{edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya

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H I {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya Xya {eju H $Ð (gì 3 : nona 3) amá`emñìmvrc _yc^yv g H$ënZm (gì 4 : nona 5) ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwm Am{U _hmamîq >mvrc Midir EopÀN>H$ nona 3 d 5 ~r. E. ^mj-2 K go{_ñq>a 3 d 4 H$[aVm (e j{uh$ df 2014-15 nmgyz) J ISBN-978-81-8486-563-9

Hw$bg{Md, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîq >) àw_md Îmr : 2014 ~r. E. (amá`emñì) ^mj-2 nona 3 d 5 H$[aVm gd h H$ ñdmyrz. oedmor odúm[rr>mà`m [admzjroedm` H$m{UË`mhr àh$mamz{ Z H$c H$aVm `{Uma Zmhr. àvr : 1,000 àh$meh$ : S>m. S>r. ìhr. _wio Hw$bg{Md, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya - 416 004. _wðh$ : lr. ~r. nr. nmq>rc AYrjH$, {edmor {dúmnrr> _wðumb`, H$moëhmnya - 416 004. ISBN-978-81-8486-563-9 Xÿa{ejU H $Ð Am{U {edmor {dúmnrr> `m~ôcmr _m{hvr nwt>rc nî`mda {_iy eho$c. {edmor {dúmnrr>, {dúmzja, H$moëhmnya-416 004 (^mav) Xÿa {eju {d^mj-{dúmnrr> AZwXmZ Am`moJ, Zdr {Xëcr `m À`m {dh$gz AZwXmZmVyZ `m gm{hë`mmr {Z{_ Vr Ho$cr Amho. (ii)

àm. (S>m.) EZ. Oo. ndma _m. Hw$cJwê$, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya àm. (S>m.) E_. E_. gmiw Io _m. Hw$cJwê$, `ed Vamd MìhmU _hmamîq > _wšv {dúmnrr>, Zm{eH$ àm. (S>m.) Ho$. Eg. a Jmßnm _m. Hw$cJwê$, åh gya {dúmnrr>, åh gya àm. nr. àh$me _m. à-hw$cjwê$, B {Xam Jm Yr amîq >r` _wšv {dúmnrr>, Zdr {Xëcr _m. àmmm` (S>m.) E. Eg. ^mob Q>o _m. à-hw$cjwê$, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya àm. (S>m.) gr_m `odco JrV-JmoqdX, âc Q> Z. 2, 1139 gmb Šg EŠñQ> ez, H$moëhmnya-416001 S>m. A{Zc Jdir A{YîR>mVm, H$cm d c{cvh$cm {dúmemim, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya S>m. ~mimgmho~ JmoqdXamd ^mogco ghh$ma ^wfu _m. Eg. Ho$. nmq>rc _hm{dúmc`, Hw$é XdmS>, {O. H$moëhmnya. S>m. _mohz am_m Ð KZdQ> _wymoor H$m coo, \$cq>u, Vm. \$cq>u, {O. gmvmam. S>m. AmË_mam_ ~moramd OJXmio gxjwê$ JmS>Jo _hmamo H$m coo, {dúmzja, H$amS>, {O. gmvmam. S>m. lr_vr A{_Vm g Ord H$UoJm dh$a S>r. S>r. qexo gah$ma H$m coo, Ûmam- {dúmnrr> hm`ñhy$c, H$moëhmnya. Xÿa {eju H $Ð, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya gëcmjma g{_vr àmmm` S>m. Oo. Eg. nmq>rc A{YîR>mVm, gm_m{oh$ emñìo {dúmemim, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya àmmm` S>m. gr. Oo. {Icmao A{YîR>mVm, {dkmz {dúmemim, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya S>m. Ama. Or. \$S>Vao A{YîR>mVm, dm{uá` {dúmemim, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya àmmm` S>m. E. ~r. amojo g MmcH$, _hm{dúmc` d {dúmnrr> {dh$mg _ S>i, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya S>m. S>r. ìhr. _wio Hw$cg{Md, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya lr. E_. E. H$mH$S>o narjm {Z` ÌH$, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya lr. ìhr. Q>r. nmq>rc {dîm d coim A{YH$mar, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya àm. (S>m.) AéU ^mogco (gxñ` g{md) g MmcH$, Xya{ejU H $Ð, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya Aä`mg_ S>i : amá`emñì AÜ`j - S>m. (lr_vr) ^mavr nmq>rc {d^mjà_wi, amá`emñì {d^mj, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya S>m. {earfhw$_ma Ym {S>am_ ndma ~mimgmho~ XogmB H$m coo, nmq>u, Vm. nmq>u, {O. gmvmam. S>m. H$[aAßnm {edmßnm Imnao XÎmmOramd H$X_ AmQ> g, gm`ýg A ÊS> H$m _g H$m coo, BMcH$a Or. S>m. ^mcm Ð ~r. {d^yvo àm T> Am{U {Za Va {eju {d^mj, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya. (iii)

Xya oeju H $Ð oedmor odúm[rr>, H$m{ëhm[ya boih$ gì-3 : nona-3 : amá`emñìmvrc _yc^yv g H$ënZm gì-4 : nona-5 : ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwm Am{U _hmamîq >mvrc Midir Aä`mg KQ>H$m Mo boih$ gì-3 : nona-3 : amá`emñìmvrc _yc^yv g H$ënZm KQ>H$ H«$_m H$ S>m. {dh«$_ Zmam`Uamd nmq>rc 1 e H$aamd OJVmn AmQ> g² A ÊS> H$m _g H$m coo, dmkmocr, Vm. H$moaoJmd, {O. gmvmam àm. S>m. dg V ^ynmc qexo 2 AmQ> g A ÊS> H$m _g H$m coo, ZmJR>mUo àm. S>m. Eg. E_. gocyh$a 3 {dç>camd nmq>rc _hm{dúmc`, H$io, Vm. nýhmim, {O. H$moëhmnya àm. S>m. E_. nr. _mo{hvo 4 _{hcm _hm{dúmc`, H$amS> gì-4 : nona-5 : ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwm Am{U _hmamîq >mvrc Midir lr. S>r. S>r. ^mogco 1 lr_vr E. Ama. nmq>rc H$Ý`m _hm{dúmc`, BMcH$a Or lr. AmÊUmgmho~ hmaxmao 2 {edamo _hm{dúmc`, JS>qh½cO. àm. A{YH$amd EM. {ZH$_ 3 lr {do`qgh `mxd _hm{dúmc`, nor>ds>jm d, H$moëhmnya àm. E. Eg. JmS>do 4 gx²jwê$ JmS>Jo _hmamo H$m coo, H$amS> BMcH$a Or, {O. H$moëhmnya. g nmxh$ àm. S>m. _ooa _mohz KZdQ> _wymoor H$m coo, \$cq>u (iv)

àñvmdzm {edmor {dúmnrr>mzo Xÿa {eju H $ÐmÀ`m _mü`_mvyz {ejumnmgyz ì`švrjv Am{U ^m {VH$ n[apñwvrzo Xÿa Jocoë`m AZoH$m Zm nwýhm {eju àdmhmv `oê`mmr gwdu g Yr CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcr `mmo g nyu lo` {dúmnrr>mcm OmVo. "kmz_odm_ V_²' {edmor {dúmnrr>mà`m ~«rx dmš`mà_muo kmzê$nr A_ V àmßv H$aÊ`mMr g Yr gdmªgmr>r CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcr. `mm Xÿa {eju H $ÐmÛmao Zm X Pmcoë`m ~{h ñw {dúmï`mªzm ñd` AÜ``Z gm{hë` CncãY H$ê$Z {Xco Amho. ho nwñvh$ ~r. E. ^mj XmoZ À`m amá`emñì {df`mà`m nona H«$_m H$ VrZ gì VrZ gmr>r "amá`emñìmvrc _yc^yv g H$ënZm' Am{U nona H«$_m H$ nmm gì Mma gmr>r "ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwm Am{U _hmamîq >mvrc Midir' ho {dúmï`mªà`m hmvr XoVmZm Amåhmcm {deof AmZ X hmov Amho. amá`emñì {df`mmo AÜ``Z H$aVmZm amá`emñìmvrc _yc^yv g H$ënZm Mo ñnîq> kmz {dúmï`mªzm Pmco nm{hoo, åhuyzm `m nwñvh$m_ü`o g_m{dîq> Ho$coë`m amoh$s` g H$ënZm Mr _m{hvr gimoc Am{U Var gmü`m d ñnîq> gai ^mfov _m S>cr Amho. amá`emñìmmr AmoiI hmouo JaOoMo AmhoM na Vw Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m_Yrc amá`, amîq >, amîq >r`ëd `m g H$ënZm ñnîq> Pmë`m nm{hoov. Ë`m ~amo~am amá`mmm AmË_m AgUmar gmd ^m _ÎdmMr g H$ënZm ñnîq> Ho$cr Amho. g_mom_ü`o gd gm_mý` _Zwî` Ooìhm ñdmv Í`, g_vm, Ý`m` `m eãxm Mr MMm H$arV AgVmo Voìhm Vmo ñdv À`m ÑîQ>rZo Am{U {hvmzwgma {dmma _m S>V AgVmo. na Vw ñdmv Í`, g_vm, Ý`m` `m g H$ënZm Mm _yi AW H$m` Amho `mmo gimoc kmz {dúmï`mªzm Pmë`mg `m g H$ënZm À`m g X^m Vrc _ZmVrc Û Û/Jm Yi ZîQ> hmob c Am{U AZoH$ {d{mì àg J Q>miVm `ovrc hm ñdàn> hovy Amho. OJmVrc gdm V _mor>r cmoh$emhr åhuyz ^mavmh$s>o nm{hco OmVo Am{U AZoH$m À`m _Zm_Ü`o àíz{mýh C^o ahmv Agoc H$s gd cmoh$m Mm ^mavr` cmoh$emhrv àë`j, AàË`j gh^mj Agoc H$m? `mmo CÎma Amho hmo`! H$maU 1952 _Ü`o "amîq >r` {dñvma godomr' {Z{_ Vr H$ê$Z gm_w{hh$ {dh$mg H$m` H«$_ am~{dcm. Ë`mVyZM ñwm{zh$ emgz ì`dñwomr g H$ënZm {dh$grv hmov Jocr Ë`mgmR>r gwadmvrcm ""~cd Vam` _ohvm g{_vrmm'' CX` Pmcm. Ë`m_Ü`o cmoh$m À`m _mjurzwgma Am{U `eñdr gh«$s`vozwgma ~Xc Ho$cm Jocm. {ÌñVar` emgz ì`dñwm {Z_m U Pmcr Am{U Ë`m_Yrc eodq>mm ñva "ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwm' hm _hîdmmm _mzcm Jocm. J«m_n Mm`V, n Mm`Vg{_Vr, {Oëhmn[afX, ZJanm{cH$m, _hmzjanm{ch$m `m g ñwm CX`mg Amë`m Á`m_Ü`o àë`oh$ ^mavr` ZmJarH$mMm àë`j gh^mj hmovmzm {XgVmo. Ë`m_wio amoh$maummo gm_m{oh$au Am{U amoh$s` OmJ Vr {Z_m U Pmcr. hom cmoh$emhrà`m `emmo J_H$ Amho. åhuyzm {dúmï`mªzm ñwm{zh$ (v)

