DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE DEPARTEMENT PLANTKUNDE BOT 161 EXAMINATION / EKSAMEN DATE / DATUM : 2008-11-03 MARKS / PUNTE : 100 TIME / TYD : 100 MIN EXAMINERS / EKSAMINATORE Dr Q Kritzinger, Dr TE Tshikalange, Prof L Korsten, Prof JJM Meyer, Prof GJ Bredenkamp, Prof K Kunert & Prof DK Berger The test paper consists of 10 questions on 12 pages. Die vraestel bestaan uit 10 vrae op 12 bladsye. QUESTION / VRAAG 1 : [9] 1.1 When you eat the following, what modified plant structures (roots, stems or leaves) are you consuming? Wanneer jy die volgende eet, watter gewysigde plantstrukture (wortels, stingels of blare) eet jy? (2 x ½) 1.1.1 Allium cepa 1.1.2 Daucus carota 1.2 Stolons and rhizomes are both examples of metamorphic (modified) stems. How do they differ with respect to their growth patterns? What are their respective functions? Stolons en risome is albei voorbeelde van gewysigde stingels. Hoe verskil hul van mekaar t.o.v. hul groeipattrone? Wat is hul onderskeie funksies? (4) Page 1 of 12
1.3 Study the figure of the cross-section through a woody stem below and answer the following questions. Bestudeer die figuur van die dwarssnee deur n houtagtige stingel hieronder en beantwoord die volgende vrae. 1.3.1 Which number represents sapwood? Watter nommer stel spinthout voor? (1). 1.3.2 Which cell layer is responsible for the production of cork cells? Give the number. Watter sellaag is verantwoordelik vir die vorming van kurkselle? Gee die nommer. (1) * 1.3.3 Which structure is responsible for lateral transport of water in this woody stem? Give the number. Watter struktuur is verantwoordelik vir die laterale (sywaartse) vervoer van water in hierdie houtagtige stingel? Gee die nommer. (1) * 1.3.4 Give the numbers of ALL the structures that constitute the OUTER BARK of the woody stem. Gee die nommers van AL die strukture wat die BUITE-BAS van die houtagtige stingel uitmaak. (1) Page 2 of 12
QUESTION / VRAAG 2 : [13] Provide the correct scientific term for the following descriptions. Verskaf die korrekte wetenskaplike term vir die volgende beskrywings. DESCRIPTION / BESKRYWING TERM / TERM 2.1 Cell layer from which lateral roots originate. Sellaag waaruit die sywortels n oorsprong neem. 2.2 Tapered xylem cells with lignin in cell walls. Vernoude xileemselle met lignien in die selwande. 2.3 Bundles of long sclerenchyma cells. Bondels lang sklerenchiemselle. 2.4 Parenchyma cells inside the vascular ring in dicot stems. Parenchiemselle binne die vaatweefselring in dikotiele stingels. 2.5 Cell layer in the root regulating movement of substances into vascular cylinder. Sellaag in die wortel wat die beweging van stowwe tot in die vaatsilinder reguleer. 2.6 Roots arising from a stem; typically found in monocots. Wortels wat uit n stingel groei; tipies in monokotiele gevind. 2.7 The flower structure where the calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals) cannot be distinguished from one another. Die blomstruktuur waar die kelk- en kroonblare nie van mekaar onderskei kan word nie. 2.8 Male gametophyte of flowering plants. Manlike gametofiet van blomplante. 2.9 A simple dry fruit that splits open only on one side at maturity (group name). n Enkelvoudige droë vrug wat by volwassenheid slegs aan die eenkant oopsplit / oopspring (groepnaam). 2.10 Grouping of organisms by their similarities or relationships. Groepering van organismes op grond van hul gelykhede of verwantskappe. 2.11 Plants that bear naked seeds, including Ginkgo, cycads and conifers. Plante wat hul sade nakend dra, insluitend Ginkgo, broodbome en dennebome. 2.12 The suffix of an order name in the hierarchical system. Die agtervoegsel van n orde naam in die hierargiese sisteem. 2.13 A taxon that comprises related families. n Takson wat verwante families bevat. Page 3 of 12
