Hemp botany, biology and phenology of hemp

Hemp botany, biology and phenology of hemp Young stem/internode Old stem/internode

Hemp botany, biology and phenology of hemp Layers of secondary cell wall Fibre cell maturity Primary cell wall Middle lamella

Hemp botany, biology and phenology of hemp 15-50 µm 20-80 mm

Hemp botany, biology and phenology of hemp Fibres of different maturity are simultaneously present in different portions of the plant

Amaducci, et al., 2005. Journal of Industrial Hemp, Vol. 10 (1), 31-48. Hemp botany, biology and phenology of hemp Plant density x Harvesting time Effect on fibre yield Fibre maturity progresses with time after internode elongation and layers of secondary fibre accumulate.

Amaducci, et al., 2005. Journal of Industrial Hemp, Vol. 10 (1), 31-48. Hemp botany, biology and phenology of hemp Fibre maturity progresses with time after internode elongation and layers of secondary fibre accumulate.

Keller, et al., 2001. Ind Crops Products Hemp botany, biology and phenology of hemp Progress of fibre development influences decorticability

Keller, et al., 2001. Ind Crops Products Hemp botany, biology and phenology of hemp

Hemp seeds

Da Porto et al., 2012 Hemp botany, biology and phenology of hemp

Introduction Actual European uses of hemp seeds

Hemp botany, biology and phenology of hemp Fam. Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa L. (Small, 1974) C. sativa subsp. indica subsp. sativa (Anderson, 1980) C. sativa C. indica C. ruderalis C. erratica Anders C. indica Lamark C. macrosperma Stokes C. chinensis & C. gigantea Delile C. gigantea Crevost C. erratica Siev. C. foetens Gilib C. lupulus Scop. C. americana Pharm C. generalis E.H.L. Krause C. ruderalis Janischeskii

Hemp botany, biology and phenology of hemp Dioecious

Hemp botany, biology and phenology of hemp Monoecious

Hemp botany, biology and phenology of hemp Small & Naraine, 2015. Expansion of female sex organs in response to prolonged virginity in Cannabis sativa (marijuana). Genet Resour Crop Evol.

Hemp botany, biology and phenology of hemp Small & Naraine, 2015. Size matters: evolution of large drug-secreting resin glands in elite pharmaceutical strains of Cannabis sativa (marijuana). Genet Resour Crop Evol.

Hemp botany, biology and phenology of hemp Definizione dei chemotipi SMALL & BECKSTEAD, 1973 Chemotype I: (drug) Chemotype II: (intermediate) Chemotype III: (fibre) THC > 0.3 % D.W. CBD < 0.5 % D.W. THC 0.3 % D.W. CBD > 0.5% D.W. THC < 0.3% D.W. CBD > 0.5% D.W.

Cultivation strategies for hemp as a multipurpose crop Agronomic factors Soil preparation Variety choice Sowing time Plant density Plant nutrition Crop rotation and weed management Irrigation Harvesting time

Agronomic factors Soil preparation Variety choice Sowing time Plant density Plant nutrition Crop rotation and weed management Irrigation Harvesting time Cultivation strategies for hemp as a multipurpose crop Crop parameter Biomass yield

Cultivation strategies for hemp as a multipurpose crop Agronomic factors Soil preparation Variety choice Sowing time Plant density Plant nutrition Crop rotation and weed m. Irrigation Harvesting time Crop parameter Fibre quality: Primary/secondary fibre Degree of maturity Fibre diameter Fibre lenght Lignification

Cultivation strategies for hemp as a multipurpose crop Variety choice: Effect on flowering time

Choosing the right genotype Variety choice Effect on flowering time Cultivars bred in northern environments have lower biomass yield when grown in the South, mainly due to shortened growth duration and early-flowering Finola in Latvia Finola in Italy

Variety Abbreviation Origin Variety type Beniko Ben Poland Monoecious Bialobrzeskie Bia Poland Monoecious Epsilon 68 Eps France Monoecious Fédora 17 Fed France Monoecious Félina 32 Fel France Monoecious Férimon Fer France Monoecious Futura 75 Fut France Monoecious Markant Mar Netherlands Monoecious Monoica Mon Hungry Monoecious Tygra Try Poland Monoecious CS CS Italy Dioecious KC Dora KC Hungry Dioecious Tiborszallasi Tib Hungry Dioecious Tisza Tis Hungry Dioecious Choosing the right genotype

Choosing the right genotype Latitude

Choosing the right genotype

Amaducci, S. et al, 2008. Eur. J. Agron., 28, 90-102. Hemp phenology Hemp phenology * BVP PIP FDP

Amaducci, S. et al, 2008. Eur. J. Agron., 28, 90-102. Hemp phenology Hemp phenology BVP FDP

Amaducci, S. et al, 2008. Eur. J. Agron., 28, 90-102. Hemp phenology Hemp phenology PIP

Hemp phenology

Choosing the best variety for multipurpose applications CZ FR IT Var. Stem Seed Dual 1 Var. Stem Seed Dual Var. Stem Seed Dual Fed. 104% 173% 159%a Fed. 111% 161% 151%a Fed. 77% 146% 133%a Fel. 119% 144% 139%ab Bia. 123% 138% 135%ab Fel. 95% 130% 123%ab Fer. 107% 146% 138%ab Fer. 103% 142% 134%bc Mon. 102% 110% 109%abc Tyg. 130% 124% 125%bc Mon. 91% 126% 119%bcd Tyg. 85% 112% 107%abc Bia. 96% 108% 105%cd Fel. 84% 104% 100%bcde Tis. 142% 94% 104%bc Eps. 93% 107% 104%cd Fut. 131% 89% 97%bcde Bia. 69% 108% 100%bc Mar. 70% 110% 102%cd Ben 64% 105% 97%bcdef Eps. 107% 98% 100%bc Tib. 84% 89% 88%cde Mar. 108% 89% 93%bcdef Fer. 61% 106% 97%bcd Fut. 123% 74% 84%de Tib. 112% 85% 91%bcdef KCD. 134% 85% 95%bcd Ben 90% 77% 80%de Tis. 87% 91% 90%cdef CS 160% 74% 91%bcde KCD. 82% 67% 70%de CS 102% 82% 86%cdef Ben 66% 95% 89%bcde Tis. 81% 66% 69%e Tyg. 97% 82% 85%def Fut. 103% 83% 87%bcde Mon. 108% 55% 65%e Eps. 85% 58% 64%ef Tib. 105% 71% 77%cde CS 117% 49% 62%e KCD. 91% 52% 60%ef Mar. 62% 65% 64%de 1, Dual was caculated by giving weight 1/5 and 4/5 repectively to stem and seed number followed by the same letter in the same column means not statistical difference