ñdamá` g ñwomr g nyu _m{hvr hmouo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mMr amzm, nxm{yh$mar, cmoh$à{v{zyr Ë`m Mr Zo_UyH$ d {ZdS> g_ouo Amdí`H$ Amho. VgoM `m g ñwm Am{U nxm{yh$mar `m Mr H$m`} Am{U H$V ì`, Ë`mM~amo~a gwomz d gyk ZmJarH$ åhuyz àë`oh$mmo hšh$ Am{U H$V ì` `mmr _m{hvr `m nwñvh$mà`m _mü`_mvyz {dúmï`mªn`ªv nmohmduo Amdí`H$ Amho. Amåhmg Vgo dmq>vo. 22 d 23 {S>g ~a 1992 amoor Pmcocr AZwH«$_o 73 dr d 74 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr Am{U Ë`mVrc VaVwXrMr _m{hvr {dúmï`mªàv nmohm{dê`mmo H$m_ ho nwñvh$ ZŠH$s H$aoc Am{U Iè`m AWm Zo OmñVrV OmñV cmoh$m Mm ^mavr` cmoh$emhrvrc gh^mj dmt>oc d OJmVrc _mor>r cmoh$emhr g gxr` _mjm Zo `eñdr hmob c hrm Am_Mr _ZmoYmaUm Amho. `m nwñvh$mvrc {d{dy KQ>H$mda {c{hvmzm Á`m kmzr, hþema d {eh$duo ho d«v KoUmè`m àmü`mnh$m Zr Aä`mgy d ÎmrZo gimoc nu gmü`m gai eãxmv {dícofu Ho$co Vo H$m VwH$mg nmì AmhoV. `m nwñvh$ {Z{_ Vr_Ü`o {edmor {dúmnrr>mmo Hw$cJwê$ _m. S>m. EZ. Oo. ndma `m Mr àoaum d àmoëgmhz Amåhmcm {_imco Ë`m~Ôc Ë`m Mo _Z nyd H$ Am^ma. Ë`mMà_mUo amá`emñì {d^mjà_wi S>m. ^mavr nmq>rc, Zohê$ Aä`mg H $Ð g_ýd`h$, amá`emñì {d^mjmà`m _mor {d^mjà_wi S>m. dmg Vr amg_, amá`emñì {d^mj {edmor {dúmnrr> _Yrc àmü`mnh$ S>m. àh$me ndma, S>m. ^UJo aqdð, {edmor {dúmnrr> amá`emñì Aä`mg _ S>imMo gd gý_mzzr` gxñ`, {edmor {dúmnrr> amá`emñì n[afxomo AÜ`j S>m. dg V nmq>rc d gd coih$ `m Mo ghh$m` cm^ë`m~ôc Ë`m gdmªmo _r Am^ma _mzvmo. darc gdmªbvho$m _hîdmmo åhuoo Xÿa {eju H $ÐmMo g MmcH$ S>m. AéU ^mogco, Xÿa {eju H $ÐmVrc gd ghh$mar {dúmnrr>mmo gd nxm{yh$mar `m Mo ghh$m`m ~Ôc d VËnaVo~Ôc gdmªmo _Z nyd H$ Am^ma _mzvmo. - g nmxh$ S>m. _ooa KZdQ> _mohz am_m Ð {d^mjà_wi amá`emñì {d^mj, _wymoor _hm{dúmc`, \$cq>u (vi)

AZwH«$_{UH$m KQ>H$ H«$_m H$ KQ>H$mMo erf H$ nmz H«$_m H$ nona-3 : go{_ñq>a-3 amá`emñìmvrc _yc^yv g H$ënZm 1. amá`emñì - AW, ñdê$n Am{U ì`mßvr 1 2. amá`emñìmvrc _yc^yv g H$ënZm / amá` / amîq > 14 3. amá`emñìmvrc _yc^yv g H$ënZm / gmd ^m _ g^m 54 4. amoh$s` g H$ënZm : ñdmv Í`, g_vm, Ý`m` 77 nona-5 : go{_ñq>a-4 ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwm Am{U _hmamîq >mvrc Midir 1. ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwm (J«m_rU) 95 2. ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwm (ZmJar) 145 3. ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwm Am{U _hmamîq >mvrc Midir 172 4. _hmamîq >mvrc ZdMidir 185 (vii)

ª ª ª y y y y { w { y { { y { { { { y w { { { { y o d Ú m Ï ` m Z m g M Z m àë`{h$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmv CoÔîQ>m Zr hm{b c. CoÔîQ>{ oxemxe H$ AmoU [wt>rc ]m]r ñ[îq> H$aUmar AgVrc. 1. KQ>H$m_Ü`{ H$m` oxc{c{ Amh{. 2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` A[{ojV Amh{. 3. o d o e î Q > K Q > H $ m d a r c H $ m ` [ U H $ ë ` m Z V a V å h m c m H $ m ` _ m h r V h m Ê ` m M r A[{jm Amh{. ñ d ` _ ë ` _ m [ Z m g m R > r à í Z o X c c A g Z Ë ` m M r A [ o j V C Î m a h r X Ê ` m V Amc{cr Amh{V. Ë`m_wi{ KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `m{½` oxe{z{ hm{b c. Vw_Mr CÎma{ ochÿz Pmë`mZ VaM ñd` AÜ``Z gmohë`m_ü`{ oxc{cr CÎma{ [mhm. hr Vw_Mr CÎma{ (qh$dm ñ d m Ü ` m ` ) A m _ À ` m H $ S > _ ë ` _ m [ Z m g m R > r [ m R > d m ` M r Z m h r V. V å h r ` m ½ ` o X e Z A ä ` m g H $ a m d m, ` m g m R > r h r C Î m a " A ä ` m g g m Y Z ' (Study Tool) å h U Z C[`w V R>aVrc. {à` {dúmwu, ho ñd` AÜ``Z gm{hë` `m nonagmr>r EH$ nyah$ Aä`mggm{hË` åhuyz Amho. Ago gy{mv H$aÊ`mV `ovo H$s, {dúmï`mªzr 2014-15 nmgyz V`ma Ho$cocm ZdrZ Aä`mgH«$_ nmhÿz Ë`mà_mUo `m nonaà`m gimoc Aä`mgmgmR>r g X^ nwñvho$ d BVa gm{hë`mmm Aä`mg H$amdm. (viii)

KQ>H$ : 1 amá`emó - AW, ñdê$n Am{U ì`mßvr AZwH«$_{UH$m 1.0 C{ÔîQ>o 1.1 àmñvm{dh$ 1.2 {df` {ddomz 1.2.1 amá`emómmm AW 1.2.2 amá`emómmo ñdê$n 1.2.3 amá`emómmr ì`mßvr 1.3 nm[a^m{fh$ eãx 1.4 ñd` AÜ``Z àízmmr CÎmao 1.5 gmam e 1.6 gamdmgmr>r ñdmü`m` 1.7 g X^ nwñvho$ 1.0 C{ÔîQ>ço `m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ Va Amnë`mbm amá`emómmm AW g_oyz KoVm `ob b. amá`emómmo ñdê$n ñnîq> H$aVm `ob b. amá`emómmr ì`mßvr ñnîq> hmob b. 1

1.1 àmñvm{dh$ _Zwî` hm ñd^mdv: EH$ gm_m{oh$ àmur Amho d g_moerb àmur Agë`m_wio _Zwî` g_momvm Amnbo OrdZ OJV AgVmo. àë`oh$ _Zwî`mMr ì`{švjv àjvr gm_m{oh$ OrdZmda AmYm[aV AgVo åhuyz Vmo g_yh H$ê$Z amhÿ bmjbm. _mzdmà`m JaOm Mr nyv Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dy àh$maà`m g ñwm {Z_m U Pmë`m. CXm. Hw$Qw> ~ g ñwm, {ddmh g ñwm, {eju g ñwm, Ym{_ H$ g ñwm Aem {d{dy ñdê$nmà`m g ñwm ñwmnz H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. Ë`mVyZM ì`švr g ñwm Am{U g ñwm - g ñwm Ago nañna g ~ Y {Z_m U Pmbo. g_moì`dñwov amhumè`m ì`švrmm Xwgè`m ì`švrer g ~ Y `ov AgVmZm H$mhr à_mumv g Kf hmod$ bmjbo. ho g Kf Wm ~{dê`mgmr>r {Z` ÌUmMr JaO ^mgy bmjbr. Ë`m_wio _mzdmà`m g_moordzmda {Z` ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r amá`g ñwomr {Z{_ Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gmo{\$ñq>m À`m _Vo "_Zwî` amoh$s` àmur' Agë`m_wio g_mo amoh$s` ñdê$nmmm Pmbm. {ZpíMV Aem ^wàxoemv amoh$s` ÑîQ>çm g K{Q>V Pmboë`m bmoh$m Mr gmd ^m _ emgz g ñwm {Z_m U Pmbr. amá`memómbm emór` ñdê$n àmßv H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo lò J«rH$ VÎdkm ZmH$S>o OmVo. Y_ emó, nwamu, Zr{Vemó `m À`mnmgyZ amá`emñìmbm ñdv Ì H$ê$Z Ë`mbm ñdv Ì gm_m{oh$ emómmm XOm àmßv H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo lò A [añq>m Q>bH$S>o OmVo åhuyz Ë`mbm amá`emómmm OZH$ Ago åhq>bo OmVo. `m amá`emómà`m AW, ñdê$n d ì`mßvrmm Aä`mg AmnU `m KQ>H$m_Ü`o H$aUma Amho. 1.2.1 amá`emómmm AW (ì`m»`m) (Definition of Political Science) A [añq>m Q>bZo Amnë`m J«WmMo Zmd "nm {b{q>šg' Ago {Xbo, VoìhmngyZ "amá`h$ma^mammo emó' åhuyz nm {b{q>šg hm eãx àm{bv Pmbm. amoh$mau Am{U amá`emó `m XmoÝhr AWm Zr nm {b{q>šg hr EH$M g km ~arm df} dmnamv `ov Ago. nwt>o amá`emómgmr>r "nm {b{q>h$b' Aer g km ê$t> H$aÊ`mV Ambr. _yë`m À`m g X^m V amoh$s` àízm Mo qmvz H$aUmao amoh$s` {dmmad V d X Z {XZ amoh$maumà`m à{h«$`m _Ü`o dmdaumao {H«$`merb amoh$maur ZoVo Am{U amoh$s` _ybvîdo, KS>m_moS>r d amoh$s` dv Z `m Mm emór` ÑîQ>rZo {dmma H$aUmao amá`emómmo {dúmwu `m À`m ÑîQ>rH$moZm V ñdm^m{dh$m \$ah$ AgUma ho J hrv Yê$Z amá`emómà`m emim Mm {dñvma Pmbm. A [añq>m Q>bZo amá`emómbm ""emóm Mo emó'' Ago åhuvmo. Ë`mÀ`m H$mimer Vo g ~moyz gwg JVM hmovo. amá` Am{U g_mo `m À`mVrb ^ox J«rH$ ZJaamÁ`m _Ü`o Ho$bm OmV Zgë`m_wio amá`mmo joì gm_m{oh$ OrdZmbm ñne H$aÊ`m BVnV ì`mnh$ hmovo. nm {bg (Polise) (ZJaamÁ`) Am{U nmo{b{q>h$m (amá`emó) `m Xmohm Mr ì`mßvr gmairm Agë`m_wio amá`emó ho "emóm Mo emó åhudbo OmV Ago'. `m H$mimVrb g_mo OrdZmV ì`{švjv Am{U gmd O{ZH$ Agm ^ox H$moUË`mM ~m~vrv {Z_m U Pmbobm Zgë`m_wio Am{U gm_wxm{`h$ OrdZmMr {d{dy joìo EH$_oH$m nmgyz dojir Pmbobr Zgë`m_wio ZJaamÁ`mÀ`m ZmJ[aH$mMo H$moUVohr dv Z `m Zm Ë`m g X^m V amoh$s` R>aV Ago, H$maU Ë`m dv ZmMm gm_wxm{`h$ ghordzmda à^md ns>uo A{Zdm` M R>aV Ago. Amnë`mH$S>o 2

_hm^mavmà`m em {Vndm V gwõm Agm C oi AmT>iVmo H$s "hîmrà`m nmdbmà`m IwUm _Ü`o AÝ` gd àmê`m À`m nmd$biwum Oem gm_mdyz OmVmV Ë`mà_mUo amá`emómà`m ì`már_ü`o gd emóo gm_mdvmv. AmYw{ZH$ {dmmad Vm Zr amá`emómmm Aä`mg dmñvddmxr d {díbofumë_h$ nõvrzo Ho$bobm Amho. Ë`m_wio amá`emómmm Aä`mg Am nmm[ah$ d AZm nmm[ah$ Agm XmoÝhr nõvrzo gwê$ Pmbm. amoh$s` {H«$`m, à{h«$`m Mm, amoh$s` g H$ënZm Mm Aä`mg d km{zh$ nõvrzo dmñvddmxr Ñ{îQ>H$moUmVyZ hmod$ bmjbm. amá`emómmr {ZpíMV ì`m»`m H$aUo H$R>rU Pmbo. {d{dy {dmmad VmZo amá`emómmr ì`m»`m H$aÊ`mMm à`ëz Ho$bobm Amho Ë`m nwt>rbà_muo - 1) Ama. Or. JoQ>ob `m À`m _Vo ""Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ ^yvh$mimv amá` H$go hmovo, dv _mzh$mimv amá` H$go Amho Am{U Z {VH$ÑîQ>çm ^{dî`h$mimv amá` H$go Agmdo `m g ~ YrMm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m emómbm "amá`emó' Ago åhuvmv.'' 2) àm. grbr `m À`m _Vo "Á`m à_muo AW emómv g nîmrmm àm{uemómv Or{dVmMm, ~roj{uvmv A H$m Mm Am{U ^y{_vrv ñwi Am{U C Mr `m Mm emoy KoVbm OmVmo. Ë`mà_mUo amá`emómv emgz g ñwoà`m VÎdm Mm emoy KoVbm OmVmo.' 3) nm b OoZoQ `m À`m _Vo> "amá`emó hm gm_m{oh$ emómmm Agm ^mj Amho H$s, Á`m_Ü`o amá`mmr AmYma^yV VÎdo Am{U emgz g ñwomr _yb^yv VÎdo `m Mm {dmma Ho$bm OmVmo.' 4) Oo. S>ãë`y. JmZ a `m À`m _Vo hmovmo.' "amá`emómà`m Aä`mgmMm àma ^ amá`mnmgyz hmod$z Ë`mMm eodq>hr amá`mà`m Aä`mgmVM 5) nozm H$ Am{U pñ_w `m À`m _Vo "emgz g ñwm Am{U amoh$s` à{h«$`m `m Mo ñdê$n H$m` Amho, Vo H$go Agmdo Am{U Ë`m À`mV EH$ê$nVm H$er gmyvm `ob b `m CÔoemZo gwì`dpñwvnuo Ho$bobm Aä`mg åhuoo amá`emó hmò.' 6) am ~Q> S>mb `m À`m _Vo "amá`emómv amoh$s` ì`dñwomm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo, amoh$s` ì`dñwm åhuoo _mzdr g ~ YmMm Agm AmH $Vr~ Y H$s Á`m_Ü`o {Z` ÌU, à^md, gîmm Am{U A{YH$ma `m Mm A{dîH$ma KSy>Z `ov AgVmo.' 3