QUESTION / VRAAG 3: [8] Study the abaxial view of a leaf below and answer the questions that follow. Bestudeer die abaksiale kant van n blaar hieronder en beantwoord die vrae wat volg. 3.1 What is the name of the cell type represented by the following numbers? Wat is die naam van die seltipe wat deur die volgende nommers aangedui word? (2) 1... 2... 3.2 Which cell type contains numerous chloroplasts? Give the number. Watter seltipe bevat baie chloroplaste? Gee die nommer. (1)... 3.3 What are the functions of the structure shown by line three? Wat is die funksies van die struktuur wat deur lyn drie aangedui word? (2) Page 4 of 12
3.4 Briefly explain what causes the change from condition A to condition B. Verduidelik kortliks wat die verandering vanaf toestand A na toestand B veroorsaak. (3) QUESTION / VRAAG 4 : [8] 4.1 Explain the contribution of each of the following to the long-distance transport of water. Verduidelik die bydrae van elk van die volgende tot die langafstand vervoer van water. 4.1.1 Transpiration / Transpirasie (2) 4.1.2 Cohesion / Kohesie (2) 4.1.3 Tension / Spanning (2) Page 5 of 12
4.2 Briefly explain how a Solanum tuberosum tuber can serve as both a sugar source and sugar sink. Verduidelik kortliks hoe n Solanum tubersum knol as n suikerbron en n suikerswelg kan optree. (2) QUESTION / VRAAG 5 : [11] 5.1 Consider the following structures of a typical flower. Beskou die volgende strukture van n tipiese blom. carpel (pistil), ovary, and ovule vrugblaar (stamper), vrugbeginsel en saadknop 5.1.1 Distinguish between the above structures by clarifying the relationship among them (which is enclosed by which). Onderskei tussen die bogenoemde strukture deur die verwantskap tussen die strukture te verduidelik (watter word deur watter omsluit). (3).................. 5.1.2 Identify which structure is responsible for producing: Identifiseer watter struktuur verantwoordelik is vir die vorming van: the female gametophyte / die vroulike gametofiet? (1)... the pericarp of a fruit / perikarp van die vrug? (1)... Page 6 of 12
5.2 Complete the paragraph below by filling in the missing words. Voltooi die onderstaande paragraaf deur die ontbrekende woorde in te vul. (5) Following double fertilization, the... divides by... to give rise to the basal and terminal cells. The basal cell divides to form the... whilst the terminal cell gives rise to the.... This is all part of the... generation. Na dubbelbevrugting, deel die deur. om oorsprong te gee aan die basale en terminale selle. Die basale sel deel om die.. te vorm terwyl die terminale sel oorsprong aan die. gee. Hierdie is alles deel van die generasie. 5.3 How does the plumule tip break through the soil in maize and other grasses? Hoe breek die plumula punt deur die grond in die mielie en in ander grasse? (1) QUESTION / VRAAG 6 : [7] Discuss food security in the context of agricultural challenges. Bespreek voedselsekuriteit in die konteks van landbou uitdagings.......... Page 7 of 12
