Notes for: How Can You Describe Matter, Mixtures, and Solutions? I. Properties of Matter A. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space 1. scientists describe and compare matter based on properties, or qualities a. state b. color c. texture d. temperature e. mass f. volume B. state solids, liquids, gases 1. solid has a definite shape and volume particles are close together and move very slowly 2. liquids have a definite volume, but their shape takes the shape of the container they are in. Particles spread out and move more quickly 3. gases have no definite shape or volume particles are spread far apart (to fill the space) and move very quickly C. Color and texture 1. solids, liquids, and gases may all have color 2. solids and liquids can have texture
D. Temperature 1. temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is 2. scientists use thermometers two different scales Boiling point the temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas Freezing point the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid Melting point the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid a. Fahrenheit scale is the scale most often used in the U.S. Boiling point 212 degrees Freezing/melting point 32 degrees b. Celsius scale is the scale most often used by scientists and countries around the world Boiling point 100 degrees Freezing point 0 degrees E. Mass and Volume 1. Mass the measure of the amount of matter in an object a. measured in grams and kilograms b. use a balance scale c. mass is different from weight weight is a measure of gravity, so your weight would change depending on where you are. Mass NEVER changes 2. Volume the amount of space an object takes up a. To find the volume of a regular object (block) Volume = Length X Width X Height
b. To find the volume of an irregular object (marble or rock) 1. Fill a beaker of water and find the volume 2. Place the object in the beaker note the new reading 3. Subtract the two readings and that is the volume of the irregular object c. To find the volume of a gas 1. It is the same size of the container (the volume of gas in a liter bottle would be 1 liter II. Atoms A. The smallest particles that make up matter B. Everything on Earth is made of matter C. There are over 100 different kinds of atoms 1. Every atom is made up of three parts a. protons found in the nucleus, have a positive charge 1. the number of protons identifies the atom b. neutrons also found in the nucleus, are neutral (no charge) c. electrons move around the nucleus, have a negative charge 2. in a neutral atom, the number of protons and electrons are the same III. Mixtures A. A mixture is a combination of two or more things B. Can be separated by its properties, such as color, texture, and size
C. Made up of different amounts of two or more substances the amounts of each can be different D. Each part of a mixture keeps its original properties E. A mixture can easily be separated back into its original substance F. Types of mixtures 1. solid/liquid mud, cake batter, lemonade 2. liquid/liquid oil and vinegar, gasoline 3. liquid/gas bubbles in dishwater, soda water 4. solid/solid contains all solid parts, trail mix, tossed salad G. A special type of mixture that contains two or more types of matter evenly spread out and not easily separated is called a solution 1. every sample of a solution will contain the same parts, properties, and appearance 2. Made up of two parts Solute the substance dissolved into the solution Solvent the substance the solute is dissolved into Example juice made from a powder mix Water is the solvent, the mix is the solute 3. Factors that affect how fast a solid dissolves a. size smaller solids will dissolve faster b. temperature solids dissolve faster at higher temperatures c. stirring solids dissolve faster when the solution is stirred
IV. Concentration and Saturation A. Scientists can classify solutions based on their concentrations 1. A concentrated solution has a lot of solute in it 2. dilute means thinned, so a diluted solution doesn t have much solute 3. saturated sometimes so much solute is added to a solvent that it can t dissolve any more solute V. Physical and Chemical Changes A. Physical change when an object changes, but the atoms that make up the object don t change 1. Freezing and melting is an example of a physical change. Water is still water the atoms position themselves differently, but they do not change 2. Evaporation occurs when the temperature of a liquid is raised enough to change the liquid to a gas 3. Condensation occurs when matter changes from a gas to a liquid (cools) B. Chemical Changes a change in matter that forms a new substance with different properties 1. the matter is permanently changed 2. Signs of a chemical change a. gas forms b. heat is given off or absorbed c. a solid forms or disappears d. light is produced