EH $XarV amá`mg ~ Yr, amoh$s` ì`dñwog ~ Yr AgUmè`m gd ì`dhmam Mm KQ>Zm Mm, {gõm V, g H$ënZm Am{U {H«$`m - à{h«$`m `m Mm Aä`mg H$aUmao emó Vo amá`emó Ago åhuvm `ob b. 1.2.2 amá`emómmo ñdê$n (Nature of Political Science) amá`emómmo ñdê$n g_omdyz KoVmZm amoh$mau amá`emó Am{U amoh$s` VÎdkmZ `m g H$ënZm Mm Aä`mg H$aUo _hîdmmo Amho. A [añq>m Q>bZo J«rH$ ZJaamÁ`mÀ`m amá`h$ma^mamg ~ Yr Aä`mg H$aVmZm "nm {b{q>šg' hm J«W {bhbm. gúh$mbrz amoh$s` {H«$`m-à{H«$`m ~mobvmzm amoh$mau hm eãx dmnabm OmVmo. XoemVrb {dú_mz amoh$s` KS>m_moS>r, amoh$s` àíz d Ë`mdarb Cnm``moOZm, amoh$s` dmvmdau, amoh$s` S>mdnoM, amoh$s` Ioir BË`mXrgmR>r amoh$mau hm eãx dmnabm OmVmo. AmYw{ZH$ amá`emókm Zr amoh$mau EodOr amá`emó hm eãx dmnabm Amho. amá`emó åhuoo amá`mg ~ YrMo emó hmò. amá`, amá`mmm CX`, {dh$mg, emgzg ñwm, Ë`mMo A{YH$ma, H$m`}, ZmJ[aH$ d amá` `m Mo g ~ Y ZmJ[aH$m Mo A{YH$ma, Am Vaamï >r` g ~ Y BË`mXr~m~V amá`emó Aä`mg H$aVo amoh$s` VÎdkmZmV VmpÎdH$ d d Mm[aH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moUmVyZ amoh$s` {dmma _m S>bo OmVmV. amoh$s` VÎdkmZ d amoh$s` {gõm V `m XmohmoV \$ah$ H$aUo H$R>rU Amho. H$mhr {dmmad VmZo amoh$s` VÎdkmZ hm eãx amoh$s` {gõm V `m AWm Zo dmnavmv. ßboQ>mo, A [añq>m Q>b, _ {H«$`mìhobr, {_b, bmñh$s, H$mb _mšg, am ~Q> S>mb BË`mXr {dmmad Vm Zr amoh$s` {dmmam Zm Vm{ÎdH$ d g Õm {VH$ ~ R>H$ {Xbr Amho. amá`emómà`m ñdê$nmmo VrZ H$mbI S> AmT>iyZ `ovmv - 1) nma nm[ah$ amá`emómmo ñdê$n (B.g. 1850 nydumm H$mbI S>) 2) g H«$_U H$mimVrb amoh$s` {dmma (B. 1850 Vo 1950 Mm H$mbI S>) 3) AmYw{ZH$ amoh$s` {dmmagaur (B.g. 1950 Z VaMm H$mbI S>) 1) nma nm[ah$ amá`emómmo ñdê$n amá`emó ho àmmrz H$mimnmgyZ Aä`mgbo OmUmao emó Amho. B.g. nyd Mm Ï`m evh$mnmgyz amá`emómmr EH$ Aä`mgemIm åhuyz Aä`mg gwê$ Pmbm. J«rH$ ZJaamÁ`mV ßboQ>mo, A [añq>m Q>b `mgma»`m {dm>mad VmZr amá`emómbm à{vîr>m {_idyz {Xbr. ßboQ>moZo Ë`mÀ`m "{X. [anãbrh$' Va A [añq>m Q>bZo Ë`mÀ`m "nm {b{q>šg' `m J«WmV amá`-{df`h$ {dmma _m S>bo. `m H$mimVrb amá`emó ho ZJaamÁ`m Mm Aä`mg H$arV hmovo. àmw{_h$ AdñWm g nyz ZmJar, àjv OrdZmg gwê$dmv Pmbr hmovr. `m H$mimVrb ZJaamÁ`o AmH$mamZo N>moQ>r hmovr. _`m {XV ^m Jmo{bH$ AmH$ma, _m\$h$ bmoh$g»`m, _`m {XV àíz d JaOm, 4

{dkmz V ÌkmZmMm A^md `m_wio amá`emóm g_moa \$mago {dmma _ WZ hmoê`mmr JaO ZìhVr. amá`mzo Am_Mo g aju H$amdo Aer _mjur hmovr. amom, amá` d g aju ì`dñwm `m à_wi VrZ JmoîQ>rda Ë`mdoiMo amá`emó AmYm[aV hmovo. ßboQ>moÀ`m "[anpãbh$' J«WmV VÎdk amommr d AmXe amá`m Mr _m S>bobr AmXe dmxr g H$ënZm nma nm[ah$ amá`emómmo ñdê$n XmIdVo. A [añq>m Q>bZo ßboQ>moÀ`m WmoS>o nwt>o OmdyZ A{YH$ Mm Jbr emgznõvr H$moUVr `mmm VwbZmË_H$ d {Z[ajUmda AmYmarV Aä`mg Ho$bm hmovm. A [añq>m Q>bZo Jwbm_{JarMo Ho$bobo g_w Z ho nma nm[ah$ amá`emómà`m gr_maofm XmIdVo. amom d amommr H$V ì`, amom d AmXe amá` g H$ënZm, Ý`m`, g aju BË`mXr _hîdmà`m {df`mzm M VËH$mbrZ amá`emómzo ñne Ho$bm hmovm. `mvyzm nma nm[ah$ amá`emómmo ñdê$n nwt>rb à_muo hmovo. 1) du ZmË_H$ ñdê$n nma nm[ah$ amá`emó ho du ZmË_H$ hmovo. emór` {M{H$Ëgm, {díbofu H$aÊ`mEodOr ho nma nm[ah$ amá`emó du Zmbm _hîd XoV hmovo `mv H$mën{ZH$Vm gm{hpë`h$s ^mfm, Ab H$marVm `m Zm {dmmad V _hîd XoV. 2) AmXe dmx dñvypñwvr nojm AmXem Zm A{YH$ _hîd {Xë`m_wio AZoH$ MwH$sMo nmoh$i Am{U A`mo½` {gõm V d {ZîH$f _m S>bo Jobo. `m_ü`o g»`më_h$ d VwbZmË_H$ nõvrmm dmna \$ma H$_r à_mumv Ho$bm OmV Ago Ë`m_wio na namjv amá`emómvrb H$mhr {gõm V d VÎdo {Zê$n`moJr R>abr Jobr. 3) Z {VH$ nma nm[ah$ amá`emómv _yë`o, {dmma, g ñh$ma d _mzdvmdmxr Y_ J«WmMm gd g_momda à^md hmovm. Ë`m_wio amá`emómv nmn, nwê`, {ZVr, A{ZVr Mm Jbo dmb Q>, gë`, AgË` `mda ^a XoD$Z \$ŠV Mm Jë`m JmoîQ>rMm ñdrh$ma Ho$bm OmB. 4) emñìr`vomm A^md nma nm[ah$ amá`emómmo ñdê$n H$mën{ZH$ hmovo. {ZarjU, _m{hvr g H$bZ, {díbofu, {M{H$Ëgm, H$m` H$maU^mdmMm emoy, àm`mo{jh$vm g»`memór`vm, J{UVr AMyH$Vm, emóewõ _m S>Ur, V ÌkmZmMm AmYma, emór`vm, _yë`{zanojvm, dñvy{zîr>vm `mvrb H$moUË`mM gyú_ d {ZpíMV nõvrmm dmna Ho$bm OmV ZìhVm. 5

5) Vm{H $H$ `m H$mimV VÎdkmZmbm g_momv _hîd hmovo. Vm{H $H$ AmYmamda amoh$s` {H«$`m à{h«$`m Mo AW ~moyz Ho$bo OmB. Ë`m_wio àë`j AZw^yVr dm {Z[ajUmbm \$magm dmd ZìhVm. Amnë`mbm Ho$di EH$ AmXe amá` H$am`Mo Amho. Aem àh$mao VH$m À`m AmYmamda ~m YUr Ho$br OmB. 6) g Hw${MV d _`m {XV ñdê$n nma nm[ah$ amá`emómmm Aä`mg g Hw${MV d _`m {XV ñdê$nmmm hmovm. amá`mmm CX`, amá`mmo KQ>H$, amá`mmr H$m`}, emgznõvr, amoh$s` nj, bmoh$_v Agm _`m {XV ñdê$nmmm Aä`mg na namjv amá`emómv Ho$bm OmV. WmoS>Š`mV nma nm[ah$ amá`emñìmmo ñdê$n ho du ZmË_H$, AmXe dmxr, Z {VH$, ì`{švdmxr, Vm{H $H$ d H$mën{ZH$, g Hw${MV d _`m {XV ñdê$nmmo hmovo. 2) g H«$_U H$mimVrb amoh$s` {dmma B.g. 1850 Vo 1950 hm amá`emómmm g H«$_U H$mbI S> _mzbm OmVmo. `m H$mbI S>mV {d{dy amoh$s` {dmmad VmZr Oo {dmma _m S>bo Ë`mMm à^md AmYw{ZH$ amá`emómda ns>vmo. g H«$_U H$mimVrb amoh$s` {dmma nwt>rb à_muo AmhoV. \«$M {dmmad V Am JñV H$m åvzo g_moemór` ÑîQ>rH$moUmVyZ amá`emómmm Aä`mg Ho$bm. gm_m{oh$ ì`dhma Am{U amoh$s` ì`dhma `m À`m nañna g ~ YmÀ`m Aä`mgmVyZ amá`mmr {Z{_ Vr, {dh$mg, AñV `m Mm Aä`mg H$aUo A{YH$ gmono Pmbo. gm_m{oh$ n[apñwvrmm à^md amoh$s` ì`dñwoda ns>vmo ho gm JyZ g_momà`m g ajumgmr>r amá`mmr Amdí`H$Vm Amho Ago {dmma _m S>bo. O_ Z {dmmad V H$mb _mšg Zo "H$å`w{ZñQ> _ {Z\o$ñQ>mo' `m J«WmV gm_m{oh$ emóm Mm EH$_oH$m er H$gm g ~ Y AgVmo `mmm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. _mšg Zo emór` g_modmxr g_moamzomr Zdr {dmmagaur _m S>br. B{VhmgmMo Am{W H$ Ñ{îQ>H$moUmVyZ {díbofu H$ê$Z {damoyr {dh$mgdmxr {gõm V _mý` H$éZ _mšg Zo g_momà`m {dh$mgmmo {díbofu Ho$bo Amho. _mšg Zo gmå`dmxr g_moamzo g ~ YrMo Oo Zdo amoh$s` {dmma _m S>bo Vo AmYw{ZH$ amá`emómà`m Aä`mgmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _mobmmo R>abo. B p½be {dmmad V h~ Q> ñnoýgazo amá`mà`m ñdê$nmmm g {Ð` {gõm V _m S>bm. _mzdr earamvrb KQ>H$m Mo ñdê$n d H$m` Am{U amá`mà`m KQ>H$m Mo ñdê$n d H$m` `m À`mVrb gmyå`m dê$z ñnoýgazo ì`{švdmxmmo d ì`{švñdmv Í`mMo g_w Z Ho$bo. J«h _dmbmg `m B p½be {dmmad VmZo "øy_z ZoMa BZ nm {b{q>šg' `m J«WmV _mzdr dv Z Am{U ì`dhma `m Mo {díbofu Ho$bobo Amho. dmbmgzo _mzgemór` Ñ{îQ>H$moUmVyZ bmoh$emhrmo {díbofu Ho$bo Amho. Ë`mZo amá`emómà`m Aä`mgmbm VmpÎdH$ nmvirdê$z ì`mdhm[ah$ nmvirda AmUyZ R>odbo Amho. 6