...... QUESTION / VRAAG 7 : [15] 7.1 Which terms of column A fit those of column B the best? Provide your answer by writing down only the matching numbers of column A in column C. Watter terme in kolom A pas die beste by die van kolom B? Verskaf u antwoord deur slegs die passende nommers van kolom A in kolom C neer te skryf. (13) 1 Alkaloids Alkaloïede 2 Natural form of aspirin Natuurlike vorm van aspirien 3 Bioassays Biotoetse 4 Codeine Kodeïen 5 Phenolic compounds Fenoliese verbindings 6 Silica gel Silikagel 7 Used in eye surgery Gebruik in oog-operasies 8 Dagga Dagga 9 NMR KMR 10 Herbarium Herbarium 11 Opium Opium 12 Terpenoids Terpenoïede 13 Sephadex Sephadex A B C a b c d e f g h i j k l m Spray bacteria on TLC plates Spuit bakteieë op TLC-plate Tetrahydrocannabinol Tetrahidrokannabinol Isoprene units Isopreen eenhede Methyl ether of morphine Metieleter van morfien Nitrogen containing compounds Stikstofbevattende verbindings Benzene ring and an OH-group Benseenring en n OH-groep Chemical identification of compounds Chemiese identifisering van verbindings Separate molecules on size Skei molekule op grond van grootte Contains 25 alkaloids Bevat 25 alkaloïede Identification of plant species Identifisering van plantspesies Separate compounds on polarity Skei verbindings op grond van polariteit Hiosciamine Hioskiamien Salicylic acid Salisielsuur Page 8 of 12
7.2 Why are medicinal compounds from plants often also toxic? Hoekom is medisinale verbindings van plante dikwels ook giftig? (2) QUESTION / VRAAG 8 : [11] 8.1 Name five ecosystem services. Noem vyf ekosisteem dienste. (5) 8.2 Name three major threats to biodiversity. Noem drie hoofbedreigings vir biodiversiteit. (3) 8.3 Name three principles for choosing areas for conservation. Noem drie beginsels vir die kies van bewaringsgebiede. (3) Page 9 of 12
QUESTION / VRAAG 9 : [11] 9.1 The flow chart shows the general cellular stress response cascade. Name the different components that are involved. Die vloeidiagram illustreer die algemene sellulêre stresreaksie kaskade. Noem die verskillende komponente wat betrokke is. (6) (i) (ii) (iii). (iv) (v) (vi). Page 10 of 12
9.2 Molecular biologists use different techniques for gene characterization. Name at least three different techniques and shortly explain, in not more than one sentence, at least two of the different techniques. Molekulêre bioloë gebruik verskillende tegnieke om gene te karakteriseer. Noem ten minste drie verskillende tegnieke en verduidelik kortliks, in nie meer as een sin, hoe ten minste twee van die verskillende tegnieke werk. (5) QUESTION / VRAAG 10 : [7] 10.1 You, as a molecular biologist, plan to develop a genetically modified cotton plant with resistance to the cotton bollworm insect. Complete, in the correct order, each of the five missing steps of your plan. Write down a detailed sentence to complete each step. U, as molekulêre bioloog, het besluit om n geneties gemodifiseerde katoenplant met bestandheid teen die katoenbolwurm insek te ontwikkel. Voltooi, in the korrekte volgorde, die vyf ontbrekende stappe van jou plan hieronder. Skryf n volledige sin neer om elke stap te voltooi. (5) (i) (ii) Develop tissue culture method for cotton plants. Ontwikkel weefselkultuurmetode vir katoenplante. (iii) (iv) Regenerate and select cotton plants transformed with the insect resistance gene. Regenereer en selekteer katoenplante getransformeer met insekbestandheidsgeen. (v) Page 11 of 12
(vi) (vii) 10.2 Complete the sentences below by filling in the missing words. Voltooi die onderstaande sinne deur die ontbrekende woorde in te vul. 10.2.1 The 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded for the discovery and development of which is a useful visual marker used in plant transformation. Die 2008 Nobel Prys vir Chemie was toegeken vir die ontdekking en ontwikkeling van..., n handige visuele merker wat in planttransformasie gebruik word. (1) 10.2.2 The scientific name of the plant that was grown in the International Space Station during 2008 is....... Die wetenskaplike naam van die plant wat gedurende 2008 in die Internasionale Ruimtestasie gekweek was, is....... (1) TOTAL / TOTAAL : 100 Page 12 of 12