Kingdom Plantae
Plant Structure Size General Observations
Diversity Within the Plant Kingdom Pine Trees
What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotes Perform Photosynthesis (base of all terrestrial food chains) Lack Mobility Cell wall made of cellulose.
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert, Light Energy normally from the sun, into energy Chemical that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. What do plants need: sunlight water and minerals gas exchange transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant body
Bryophyte Pterophyte Coniferophyte Anthrophyte Representative Vascular Tissue Size Habitat Water for Reproduction Body Structures Reproductive Adaptations
Bryophytes Includes mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Has no vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients. Depends on water for reproduction (Sperm swims to meet egg) Are low growing and found in shaded areas because they rely on osmosis to draw in water, which limits their size Mosses Liverworts Hornworts
In swamps, bogs, rainforests, well adapted to nutrient poor soils Tolerant to cold temperatures - most abundant plants in polar regions Peat Moss Spagnum mosses have sponge-like properties and form thick deposits of peat which can be burned as a fuel or used in gardening. Factoid- Bodies have been preserved in a mummified state, in peat bogs. This one was found in Ireland in 2003. He was probably hung as a sacrifice. Everything has been preserved including hair, clothing and the rope they used to kill him.
Moss Structure When you look at moss, most of what you see is. Gametophyte The gametophyte grows from a SPORE that has landed on soil. Moss grows in moist conditions. All the cells in the gametophyte are haploid. This means that they have only ONE set of chromosomes (n). At the top of the gametophyte will grow a sex organ. This will either be the male antheridium, or the female archegonium. The antheridum produces sperm cells and the archegonium produces egg cells.
Phylum Pterophyta- Seedless vascular plants Ferns Club Mosses Horsetail These and all later plants have vascular tissue which is a significant adaptive advantage for terrestrial life
First to display true roots, leaves and stems, which exist in all vascular plants. Roots: underground organs that absorb water and minerals. Leaves: photosynthetic organs that contain one or more bundles of vascular tissue gathered into veins. Stems: supporting structures that connect roots and leaves to carry water and nutrients.
Ferns Most numerous seedless vascular plant (~11 000 species) Where do they grow? -Require little light -Need considerable moisture -Live in shadows of forest trees; undergrowth -Abundant in temperate rainforests Reproduction: - 'plant' we recognize is the sporophyte - sori on underside of fronds: clusters of sporangia - sperm (gametophyte) must swim to meet egg Sori Crash Course
Fern Structure
Have several adaptations allowing them to reproduce without water: Seeds - embryo of a plant encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply; may remain dormant for months or years, beginning to grow only when conditions are right. Seed Coat - protects embryo and prevents seed contents from drying out, may have specialized features to aid in dispersal Pollen grain - contains male gametophyte structure, carried to female reproductive structure via wind, insects and animals. Pollination - transfer of pollen from male reproductive structure to female reproductive structure
Seeds come in various shapes Bees are our biggest pollinators
Pro s Protection Food Supply Con s Less created Pro s More distribution More Created Carried through wind/water Con s No protection At mercy of the environment
Phylum Coniferophyta (Gymnosperms) Sequoias Cones Older of two groups of seed plants Gymnosperms bear seeds directly on the Redwoods surfaces of Cones Includes pines, spruces, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, junipers Of great commercial interest
Contain the oldest living organism: bristle cone pine tree (4000+ years) Contain the tallest living organisms: redwoods (100+ metres)
Evergreens retain their leaves throughout winter. New needles will eventually Replace old ones. Mechanisms to reduce water loss: Long thin leaves reduce the surface area where water can be Evaporated Thick waxy layer on leaves= cuticle Openings for gas exchange are located in cavities below the surface of the leaves (stomata)
Phylum Anthophyta (Angiosperms) The most abundant plant phylum. It makes up over of plants 90% Have seeds which contain a protective layer Includes grasses, flowering trees, shrubs, and flowers. Evolutionary trait of flowers Helps attracts animals which transport flower for flower.
Flowers contain ovaries which surround and protect seeds. Flowers After pollination, ovary develops into a fruit which protects the seed and aids in its dispersal. Fruit - wall of tissue surrounding seed, facilitate seed dispersion over large distances.
1) Sepals - enclose bud before it opens and protects developing flower; usually green and closely resembles leaves. Flower Diagrams Flowers have four kinds of specialized leaves: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. 3) Stamen - male reproductive structure Anther: sac where pollen grains are produced Filament: long, thin stalk supporting anther. 4) Carpel (pistil) - female reproductive structure Ovary: contains ovules (which contain eggs). Stigma: sticky surface on top of style where pollen grains often land Style: stalk above ovary; supports 2) Petals - located inside sepals; brightly colored; attract pollinators.
Diversity of Angiosperms 1. Monocots and Dicots - Monocots and dicots are named for the number of seed leaves, or cotyledons (the first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of the seed plant), in the plant embryo. - Monocots: 1 seed leaf (corn, wheat, lilies, palms orchids). - Dicots: 2 seed leaf (roses, daises, clovers, tomatoes).