AmW a ~ Q>bo `m Zrhr dmñvddmxr Ñ{îQ>H$moU ñdrh$mê$z amá`emómà`m Aä`mgmbm Zdr {Xem {Xbr. Q>m bh$m Q> nmg Ýg `m Zr "gm_m{oh$ ì`dñwm' hm J«W {bhÿz amoh$s` ì`dñwmdmx d amzmë_h$ H$m` dmx `m Mo {díbofu Ho$bo. Mmb g _o[a`_, h am b bm gdob `m Zr gm_m{oh$ emóm À`m VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mgmda ^a XoD$Z amoh$s` dv Z, amoh$s` loîr>roz, gîmmàmßvr BË`mXr {df`h$ {dmma _m S>bo AmhoV. Aem àh$mao {d{dy {dmmad VmZr Amnbo {dmma g H«$_U H$mbI S>mV _m S>bo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio amá`emómà`m Aä`mgmbm Zdr {Xem {_imbr. 3) AmYw{ZH$ amoh$s` {dmmagaur B.g. 1950 Z VaÀ`m H$mimV amá`emómà`m Aä`mgmbm d km{zh$ d AmYw{ZH$ ñdê$n àmßv Pmbo. S>oìhrS> B ñq>z, J«{~«`b Amë_ S>, am ~Q> S>mb, A±WZr OÝg, S>oìhrS> A ßQ>a, nm dob, ë`w{g`z nm`, H$mb S²>dmB e, {g½_ S> Ý`y_Z `m {dmmad VmZr amá`emómmm Aä`mg AmYw{ZH$ nõvrzo gwê$ Ho$bm. d km{zh$, VwbZmË_H$ nõvr, gm_m{oh$, Am{W H$ Am{U _mzgemór` Ñ{îQ>H$moU, g»`më_h$ nõvr BË`mXr nõvrmm ñdrh$ma H$ê$Z amá`emómmm Aä`mg {díbofumë_h$ nõvrzo gwê$ Pmbm. {ZarjU, narju, g emoyz H$ê$Z dmñvddmxr Ñ{îQ>H$moUmVyZ amá`emómv {ZîH$f H$mT>bo AmhoV. AmO ZdZdrZ amoh$s` àíz Am{U JaOm {Z_m U Pmë`m AmhoV. Ë`mMr nyv Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Zì`m amoh$s` ì`dñwomr {dmmagaur nwt>o Ambr Amho. nwt>rb H$maUm _wio AmYw{ZH$ amoh$s` {dmmam Mm CX` Pmbm. 1) {dgmì`m evh$mvrb bmoh$emhr emgz nõvrzo ñdê$n ~XbyZ Jobo. H$maU àë`oh$ XoemMr amoh$s` n[apñwvr, B{Vhmg, g ñh $Vr, gm_m{oh$ pñwvr, Am{W H$ g_ñ`m BË`mXr JmoîQ>r {^ÝZ ñdê$nmà`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio bmoh$emhr emgz nõvrmm Cn`moJ H$mhr XoemV A`eñdr Pmbm. n{hë`m _hm`wõmz Va `wamon I S>mVrb O_ Zr, BQ>br `m XoemV bmoh$emhr A`eñdr hmod$z VoWo hÿhy$_emhr {Z_m U Pmbr. Ë`m_wio AmYw{ZH$ amá`emómv bmoh$emhr emgz nõvrà`m {díbofummr JaO {Z_m U Pmbr. 2) AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI S>mV nma nm[ah$ amá`emómà`m nõvrzo Aä`mg H$ê$Z MmbUma Zmhr. AmO "amá`' `m g H$ënZoEodOr "amoh$s` ì`dñwm' hr g H$ënZm ì`mnh$ AWm Zo ñdrh$mabobr Amho. Ë`m_wio amoh$s` ì`dñwomm Aä`mg {díbofumë_h$ nõvrzo hmov Amho. amoh$s` ì`dñwmdmx, amzmë_h$ H$m` dmx, amoh$s` g ñh $Vr, amoh$s` g_morh$au, amoh$s` lo{îr>oz, dv ZdmX, CÎmadV ZdmX, amoh$s` g gymz, amoh$s` {dh$mg Aem Aä`mgmMr JaO {Z_m U Pmbr. 3) {dgmì`m evh$mv dgmhvrmo d gm_«má`dmxmmo amoh$mau g nbobo Amho. A{e`m, Am{\«$H$m I S>mV AZoH$ Zdmo{XV ñdv Ì amï >o CX`mbm Ambr. Ë`m_wio VoWrb amoh$s` àíz, amoh$s` n[apñwvr {^Þ ñdê$nmmr Amho. `m Z{dZ amï >m Mm Aä`mg H$aUo _hîdmmo Amho. 7

4) Am Vaamï >r` amoh$maumvrb JQ>~mOr, eómó ñnym, gîmm ñnym, erv`wõ, A{bßV amï >m Mo amoh$mau Aem {d{dy {df`m Mm Aä`mg amá`emómbm H$aUo _hîdmmo Amho. a{e`mmo Pmbobo {dkq>z d A_o[aH$m, MrZ, ^mav Aem amï >m Mo dm ñd dmt>v Amho. `wamonr` amï >m Mr Am{W H$ d ì`mnmar joìmv à^md dmt>v Amho. XheVdmXmMr Zdr g_ñ`m {Z_m U Pmbr Amho. Aem àízm Mr gmos>duyh$ hmoê`mgmr>r amá`emómv AmYw{ZH$ d {díbofumë_h$ nõvrmm Aä`mg gwê$ Pmbm. ñd` -AÜ``Z àíz -1 nwt>rb {dymzo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gm Jm. 1) A [añq>m Q>bZo J«rH$ ZJaamÁ`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm "nm {b{q>šg' hm J«W {bhbm. ( ) 2) AmYw{ZH$ amá`emómmm Aä`mg 1750 À`m H$mbI S>mZ Va gwê$ Pmbm. ( ) 3) nma nm[ah$ amá`emó AmXe dmxr du ZmË_H$ Amho. ( ) 1.2.3 amá`emómmr ì`mßvr (The Scope of Political Science) amá`emómv amá`g ñwm Am{U emgz g ñwm `mg ~ YrMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. àmo. JoQ>ob, àmo. JmZ a, ga \«o$s>[ah$ nmobm H$, EM. Oo. _m J}Ý`m BË`mXr {dmmad VmZr amá`emómà`m ì`mßvr ~m~v Amnbo {dmma _m S>bo AmhoV. _mzdmmo OrdZ gwir ìhmdo åhuyz amá` ApñVËdmV Ambo d _mzdmmo OrdZ nwu nuo gwir hmob n`ªv Vo ApñVËdmV amhrb Ago _V J«rH$ emók A [añq>m bq>zo ì`šv Ho$bo. g_mommm KQ>H$ øm ZmË`mZo ì`švrà`m H $VrMm d dv UwH$sMm Aä`mg g_moemó H$arV AgVo. ì`švrdv ZmMm Am{U H $VrMm Aä`mg H$aUmar gm_m{oh$ emóo nañna g ~ {YV AmhoV. amá`emóm_ü`o g_mommm KQ>H$ Am{U amá`mmm KQ>H$ `m ZmË`mZo ì`švrà`m amoh$s` dv UwH$sMm àm_w»`mzo Aä`mg hmovmo. 1948 gmbr `wzoñh$mozo amá`emómà`m AÜ``Zmg ~ Yr n[ag dmx Am`mo{OV Ho$bm hmovm. Ë`mdoir AZoH$ {dmmad VmZr amá`emómà`m ì`mßvrg ~ YrMo {dmma ì`šv Ho$bm. gm_mý`v: amá`emómà`m ì`mßvrv nwt>rb {df`m Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV `ovmo. 1) amá`g ñwomm Aä`mg nma nm[ah$ amá`emómv amá` d emgzg ñwm hm Aä`mgmMm H $Ð hmovm. AmO amá`emó ho Vem AWm Zo AZm nmm[ah$ Am{U AemgH$s` KQ>H$m Mm Aä`mg H$aV Agbo Var amá` Am{U emgzg ñwmmm Aä`mg H$mb ~mø Pmbobm Zmhr. amá`, amá`mmo gmd ^m _Îd, amá`mmo H$m`Xo, amá`mbm ešvr XoUmao 8

KQ>H$, amá` d emgz g ~ Y, amá` d g_mo, amá` d eoomarb amï > Aem g X^m V amá`mmm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. 2) {d{dy amoh$s` {dmmaàumbr amá`emómv {d{dy ñdê$nmmo amoh$s` {gõm V Am{U amoh$s` {dmmaàumbtmm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. bmoh$emhr, g_modmx, gmå`dmx, ZmPrdmX, \ ${gp_, XheVdmX, AamÁ`dmX BË`mXr {dmmaàumbrmm Aä`mg amá`emómv Ho$bm OmVmo. ^yvh$mimv KS>boë`m amoh$s` KS>m_moS>r, àm{bv dv _mz pñwvr `m Mm {dmma H$ê$Z Or amoh$s` VÎdo, {gõm V _m S>bo Ë`m Mm Aä`mg amá`emómv H$amdm bmjvmo. 3) amá` Am{U ZmJ[aH$ `m À`m g ~ YmMm Aä`mg amá`mmr {Z{_ Vr bmoh${hvmà`m Ñ{îQ>H$moUmVyZ Pmbr Amho. ì`švrà`m g ajumgmr>r Am{U gdmªjru {dh$mgmgmr>r amá`g ñwm Amdí`H$ d _hîdmmr _mzbr OmVo. amá`mvrb bmoh$ hm amá`{z{_ VrMm _hîdmmm KQ>H$ _mzbm OmVmo. amá`emómv ZmJ[aH$ Am{U amá` `m À`m g ~ YmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. 4) ì`švrmm Aä`mg h am ës> bmñh$szo Ë`mÀ`m "J«m_a Am \$ nm {b{q>šg' `m J«WmV ì`švrà`m Aä`mgmda ^a {Xbm hmovm. EH$mo{Zgmì`m evh$mà`m CÎmamYm V {deofv: B ½b S>_Ü`o Oo. Eg. {_b, J«rZ, _ Šg_yba `mgma»`m ì`švrdmxr {dmmad VmMr _mor>r bmq> Am{U hmovr. Ë`m Zr ì`švrdmxm ~amo~am, ì`{šv ñdmv Í` bmoh$gîmmh$ H$ë`mUH$mar ì`dñwoda ^a {Xbm. ^mavmv Ý`m. amzs>o d _hmë_m Jm YrZr ì`švrbm {VÀ`m _yb^yv A{YH$mam Zm _hîd {Xbo `mvyzm ì`{švdmxr VÎdkmZmV ^a KmVbr Jobr. ì`švr ho {dh$mgmmo Ü`ò d amá` ho gmyz ~Zbo. 5) amoh$s` VÎdkmZmMm Aä`mg amá` amï > amoh$s` ì`dñwm {ZpíMV {dmmamda C^r AgVo. Vmo amoh$s` {dmmam Mr na nam OmonmgV AgVmo. Ë`mdoir `m VÎdkmZmV Amdí`H$ Vo ~Xb H$aÊ`mMo YmS>g XmIdV AgVmo. `m VÎdkmZmV H$mhr N>moQ>r _mor>r _yë`o, lõm, Apñ_Vm Am{U gm ñh ${VH$ ñdê$nmmo YmJoXmoao AgVmV. B ½b S>Zo _`m {XV amooemhr ~amo~a bmoh$emhr VÎdkmZmMm ñdrh$ma Ho$bm. ^mavmzo bmoh$emhr ~amo~a g_modmx Y_ {ZanojVm `mgma»`m VÎdkmZmMo à`moj Ho$bo. `m gd VÎdàUmbr d ~Xbm Mm Aä`mg amá`emómv hmovmo. 9

6) gmd ^m _ÎdmMm Aä`mg gma ^m _ÎdmMo ñdê$n, àh$ma, {gõm V `m{df`r amá`emómv Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. Am pñq>zà`m gmd ^m _ÎdmMm {gõm V, AZoH$gÎmmdmX, gmd ^m _ÎdmMr bjuo Am{U _`m Xm BË`mXr ñdê$nmmm Aä`mg amá`emómà`m ì`mßvrv AmT>iyZ `ovmo. 7) Am Vaamï >r` g ~ YmMm Aä`mg amá`m-amá`m Vrb g ~ Y, Am Vaamï> r` g Kf, Am Vaamï >r` g KQ>Zm, Am Vaamï >r` em VVm, OmJ{VH$ amoh$mau, {dídamá`mmr H$ënZm BË`mXr ñdê$nmà`m Am Vaamï >r` amoh$maummm Aä`mg amá`emómv Ho$bm OmVmo. 7) ñwm{zh$ amá`h$ma^ma Am{U H$ë`mUH$mar amá` ñwm{zh$ amá`h$ma^mammo ñdê$n, J«m_rU àemgz, ZmJar àemgz, ñwm{zh$ àemgzmmo _hîd, gîmomo {dh $ÐrH$aU, H$ë`mUH$mar amá` BË`mXr ñdê$nmmm Aä`mg amá`emómà`m ì`mßvrv g_m{dîq> Ho$bm OmVmo. 9) amoh$s` dv ZmMm Aä`mg 20 ì`m evh$mvrb gwê$dmvrbm dv ZdmXr MidirZo amá`emómv _mor>r H«$m Vr Ho$br. J«h_ dm bmgzo "øy_z ZoMa BZ n {b{q>šg' hm J«W {bhÿz amá`emómmr ì`mßvr Am Vaemór` ~Zdbr `mv bmñh$s, S>opìhS> B ñq>z, am ~Q> S>mb, _ Šg do~a BË`mXr {dmmad VmZr ^a KmVbr `m dv ZdmXr Aä`mg nõvr_ü`o àë`j ì`švrmo amoh$s` dv Z VnmgyZ {gõm V VWm {ZîH$f _m S>mdoV Agm AmJ«h amá`emómv Yabm Omdy bmjbm. Aem àh$mao amá`emómà`m ì`mßvr_ü`o amoh$s` dv Zmbm _hîd Ambo. darb {d{dy {df`mg ~ YrÀ`m Aä`mgmMm g_mdoe amá`emómà`m ì`mßvrv Ho$bm OmVmo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV amá`emómà`m Aä`mgmgmR>r ZdZdrZ nõvrmm ñdrh$ma Ho$bm OmV Amho Aem arvrzo AZoH$ nõvrzo amá`emómmm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmV Amho. Ë`m_wio amá`emómà`m Aä`mgmMo ñdê$n A{YH$ ì`mnh$ hmov Amho. ñd` -AÜ``Z àíz - 2 nwt>rb àízm Mr EH$-XmoZ dmš`mv CÎmao {bhm. 1) Oo. S>ãë`w. JmZ a `m Zr Ho$bobr amá`emómmr ì`m»`m gm Jm. 2) nma nm[ah$ amá`emómmr XmoZ d {eîq>ço gm Jm. 3) H$moUË`m {dmmad VmZr amá`emómbm ñdv Ì gm_m{oh$ emómmm XOm àmßv H$ê$Z {Xbm? 10

1.3 nm[a^m{fh$ eãx, eãxmw B. dñvw{zîr>vm : AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV amá`emó emór` ~ZV Mmbë`mZo amá`emómmm Aä`mg gyú_ nõvrzo hmov Ago AMyH$ nõvrmr qh$dm g»`më_h$ nõvrzo _m S>Ur åhuoo dñvw{zîr>vm. Am nmm[ah$ amá`emñì : amá`emómvrb amá`, emgz `m _yi g ñwm AmhoV. `m g ñwm Mm Aä`mg åhuoo Am nmm[ah$ amá`emómmm Aä`mg. AZm nmm[ah$ amá`emó : Oo {df` ê$t> AWm Zo amoh$s` ZgVmV Aem {~Ja amoh$s` g ñwm dm KQ>Zm Mm Aä`mg AZm nmm[ah$ àh$mamv Ho$bm OmVmo. {gõm V : {gõm V åhuoo Ë`m {d{eîq> {H«$`m-à{H«$`m ~m~v AgUmao Ñ{îQ>H$moZ, bmoh$m Mr _Vo H$s Or emór`, AMyH$ d H$m` H$maU ^mdmda AmYm[aV AmhoV. 1.4 ñd` -AÜ``Z àízm Mr CÎmao. 1) ñd` -AÜ``Z àíz -1 (1) ~amo~a (2) MyH$ (3) ~amo~a 2) ñd` -AÜ``Z àíz -2 (1) Oo. S>ãë`w. JmZ a `m À`m _Vo amá`emómà`m Aä`mgmMm àma ^ amá`mnmgyz hmod$z Ë`mMm eodq>hr amá`mà`m Aä`mgmVM hmovmo. (2) A) nma nm[ah$ amá`emó VmpÎdH$, AmXe {ZîR> d JwUmË_H$ hmovo. ~) nma nm[ah$ amá`emómv gm_m{oh$ emóm À`m Am Vag ~ Ym Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. (3) A [añq>m Q>b `m {dmmad VmZo amá`emómbm ñdv Ì gm_m{oh$ emómmm XOm àmßv H$ê$Z {Xbm. 11

1.5 gmam e àmmrz J«rH$ H$mbI S>mnmgyZ amá`emómmm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmV Amho. gm_m{oh$ emóm VJ V amá`emó hr EH$ _hîdmmr Aä`mg emim Amho. A [añq>m Q>bZo amá`emómbm ñdv Í` gm_m{oh$ emómmm XOm àmßv H$ê$Z {Xbm. nma nm[ah$ amá`emómv amá`emó _`m {XV hmovo. amá` ì`dñwm, emgz ì`dñwm Zm nmo{bgr àh$mamr g ajummr _`m {XV H$m_o hmovr. g_momà`m JaOm H$_r hmoë`m. g_mo à~moyz ZìhVo. bmoh$g»`m d {dkmz _`m {XV hmovo. Ë`m_yio amá`emó hr _mjmg hmovo. Ë`mdoir amá`emó ho du ZmË_H$, Z {VH$, VmH$s H$, Aemór` hmovo. {dgmì`m evh$mv _mì Vo {dh$mg nmdbo. bmoh$g»`m dmt>, {dkmz- V ÌkmZmVrb dmt>, Am Vaemór`Vm à`mojerbvm, J{UVr nõvr `m_wio Vo emór` d ì`mnh$ hmov Amho. ì`švrnmgyz Am Vaamï >r` g ñwm g KQ>Zmn`ªV gd M KQ>H$m Mm amá`emómv Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. gvv ZdrZ ì`dñwm d bmoh$h$ë`muh$mar VÎdkmZmMm, {gõm VmMm emoy KoÊ`mV amá`emómmo _hîd gwa{jv Amho. amá`emómmr hr à`mojerbvm, amá`emómmo _hîd dmt>{dê`mgmr>r Cn`moJmMr Amho. amá`emó ho g_mombm _mj Xe Z H$aVo. amá`emómvrb VÎdkmZ g_momv n[adv Z H$aVo. \«$M H«$m Vr, a{e`z H«$m Vr, ^mavr` ñdmv Í` H«$m VrÀ`m nmr>r_mjo {ZpíMV ñdê$nmmo VÎdkmZ hmovo. amá`emómmo ñdê$n g_oyz KoVmZm amá`emó ho nma nm[ah$, g H«$_U d AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI S>mVyZ Joë`mMo {XgVo. nma nm[ah$ amá`emó ho H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV {dh$mg nmdv Jobo. g_mo ~Xbbm H$s emgz g ñwm VÎdàUmbr d àë`j amoh$maumvhr A_ybmJ«~Xb hmovmv. g H«$_U H$mimV gm_m{oh$ ì`dhma Am{U amoh$s` ì`dhma `m À`m nañna g ~ YmMm Aä`mgmVyZ amá`mmr {Z{_ Vr, {dh$mg `m Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm. {dgmì`m evh$mv amá`emómmm Aä`mg AmYw{ZH$ nõvrzo gwê$ Ho$bm. d km{zh$ nõvr, VwbZmË_H$ nõvr, gm_m{oh$, Am{W H$ Am{U _mzgemór` Ñ{îQ>H$moZ, Am Vaemór` g ~ YmMm ÑîQ>rH$moZ, g»`memór` nõvr BË`mXr nõvrmm ñdrh$ma H$ê$Z amá`emómmm Aä`mg {díbofumë_h$ nõvrzo gwê$ Pmbm. {ZarjU, narju g emoyz H$ê$Z dmñvddmxr ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ amá`emómv {ZîH$f H$mT>bo OmD$ bmjbo. nma nm[ah$ amá`emómmr ì`mßvr _`m {XV hmovr, na Vw {dgmì`m evh$mvrb gmd ÌrH$, gm_m{oh$, Vm {ÌH$, d km{zh$ d amoh$s` H«$m Vr_wio amá`emómv Am_wbmJ«~Xb Pmbm. g ñwm g KQ>Zm d \$ŠV emgzmmm Aä`mg H$aUmao amá`emó emgzg ñwo ~amo~a BVa gd M Am nmm[ah$ AamOH$s` KQ>H$mMm hr Aä`mg gwê$ Pmbm. `mv ì`švr, amá`, emgz g ñwm, g KQ>Zm, àemgz, nj, X~mdJQ>, amá`kq>zm, VÎdkmZ, gm{hë`, g ñh $Vr, dv Z BË`mXr AZoH$ KQ>H$m Mm Aä`mg gwê$ Pmbm. dmt>ë`m Jw VmJw VrÀ`m Am{U {dkmz V ÌkmZmÀ`m H$mbI S>mV amá`emó ì`mnh$ ~ZV Amho VgoM amá`emómmo _hîd dmt>v Amho. WmoS>Š`mV amá`emó ho EH$ _hîdmmo gm_m{oh$ emó Amho. amá`emó ho ì`švrnmgyz emgzmn`ªv d ñwm{zh$ amoh$maumnmgyz Am Vaamï >r` ñvamdarb g ñwm g KQ>Zon`ªVÀ`m AZoH$ amoh$s` KS>m_moS>rMo {díbofu H$aVo. {dgmì`m evh$mv dmt>ë`m ñny}v d gîmoà`m amoh$maumv H$ë`mUH$mar amá` ì`dñwm {Z_m U H$aÊ`mbm _mj Xe Z H$aVo. 12

1.6 gamdmgmr>r ñdmü`m` 1) amá`emómmm AW gm Jm. 2) amá`emómmo ñdê$n ñnîq> H$am. 3) amá`emómmr ì`mßvr gm Jm. 4) nma nm[ah$ amá`emómvrb C{Udm gm Jm. 1.7 g X^ nwñvho$ 1. Garner J.W., Political Science and Government, First Edition, 1951. 2. Bluntschill, J. K., The theory of the State, Third Edition, Oxford, 1995. 3. Verma S. P., Modern Political Theory. Vikas Publication House Pvt. Ltd., Delhi. 4. E. Barker, Principles of Social and Political Theory, Calcutta, Oxford University. 5. Johari J.C., Contemporary Political Theory, Sterling Publishers, New Delhi, 1995. 6. Kapur A.C., Principle of Political Science, S Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi. 7. JX} {X. H$m., ~mmb {d._m., AmYw{ZH$ amoh$s` {díbofu, H$m pýq>zoq>b àh$mez, nwuo, 1975. 8. ^moio ^m. b., amoh$s` {gõm V Am{U {díbofu, qnnimnwao ~wh$ {S>ñQ >rã`wq>g, ZmJnya, 2002. 9. JmoIbo am._., amá`emómmr _wbvîdo, ^mj 1 d 2. 10. dam S>H$a a. K., amoh$s` {gõm VmMr _wbvîdo. 13

KQ>H$ : 2 amá`emómvrb _yb^yv g H$ënZm / amá` / amï > AZwH«$_{UH$m 2.0 C{ÔîQ>o 2.1 àmñvm{dh$ 2.2 {df` {ddomz 2.2.1 amá`mmm X dr {gõm V 2.2.2 amá`mà`m X dr {gõm VmMo Q>rH$mË_H$ n[aju 2.2.3 amá`mà`m CX`mMm gm_m{oh$ H$ama {gõm V 2.3.4 Om Z bm H$ - gm_m{oh$ H$ama {gõm V 2.3 Eo{Vhm{gH$ qh$dm CH«$m VrdmXr {gõm V 2.4 ešvr {gõm V 2.5 _mv : {nv gîmmh$ {gõm V 2.6 ñd` AÜ``Z àíz 2.7 nm[a^m{fh$ eãx 2.8 ñd` AÜ``Z àemzmr CÎmao 2.9 ñdmü`m` 2.10 g X^ : A{YH$ dmmzmgmr>r nwñvho$ 14

2.0 C{ÔîQ>ço `m àh$aumv AmnU Imbrb C{ÔîQ>ço Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. 1. amá`mà`m CX`mMo {gõm V ñnï> H$aVm `ovrb. 2. amá` AW Am{U amá`mmo _wb^yv KQ>H$ gm JVm `ovrb. 3. amï > d amï >r`ëdmmo KQ>H$ g_omdyz KoVm `ovrb. 4. amá`emómvrb `m _wb^yv g H$ënZm Mm Aä`mg H$aVm `ob b. 2.1 àmñvm{dh$ "amá`' hr g H$ënZm àmmrz H$mimnmgyZ gdmªzm _m{hv Amho. AZoH$ amoh$s` {dmmad Vm Zr amá`mà`m gd loð>mëdmmm C oi Ho$bm Amho. amá`emómvrb EH$ _hîdmmr d _Ü`dVu g H$ënZm åhuyz amá`g ñwomm {dmma Ho$bm OmVmo. AmYw{ZH$ amá`emómv ZdZdrZ g H$ënZoMm {dh$mg Pmbm. CXm. amoh$s` ì`dñwm, amoh$s` gîmm, amoh$s` à{h«$`m BË`mXr Varhr amá` d amï > `m g H$ënZoMo _hîd H$_r Pmbobo Zmhr. amá` EH$ g H$ënZm, Amdí`H$ KQ>H$, amá`mà`m CËnÎmrMo à_wi {gõm V, amï > - EH$ g H$ënZm amï >r`ëdmmo Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ BË`mXr amá`emómvrb _wb^yv ^mjmmm Aä`mg H$amdm bmjob. 2.2 {df` {ddomz amá`mà`m CX`mMo {gõm V g_mo {dh$mgm_ü`o amá`g ñwm hr EH$ Z g{j H$ Am{U Amdí`H$ g ñwm _mzbr Jobr. amá`mà`m CËnÎmrg ~ Yr àmmrz H$mimnmgyZ {dmmad Vm_Ü`o ~aom {dmma_ WZ Pmbo Amho. àmmrz H$mimnmgyZ {dmmad Vm Zr Amnë`m dojdojù`m ^y{_h$m ñnï> Ho$ë`m AmhoV. àm_w»`mzo amá`mà`m CËnÎmrg ~ Yr àm_w»`mzo VrZ {gõm V _m S>Ê`mV Ambo 1) amá`mmm X dr {gõm V (Theory of Divine Origin of State), 2) gm_m{oh$ H$ama {gõm V (Social Contract Theory), 3) amá`mà`m CX`mMm CH«$m VrdmXr qh$dm Eo{Vhm{gH$ {gõm V (Evolutionary Theory of the Origin of State) darb {gõm Vm~m~V g{dñva MMm H$ê$Z amá`mà`m CX`mÀ`m g ~ Yr _m{hvr KoUo JaOoMo Amho. 15

2.2.1 amá`mmm X dr {gõm V (Theory of Divine Origin of State) "B ídar àoauovyz amá`mmr {Z{_ Vr Pmbr åhuyzm amá`mmr gîmm n{dì d gdm}ƒ Amho' Ago hm {gõm V ñnï> H$aVmo. amá` ho na_oídamzo {Z_m U Ho$bo AgyZ amá`mà`m {Z` ÌUmMr O~m~Xmar amombm XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. na_oídamzo amombm Zo_bobo Agë`mZo, na_oídamg O~m~Xma amhÿz amomzo H$m` H$amdo. amomda H$moUË`mhr àh$mamo bmoh$m Mo {Z` ÌU AgUma Zmhr. amommo H$m`Xo, Amkm àoobm nmimì`m bmjvrb H$maU Vmo B ídammm A e Amho. Vmo B ídammm à{v{zyr Amho. àoozo amomà`m H$m`ÚmMo nmbz H$aUo ho àoomo Y_ H$V ì` Amho. amommm An_mZ åhuoo JwÝhm Zìho Va Vo nmn _mzbo Jobo. amommm amá`m{^foh$ åhuoo X dr JwUm Mr amom _Ü`o àñwmnz H$aUo hmò. àmmrz Ym{_ H$ J«Wm_Ü`o amom_yrb X dr JwUm Mm C oi AmT>iVmo. Ë`m_wio amá`gîmobm Amnbo loð>ëd {gõ H$aUo gmono Jobo. amom hm {dîuymm A e Amho, Ago {dymz qhxy Y_ J«W d àmmrz gm{hë`mv AmT>iVmo. Old Testament `m {¼íMZ Y_ J«WmV amom hm B ídammm A e Amho Ago {dymz Amho. g Q> nm b `m Zr Ago ñnîq> Ho$bo Amho H$s "OJmVrb gd gîmm B ídar AmXoemZwgma {Z_m U Pmbr Ë`mMr Amkm nmiê`mg {damoy H$aUo åhuoo B ídar AmXoemMm Ad_mZ H$aUo hmò.' g Q> Wm _g AmpìH$Zmg `m _Ü``wJrZ {dmmad VmZo `mm ^y{_ho$mm nwañh$ma Ho$bm. gvamì`m evh$mv B ½b S>Mm amom Ooåg n{hbm d Ë`mMm g_h$m{bz boih$ S>m. {\$½O `m Zr amomà`m X dr A{YH$mamMm {gõm V _m S>bm. _hm^mavm_ü`o g_momvrb AamOH$VoMm eodq> H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmoh$m À`m {dz VrZwgma na_oídamzo _Zw hm amom nmr>{dbm. _Zw hm A{Z` {ÌV ZìhVm. Á`y bmoh$m À`m OwÝ`m H$amamV (Old Testament) B ída amommr Zo_UyH$ H$aVmo Am{U Ë`mZo H$V ì`nmbz Z Ho$ë`mg Ë`mbm {ejm H$aVmo. {¼íMZ Am{U Bñbm_ Y_m _Ü`o amogîmoà`m X dr A{YH$mamMr H$ënZm Amho. Bñbm_ Y_m V I{b\$m ^m {VH$ Ë`mM~amo~a Am{Y^m {VH$ gîmm EH$mM A{YH$manXmV YmaU H$arV Ago. amom, amá` Am{U B ída `mv loîr> H$moUmbm _mzm`mo Agm àíz {Z_m U Pmë`mg amomnojm amá` loð> d amá`mnojm B ída loð> `m Ý`m`mZo ñdv:à`m Xm{`Ëdmg ~ Yr {ZU ` KoÊ`mMm gdm}ƒ A{YH$ma àë`oh$ ì`švrbm Amho Agm Ñ{ï>H$moZ {Z_m U Pmbm. gîmobm qh$dm amombm {damoy H$aÊ`mMm B ídaxîm A{YH$ma àë`oh$ ì`švrbm àmá hmovmo Ë`m_wio X dr A{Yð>mZ àmá Pmbobm "B ídaxîm {gõm V' _mjo ns>bm. hm ão, bm H$, ê$gmo `m Zr _m S>bobr H$ama {gõm V Am{U bmoh$emhrmm CX` BË`mXr_wio hm {gõm V _mjo ns>v Jobm. 16

2.2.2 amá`mà`m X dr {gõm VmMo {Q>H$mË_H$ n[aju A) JwU : 1. gm_m{oh$ Agwa{jVVm, Jm Yi, {dñh$irvnum `mmo ê$nm Va gwa{jvnum àñwm{nv H$aÊ`mgmR>r X dr {gõm VmMm Cn`moJ Pmbm. 2. X dr {gõm Vm_Yrb Ym{_ H$ lõm d ^mdzm `m g_mommr EoH$dmŠ`Vm {Z{_ Vrg H$maUr^yV R>aë`m. EH$g K g_mo d EH$mË_VoMr ^mdzm dmt>rg bmjbr. hr ^mdzm {Z_m U hmoê`mg X dr {gõm V Cn`moJr R>abm. 3. X dr {gõm VmÀ`m VmpËdH$Vo_wio g_mo{z` ÌUmMo H$m` gwih$a Pmbo. amom B ídammm à{v{zyr Ë`mÀ`m Amkm _mos>uo åhuoo B ídambm {damoy H$aUo Aer ^mdzm bmoh$m _Ü`o {Z_m U hmovo. 4. X dr {gõm Vm_Ü`o amomà`m O~m~XmarMm C oihr AmT>iVmo. Ë`m_wio H$ë`mUH$mar amá`mmr g H$ënZm ê$oê`mg ghmæ` Pmbo. amomda Z {VH$ ~ YZo Y_m Zo KmbyZ, O~m~XmarZo amá`h$ma^ma H$aÊ`mMm {gõm VmZo ñnï> Ho$bm. ~) Xmof 1. amá` B ída {Z{_ V Amho d amom B ídammm EH$ ^mj Amho. hr `m {gõm VmMr _Ü`dVu g H$ënZm Amho nu hr g H$ënZm {gõ H$aUmam EH$hr nwamdm B{VhmgmV qh$dm Y_ J«WmV gmns>v Zmhr. 2. Y_ d amoh$mau `m EH$mM ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~moy àmmrz H$mir hmoë`m nu AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV Y_ Am{U amoh$mau øm XmoZ dojdojù`m ~moy _mzë`m OmVmV, Ë`m_wio `m {gõm VmVrb \$mobnum {XgyZ `ovmo. 3. amombm {damoy H$aÊ`mMm h $, ñdmv Ì `m {gõm VmZo gm_mý`mzm {_iv Zmhr, ì`švr {dh$mg d ñdmv Í`mg {damoy H$aUmam hm {gõm V Amho. 4. amá`emómvrb ZdZdrZ g H$ënZm, g km CX`mg Amë`m `m OZH$ë`mUmÀ`m g H$ënZm Mo {díbofu `m {gõm VmH$Sy>Z hmov Zmhr. CXm. Y_ {ZanojVm. 2.2.2 amá`mà`m CX`mbm gm_m{oh$ H$ama {gõm V (Social Contract Theory) amá` gm_m{oh$ H$amamVyZ {Z_m U Pmbo Am{U `m H$amamV àë`oh$ou ñdoàn>ozo gh^mjr Pmbo. amá`mmr A{YgÎmm gdmªà`m g _Vrda AmYm[aV Amho Aer H$ama {gõm Vm Mr _Ü`dVu ^y{_h$m Amho. hm ão, bm H$ d ê$gmo `m Zr hm {gõm V gvamì`m-ar>amì`m evh$mv _m S>bm. `m {gõm VmÀ`m `m {d{eîq> ^y{_ho$_wio H$mhr g_ñ`m {Z_m U hmovmv. hm ão, bm H$, ê$gmo `m Zr `m {gõm VmMr _m S>Ur gvamì`m- AmR>amì`m evh$mv Ho$br. H$amamMo ñdê$n d emgh$ g ~ Ym~m~V Ë`m À`m {dmmamv _V{^ÞVm AmT>iyZ 17

`ovo. VarnU amá`mmr {Z{_ Vr hr bmoh$m Zr Ho$boë`m H$amamVyZ Pmbr Amho. `m~ôb Ë`m Mo EH$_V Amho. Ë`m_wio amá`mmo ApñVËd ho bmoh$m À`m g _VrMm n[aum_ Amho d amá`mà`m AmkoMo nmbz H$aUo àë`oh$mda ~ YZH$maH$ Amho. Aer `m {gõm VmMr _Ü`dVu g H$ënZm Amho. `m {gõm VmZwgma amá` hr OmUrdnyd H$ {Z_m U Pmbobr H ${Ì_ {Z{_ Vr R>aVo. amá`mà`m ApñVËdm_wioM ì`švrbm, OrdZmMr emídvr, ZmJar OrdZmMr h_r d A{YH$ma àmßv hmovmv. åhuyzm amá`mmo ApñVËd ho gdm}ƒ gîmmymar g ñwm Ago R>aVo. `m {gõm VmMr _m S>Ur Wm _g hm ão d Om Z bm H$ `m B J«Or {dmmad VmZr d OrZ Om H$ ê$gmo `m \«$M {dmmad VmZo Ho$br. H$amamnyduMr {ZgJ AdñWm, gm_m{oh$ H$amamMo ñdê$n Am{U amá` g ñwomo ñdê$n `m Ñï>rZo VrZhr {dmmad Vm_Ü`o, d Mm[aH$ _m S>Ur _Ü`o \$ah$ AmT>iVmo. 2.2.2 Wm _g hm ão ( 6 E{àb 1588 Vo 4 {S>g. 1979) Wm _g hm ãoà`m {dnyb boizmn H$s "Xo gmbd' (1642), "X H$manmoa' (1654), "Xo hmo_mbz' (1659) Am{U "bo{dewz' (1651) ho _hîdmmo J«W hmò. "bo{dewz' `m J«WmZo Wm _g hm ãobm amá`emók åhuyz {H$Vu {_idyz {Xbr. "bo{dewz' _Yrb {ZY_u _m S>UrZo {¼ñVr dvw imv g Vmn ngabm. B ½b S>_Yrb ApñWa amoh$s` n[apñwvrmm {dmma H$ê$Z hm ãozo A{Z` ÌrV amooemhrmm nwañh$ma Ho$bm. ApñWa amoh$s` n[apñwvrda Cnm` åhuyzm A{Z` ÌrV amooemhrmm pñdmh$ma Ho$bm. gm_m{oh$ {gõm Vm Mr _m S>Ur `m amoh$s` n[apñwvrmm {dmma H$ê$ZM Pmbr. A) {ZgJm dñwm : hm ãozo {ZgJm dñwomo du Z _mzdr ñd^mdmdê$z {Z_m U hmoumè`m n[apñwvrdê$z {Z_m U hmovo. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo H$moUË`mhr g_momv H$mhr ì`švr Odi ~i AgVo, MmVẁ AgVo. AmH$m joà`m nyv VogmR>r ì`švr AnmngmV ñnym H$aVmV. nañnam Mm {dzme H$aÊ`mMm à`ëz H$aVmV. ñny}_yyz AmH«$_H$nUm, qhgmë_h$vm, AË`mMma `m XwJm Um Mr {Z{_ Vr hmovo. g_momvrb àë`oh$ ì`švr Xwgè`m ì`švrmm eìw ~ZVmo. Amnbr g nîmr d OrdrVmMo g aju H$aÊ`mMr emídvr gvv ì`švrbm ^os>gmdv AgVo. H$maU ñdmwm {edm` H$moUVmM {dmma ì`švrà`m _ZmV {Z_m U hmov Zmhr. Aem `m Agwa{jV, ApñWa dmvmdaumv ì`švrmr H$moUË`mhr joìmv àjvr, {dh$mg hmov Zmhr. H$bm, g ñh $Vr d dml²>_`, kmz `mn H$s H$moUË`mhr joìmmm {dh$mg hmov Zmhr. ì`švr g_momv EH$mH$s, Xm[aÐr, newvwë`, AmoJ idmzo OrdZ OJV amhvmv. gvv {^VrMo, qmvomo dmvmdau {Z_m U Pmbobo AgVo. gîmm Zmhr - H$m`Xm ApñVËdmV Zmhr d Ý`m`mMr AdñWm Va XyaM Aem ^`mzh$ AdñWoV ì`švr g_momv OrdZ H $R>rV AgVmV. Aer {ZameOZH$ Z g{j H$ AdñWm hm ãozo aoimq>br Amho. 18

`m n[apñwvrda _mv H$aÊ`mgmR>r, g_mommr {dñh$q>bobr KS>r gwa{iv ~gdê`mgmr>r, gm_ï` embr, ~bx S> Aem emgzmmr àñwmnzm H$amd`mg hdr Agm {ZîH$f hm ãozo H$mT>bm Am{U Aem gmd ^m _gîmomr à{vð>mnzm H$er H$aVm `ob b `mmr {dmma Wm _g hm ão `m Zr Ho$bm. ~) _mzdr ñd^md : Wm _g hm ãoà`m _Vo {ZgJ dmñwm hr _mzdmà`m Ñï>rZo A{Ve` ^`mzh$ n[apñwvr Amho. `m n[apñwvrv _mzdr OrdZ AË` V H$ï>àX, Xw:Ir hmovo. _mzdr OrdZmÀ`m `m n[apñwvrbm _mzdr ñd^mdm H$maUr^yV R>aVmo. hm ãoà`m _Vo, _Zwî` hm ñd^mdv:m AmH«$_H$, ñdmwu, AYmer, ^ms>imoa, newdv hmovm. ñdv:mo ApñVËd {Q>H$dyZ YaUo ho EoH$_od C{Ôï> `m Jmoï>r Ë`mÀ`m gd H $Vr KS>dyZ AmUV AgV. ñdmw hrm _mugmmr à_wi àoaum AgVo. _mugmà`m AZoH$ AmH$m jmà`m _wimer gîmmbmbgmm AgVo. `m _mzdr ñd^mdm_wio àë`oh$ou àë`oh$mà`m eìy hmovm. {ZgJ dmñwov _mzdmbm Zr{V-AZrVrÀ`m H$gë`mhr H$ënZm kmv ZìhË`m. _Zwî`bm amzq>r newà_muo nañnam er gvv g Kf H$arVM OrdZ OJmdo bmjv hmovo. Ë`m_wio H$moUË`mhr ì`švrbm Amnë`m Or{dVmMr WmoS>rhr emídvr ZìhVr. _mzdr OrdZ EH$mH$s, X[aÐr, KmUoaS>o, newvwë` d Anyao hmovo. {ZgJ dñwovrb `m pñwvrmo _wimo H$maU åhuoo _mzdm-_mzdmvrb g_mzvm hmò. Z g{j H$[aË`m _mzdmbm g_mz ~Zdbo Amho. H$moUVohr EH$ ì`švr Xwgè`mer newvwë` ì`dhma H$ê$Z ñdv:gmr>r gd gvm d \$m`xo KoD$ eh$v ZìhVm. _mzdmvrb `m g_mzvëdm_wio àë`oh$ ì`švr Xwgè`m ì`švrer H«w$a dv Z H$aÊ`mg g m hmov. Aem ñdmwu àd Îmr_wio d ñdv:mo ApñVËd {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r àë`oh$ ì`švr Xwgè`m ì`švrer g Kfm Ë_H$ ^y{_h$m KoV Ago, Ago à{vnmxz Wm _g hm ãozo Ho$bo Amho. H$) hm ãoà`m gm_m{oh$ H$ama _Yrb Z g{j H$ h $ Am{U {ZgJm Mo H$m`Xo hm ãozo gm_m{oh$ H$ama {gõm V ñnîq H$aVm Zm Z g{j H$ h $ Am{U {ZgJm Mo H$m`Xo `m XmoZ g H$ënZmMm dmna Ho$bm. hm ãoà`m _Vo Z g{j H$ h $ åhuoo Oo eš` Vo {_idê`mmm d {Q>H$dÊ`mMm A_`m X A{YH$ma hmò. ì`švr ñdv:à`m Or{dVmMo g aju H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m em[aarh$ gm_ï`m Mm `emešvr dmna H$aVmo. ñdv:à`m BÀN>oà_mUo dv Z H$aVmo. Z g{j H$ àd ÎmrZwgma EImXr JmoîQ> H$aUo qh$dm Z H$aUo Agm ñdmv Í`mMm AW hm ão bmdvmo. Oo {_idê`mmr BÀN>m Amho Vr {_iê`mà`m à`ëzmv ~immm dmna H$aUo d Vr Jmoï> {_i{duo åhuoom hm ãoà`m Z g{j H$ h $ `m g H$ënZoV Z {VH$ h $m Zm ñwmz Zmhr. Z g{j H$[aË`m, Á`m {Z`_m Mo _muyg ñd^m{dh$nuo nmbz H$aVmo Ë`mg hm ão {ZgJm Mo H$m`Xo Ago _mzvmo. Z gjuh$ H$m`Xo nmbzm_wio ì`{švmo hrv, ñdmw, gwa{jvvm g_m{dîq> AgVo. Ho$bobo H$ama nmiuo, Z_«AgUo, EImXr ^oq> {_imë`mg {VMr nav\o$s> H$aUo, Aëng Vwï> ahmdo BË`mXr gmaio Odi-Odi EH$mo{Ug H$m`ÚmMr `mxr Ë`mZo ñnï> Ho$br Amho. 19

S>) gm_m{oh$ H$ama hm ãoà`m _Vo darb nõvrmr gm_m{oh$ n[apñwvr _mzdmbm Agø Pmbr, {ZgJm dñwm, Z g{j H$ n[apñwvr hr BVH$s Q>moH$mMr {Z_m U Pmbr hmovr H$s, `mvyz H$moUVmVar Mm Jbm _mj emoyê`mmr _mzdmbm JaO {Z_m U Pmbr. ~ S>Imoa d ÎmrÀ`m ì`švrbm XoIrb em VVm d gwì`dñwm AmdS>V AgVoM. `m BÀN>oZwgmaM {ZgJm dñwovrb A{ZpíMV n[apñwvrvyz _mj H$mT>Ê`mMm {dmma _mzdmzo Ho$bm d `mvyzm gm_m{oh$ H$ama H$aÊ`mMr JaO _mzdmv {Z_m U Pmbr. Wm _g hm ãoà`m _Vo darb {ZgJ dñwovrb gdmªzr EH$Ì `od$z H$ama Ho$bm åhuoom {ZgJm dñwovrb àë`oh$ ì`švr `m H$amamV g_m{dîq> Pmbobr hmovr. Amnë`m Or{dVmMo d {dîmmmo g aju ìhmdo, gm_m{oh$ OrdZmV em VVm d gwa{jvvm bm^mdr `m Ü`ò mzo nañnag _VrZo {ZgJm dñwovrb Amnbo gd h $ gd _mý` gd loð>mh$s>o (Common Superior) gynyv Ho$bo. Ë`m gd loð>mà`m AmkmMo nmbz H$aÊ`mg gdmªzr _mý`vm {Xbr. ""Vy VwÂ`mda amá` H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma g nyu nuo {d{eï> _mugmbm dm g_yhmbm g_{n V H$ê$Z Ë`mbm A{YH $V H$aerb Am{U Ë`mÀ`m àë`oh$ H $Vrbm àm_mý` àxmz H$aerb `m AQ>rda _r _mpm A{YH$ma Ë`mg An U H$arV Amho.'' hm ãoà`m _Vo {ZgJm dñwo_ü`o _mzdmbm Z g{j H$ h $ àmá Pmbo hmovo. gm_m{oh$ H$amam_Ü`o ho Z g{j H$ h $mmm _mzdmzo Ë`mJ Ho$bm. gm_m{oh$ H$ama hm àë`oh$mmm gdmªer d gdmªmm àë`oh$mer Pmbobm H$ama hmovm. "Vw VwPm h $ gmos>ê`mg d Vmo EH$m ì`švrh$s>o qh$dm ì`{švg_yhmh$s>o XoÊ`mg V`ma Agerb Va _r XoIrb _mpm ñd emgzmmm h $ gmos>ê`mg Am{U Ë`m ì`švrh$s>o qh$dm ì`švrg_yhmh$s>o gmondê`mg V`ma Amho. Agm {ZgJm dñwovrb gd _mzdmzr EH$Ì `od$z H$ama Ho$bm. g_momvrb gd h $ _mzdmzo "gd _mý` gd loð> `mà`mh$s>o gynyx Ho$bo' gd _mý` gd loð> hm EH$Va EH$ ì`švr Agob qh$dm ì`švrg_yh Agob, hm ãozo _mì ì`švrg_yhmnojm ì`švrbmm A{YH$ àmymý` {Xbo. emgzg ñwomm Mm Jbm àh$ma åhuyz amooemhrbmm àmymý` {Xbo. Wm _g hm ãoà`m _Vo gm_m{oh$ H$ama hm àë`oh$mmm gdmªer d gdmªmm àë`oh$mer Pmbobm H$ama hmovm. `m H$amamZo _mzdmzo ñdàn>ozo Amnbo gd A{YH$ma gd gm_mý` gd loîrëdmh$s>o åhuoom gmd ^m _ËdmH$S>o {Xbo. gmd ^m _ËdmÀ`m Amkm Mo C KZ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma _mzdmbm Zmhr, Ë`mM~amo~a _mzdmbm gmd ^m _Ëdm~Ôb CR>md H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Zmhr. gmd ^m _mà`m Amkm amá`mvrb gdmªda ~ YZH$maH$ AgVmV. Ë`mÀ`m Amkm åhuoom H$m`Xo åhuyzm H$m`ÚmMo nmbz H$aUo ho amá`mvrb àë`oh$mda ~ YZH$maH$ Pmbo. gmd ^m _ËdmVyZM ñdmv Í` `m g H$ënZoMr {Z{_ Vr Pmbr. Wm _g hm ãoà`m {gõm VmMo n[aju Wm _g hm ãoà`m gm_m{oh$ H$ama {gõm Vmbm _mor>çm à_mumv _mý`vm {_imbr hm {gõm V AË` V bmoh${à` R>abm, Ë`mM~amo~a Vmo dmxj«ñvhr R>abm. 20

JwU : 1. Wm _g hm ão Zo _m S>boë`m gm_m{oh$ H$ama {gõm Vm_wio amá`emómv amá` {Z{_ VrÀ`m g H$ënZobm EH$ dojir {Xem àmá Pmbr. 2. amá`g ñwm hr g ñwm _mzd{z{_ V Amho `m {dmmambm OJm_Ü`o _mý`vm {_imbr. 3. hm ãozo _m S>boë`m {dmmam_ü`o H$m` H$maU ^md Agë`m_wio amá`mà`m CËnÎmr ~m~ VH $gwg JVnUm {Z_m U Pmbm. 4. B ½b S>À`m ApñWa n[apñwvrda {Z` ÌU {Z_m U H$aÊ`mgmR>r A{Z` {ÌV amooemhrmm nwañh$ma hm ãozo Ho$bm. g_momvrb Aem VVm H$_r H$aÊ`mMm hm _hîdmmm Cnm` Ë`m Zr à{vnmxbm. 5. bmoh$m Zr ñdg ajumgmr>r amá`g ñwomr {Z{_ Vr Ho$br. `m VÎdmZwgma ì`švrmo g aju H$aUo, H$ë`mU H$aUo `m ~m~r AmoKmZoM Amë`m åhuoom bmoh$m À`m JaOoVyZ amá`mmr {Z{_ Vr Pmbr ho VÎd _mý`vm nmdbo. Xmof : 1. Wm _g hm ãozo _mzdr ñd^mdmmr Jw VmJw V bjmv Z KoVm Vmo EH$m Jr Z amí`nyu {MÌU H$aVmo. _mzdr ^mdzm H$S>o nyu nuo Xwb j H$aVmo. 2. Wm _g hm ãozo du Z Ho$boë`m Xwï> _mugm À`m hmvyz gdm ^m _ËdmMr {Z{_ Vr hmouo ho Vm{H $H$ ÑîQ>çm Z nq>umar ~m~ Amho. 3. Wm _g hm ãoà`m `m {gõm VmV àë`j {ZarjZmnojm H$ënZmeŠVrMm dmna A{YH$ Amho. _mzd Q>moH$mMm A{ddoH$s d Q>moH$mMm {ddoh$shr Agy eh$v Zmhr. 4. hm ãoà`m {ZgJm dñwovrb _mzdmh$s>o H$ama H$aÊ`mBVnV ~m {ÕH$ j_vm ApñVËdmV ZìhVr _J nwt>o H$amamVyZ amá`g ñwm {Z_m U Pmbr Ago åhuuo \$mobnummo R>aVo. 5. H$amamVyZ amá`mmr {Z{_ Vr Pmbr ho _mý` Ho$bo Var, Á`m ì`švrzr hm H$ama Ho$bm Ë`m Zm Vmo ~ YZH$maH$ hmod$ eh$vmo nu nwt>à`m {nt>çm Zm Vmo ~ YZH$maH$ H$gm hmob b `mmo ñnîq>rh$au Zmhr. 6. hm ãomo H$amam_Yrb A{Z` {ÌV amooemhrmo g_w Z ho ì`švrñdmv Í`mbm {damoy H$aUmar ~m~ R>abr Ë`m_wio hm {gõm V dmxj«ñv R>abm. 7. hm ãoà`m gmd ^m _ËdmÀ`m g H$ënZo_wio àooà`m h $mzm H$_rV H$_r _hîd àmá Pmbo. H$maU gmd ^m _Ëd ho gd ešvrembr _mzb Job. àooà`m h $mzm H$_r _hîd {_imë`m_wio àoobm Amnbo h $ ^mojvm `ouma ZmhrV. 21

Wm _g hm ãoà`m `m {gõm VmV AZoH$ Xmof AmT>iyZ `ov Agbo Var hm ãozo _m S>boë`m {gõm Vmbm H$_r _hîd àmá Pmbo Ago åhuvm `ouma Zmhr. hm ãozo gîmoà`m ñdê$nmg ~ Yr _m H$sH$ {dmma _m S>bobo AmhoV. gmd ^m _ËdmÀ`m g H$bßZobm ñnï> ñdê$n XoÊ`mMo H$m` Á`m amoh$s` {dmmad Vm Zr Ho$bo Ë`m {dmmad Vmn H$s Wm _g hm ão hm EH$ _hîdmmm VËdk _mzbm OmVmo. 2.2.3 Om Z bm H$ - gm_m{oh$ H$ama {gõm V (29 A JñQ> 1632 Vo 28 Am ŠQ>mo~a 1704) Wm _g hm ão `mà`mà_muo Om Z bm H$ hm XoIrb B J«Or {dmmad V hmovm. hm ão à_muo, bm H$ da B ½b S>À`m VmËH$mbrZ amoh$s` n[apñwvrmm à^md ns>bobm hmovm. Ë`mM~amo~a bm H$À`m ì`{šv_ëdmda gdm {YH$ à^md Ë`mÀ`m d{s>bm Mm hmovm. bm H$À`m d Mm[aH$ {ddomzmbm B ½bS>À`m B{VhmgmVrb B.g. 1688 À`m d ^dembr qh$dm aº$hrz amá`h«$m VrMr nmíd ^y_r bm^br hmovr. `m nmíd ^y_rdam bm H$Zo gm_m{oh$ H$ama {gõm VmMr _m S>Ur Ho$br. _m S>Ur_Ü`o hm ãozo A{Z` {ÌV amooemhrmo g_w Z Ho$bo Va bm H$Zo {Z` {ÌV amooemhrmm nwañh$ma Ho$bm. A) bm H$ - gm_m{oh$ H$ama {gõm V : Om Z bm H$ amá`mmr {Z{_ Vr H$amamÛmao Pmbr Ago ñnï> H$aVmo. {ZgJm dñwovrb bmoh$m Zr EH$Ì `od$z gm_m{oh$ H$ama Ho$bm d amá`g ñwomr {Z{_ Vr Pmbr. ~) {ZgJm dñwm : amá`mà`m {Z{_ Vr AJmoXaMr AdñWm åhuoom {ZgJm dñwm hmò. amá` ApñVËdmV `oê`mnydumo _mzdr OrdZ em V d gwì`dpñwv hmovo. _mugo {ddoh$mzo EH$Ì amhmv hmovr. _Zmà_mUo l_ H$aUo, H $Vr H$aUo Am{U g nîmrmo Cn^moJ KoÊ`mMo ñdmv Í` hmovo. nu ho ñdmv Í` A_`m {XV ZìhVo. Z g{j H$ H$m`Úm_wio g nîmr, Amamo½`, ñdmv Í`, OrdrVmMr h_r `m Zm Anm` hmov ZìhVm. bm H$À`m _Vo amá` ApñVËdmV `oê`m AJmoXa OrdZ em VVmnyU d gwì`dpñwv hmovo. _mzd EoH$_oH$m ~amo~a AmnwbH$sZo dv Z H$aV Agë`m_wio, ghh$m`m À`m ^mdzm dmt>rg bmjbr. ì`švrbm ñdmv Í` àmá Pmbo hmovo nu Ë`m ñdmv ÌmÀ`m da H$mhr _`m Xmhr hmoë`m, Vo ñdmv Í` A_`m {XV ZìhVo. {ZgJm dñwovrb em VVm d gwì`dñwm {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r Z g{j H$ H$m`ÚmMm dmna Ho$bm OmV Ago, _mzd g nîmr, Amamo½`, ñdmv Í` `m Zm AS>Wim {Z_m U hmob b Aem àh$mamo H$moUVohr dv Z H$aV ZìhVm. _wbm À`m {ejum~m~vhr H$mhr {dmma`owo ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. _wbm À`m {ejummr nyu O~m~Xmar nmbh$m da Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambr hmovr. nmbh$m Zr _wbm da d nëzrda A{ddoH$snUo gîmm JmO{dUo ho Z g{j H$ H$m`ÚmÀ`m {damoyr _mzbm OmV. _mugo {ddoh$mà`m AmkoMo nmbz H$arV Agë`m_wio X S>mË_H$ H$m` dmhr H$aUmè`m g ñwm Mr JaO ^mgbr Zmhr. EImÚm JwÝhoJmamg {ejm XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma gdmªzm hmovm. qhgm, Zme, Ûof, ~i, AË`mMma øm Jmoï>r gd Zme AmoT>dVmV. Ago 22

bm H$Zo à{vnmxz Ho$bo Amho. {ZgJm dñwovrb H$moUVrhr ì`švr Xwgè`m ì`{švà`m, g nîmr, _mb_îmm, OrdrVmda qh$dm ñdmv Í`mda AmH«$_U H$aÊ`mÀ`m à`ëz H$aV ZìhVr. {ZgJm dñwm _Ü`o em VVm _mzdmà`m EH$_oH$m~m~VMr gh^mdzm, ghh$m` `m Zr n[anyu Aer ì`dñwm hmovr. Aem ñdê$nmà`m {ZgJm dñwo_ü`o H$amamMr Amdí`H$Vm H$m ^mgbr hm EH$ _hîdmmm àíz Amnë`mg_moa ns>vmo? `mm CÎma AmnUmg XmoZ nõvrzo XoVm `ob b. EH$ åhuoo `m {ZgJm dñwo_ü`o ApñVËdmV Agboë`m H$m`Úmbm gd _mý`vm ZìhVr. Z g{j H$ H$m`ÚmZwgma ì`švrmo dv Z KS>V hmov d Ë`m_wio H$m`ÚmMm AW ì`švr AmnAmnë`m ~m {ÕH$ j_vozwgma bmdv hmovm åhuoom gdmªzm _mý` AgUmè`m H$m`ÚmMr H$_VaVm {Z_m U Pmbr hmovr. Xwgam ^mj åhuoo H$m`ÚmÀ`m A _b~omdur~m~v {Z_m U hmovmo. H$m`ÚmMr Am _b~omdur H$aÊ`mgmR>r gîmomr JaO AgVo. nu A _b~omdur H$aUmè`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m gîmomo ApñVËd ZìhVo. g Kf {_Q>{dÊ`mMm àíz hmovm. `mvyz _mj H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r _mzdmbm gm_m{oh$ H$ama H$aÊ`mMr JaO ^mgbr. H$) gm_m{oh$ H$ama : Om Z bm H$Zo Ago åhq>bo Amho H$s {ZgJm dñwo_ü`o Agboë`m gdmª _Ü`o hm H$ama Pmbobm Amho. `m H$amamÀ`m A V ^yv XmoZ H$ama Pmbo. n{hë`m H$amamZo ZmJar g_mommr d amá`g ñwomr {Z{_ Vr Pmbr d Xwgè`m H$amamVyZ emgzg ñwomr {Z{_ Vr Pmbr. _mzdmzo {ZgJm dñwovrb Amnë`m H$mhr h $mmm Ë`mJ Ho$bm. nu H$mhr _hîdmmo h $ Amnë`mH$S>oM gwa{jv R>odbo. {ZgJm dñwovrb _mzdmzo Á`m h $mmm Ë`mJ Ho$bm Ë`m_Ü`o ñdv:à`m ~m {ÕH$j_VoZwgma AW bmdê`mmm h $ d Ë`mMr Am _b~omdur H$aÊ`mMm h $ `m h $m Mm Ë`mV g_mdoe hmovm. OrdrVmMm h $, ñdmv Í`mMm h $, g nîmrmm h $ ho _hîdmmo h $ _mzdmzo Amnë`mH$S>o R>odbo. gm_m{oh$ H$amamÛmao _mzdmzo Amnë`m `m h $m Zm g aju {_i{dbo. `mm h $mà`m g ajumgmr>r gm_m{oh$ H$amamMr _m S>Ur Ho$br. {ZgJm dñwovrb _mzdmzo H$amamÛmam Amnë`m H$mhr h $m Mm Ë`mJ Ho$bm, nu ho gd h $ EImÚm ì`{švh$s>o qh$dm ì`švrg_yhmh$s>o Z XoVm Ë`mZo Amnbo ho gd h $ g_momh$s>o {Xbo. _mzdmà`m BÀN>oÀ`m nyv VogmR>r _mzdmzom emgzg ñwomr {Z{_ Vr Ho$br. emgzg ñwm ~XbÊ`mMm A{YH$ma bmoh$m Zm {Xbm. H$amam_Ü`o XmoZ nj AgVmV d H$amamVrb AQ>r øm XmoÝhr njmda ~ YZH$maH$ AgVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo Xwgam nj åhuoo emgzg ñwm d `m emgzg ñwoda H$amamVrb AQ>r øm ~ YZH$maH$ hmoë`m. emgz g ñwm `m ~ YZH$maH$ AQ>r à_muo H$V ì`mmo nmbz H$arV Zgob Va emgz g ñwm ~XbÊ`mMm A{YH$ma bmoh$m Zm {_imbm. bm H$Zo amá` d emgzg ñwm `mv \$ah$ Ho$bm Amho. amá` d emgzg ñwm `m À`m {Z{_ VrgmR>r Pmboë`m H$amamn H$s, amá`{z{_ Vr Pmboë`m H$amambm bm H$Zo _hîdmmo ñwmz {Xbo Amho. H$maU amá` {Z{_ Vr nmr>r_mjo bmoh$m Mr g _Vr hr _hîdmmr _mzbr Jobr. nu emgzg ñwoà`m {Z{_ Vr nmr>r_mjo _`m {XV CÔoe hmovm. gm_morh$ H$amamMr C{ÔîQ>ço gmü` H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgzg ñwm _mü`_ åhuyz {Z_m U H$aÊ`mV Ambo. åhuoom bm H$Zo amá`g ñwmnojm emgzg ñwm {h Xwæ`_ g ñwm _mzbr Amho. 23