COPPER IN PERU: FACTS AND CHALLENGES

COPPER IN PERU: FACTS AND CHALLENGES Jorge ACOSTA (1), Alberto BUSTAMANTE (2) & Miguel CARDOZO (2, 3) (1) INGEMMET (2) EXPLOANDES (3) ALTURAS MINERALS Arequipa, Peru September 2013

Content Statistical facts Peruvian copper belts Deposit types and metal contents in the main porphyry belts Geological models of the main porphyry belts in Peru Facts and challenges

Statistical Facts

Metric Tons of Fine Copper (Millions) Worldwide Copper Production Trends (average for each 10 years) 9 8 Australia Canada 14.6 16.5 18 16 7 Chile China 14 6 5 4 Peru United States Others World production 7.4 8.4 10.4 5.1 5.4 12 10 8 3 5.0 2.7 6 2 1 0 3.1 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.21 0.28 0.05 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.2 0.98 0.44 0.35 1.26 1.2 1.1 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-2012 4 2 0 Average for each decade Sources: Global Copper Production from http://minerals.usgs.gov/ds/2005/140/ds140-coppe.pdf Peruvian Historic Copper Production from http://www.minem.gob.pe/estadistica.php?idsector=1&idestadistica=5818 Chilean Historic and Forecast Copper Production from http://www.cochilco.cl

Metric Tons of Fine Copper (Millions) Peru and Chile Copper Production to 2021 (actual + forecast) 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 World Peru Chile Sources: Global Copper Production from http://minerals.usgs.gov/ds/2005/140/ds140-coppe.pdf Peruvian Historic Copper Production from http://www.minem.gob.pe/estadistica.php?idsector=1&idestadistica=5818 Chilean Historic and Forecast Copper Production from http://www.cochilco.cl

Metric Tons of Fine Copper x 1000 Copper Mines in Peru - 2012 Annual Production Metric Tons of Copper X 1000 Mines 500 463 1-10 10-50 50-200 200-500 Cerro Corona 400 Antamina Raura 300 279 Atacocha Chungar 200 162 149 Raul-Condestable Cobriza Cerro Lindo 100 0 47 38 34 21 20 6 5 4 2 2 Tintaya Antapacay Cerro Verde Chapi Cuajone Toquepala Source: Mining Yearbook 2012 - MEM

Planned Annual Production Metric Tons of Fine Copper X 1000 Source: Mining Yearbook 2012 - MEM Future Copper Producers in Peru Planned Annual Production Metric Tons of Copper X 1000 1-10 600 500 500 10-50 50-200 200-500 Projects Río Blanco (2019) Cañariaco (2019) La Granja (2017) Minas Conga (2017) El Galeno (2016) Michiquillay (2019) Magistral (2016) 400 350 315 300 200 100 0 275 225 200 190 187 160 120 119 110 107 103 80 80 60 54 31 Toromocho (2014) Los Chancas (2017) Constancia (2015) Mina Justa (2015) Zafranal (2019) Tía María (2015) Las Bambas (2014) Haquira (2019) Quechua (2014) Los Calatos (2018) Quellaveco (2016)

Copper Exploration Projects La Arena Trapiche Tambogrande Cotabambas Coroccohuayco Pukaqaqa Antilla Pashpap Katanga Rondoni Aguas Verdes Ataspaca Lara Potrobayo Papayo Tambogrande Colpayoc Cascabamba La Arena Pashpap Los Latinos El Tambo Pampa Colorada Pachagón El Toro Alto Dorado Adriana Rondoni Cascabamba Colpayoc El Chorro El Tambo Adriana La Mancha Los Latinos Pachagón Puquio Utupara Pucacorral Potrobayo Papayo Alto Dorado Alpamarca Sombrero Aucapampa Angostura Antabamba Projects with resources > 1 MMT Pampa Colorada Projects with resources < 1 MMT Source: Mining Yearbook 2012 - MEM Reserves and Resources from Annual Reports of Mining Companies Ore Mineral Deposits Data Base from http://geocatmin.ingemmet.gob.pe/geocatmin/ Alpamarca Pukaqaqa Sombrero Pucacorral Aucapampa Utupara Puquio Katanga Lara Antilla Trapiche Coroccohuayco Aguas Verdes Antabamba Prospects Angostura El Chorro Ataspaca La Mancha

Actual/Planned Annual Production Metric Tons of Fine Copper X 1000 Source: Mining Yearbook 2012 - MEM Copper Mines and Projects in Peru Actual and Planned Annual Production Metric Tons of Fine Copper X 1000 1-10 Mines Projects Río Blanco 600 10-50 50-200 200-500 Cerro Corona Minas Conga Michiquillay La Granja El Galeno Magistral Antamina 500 400 300 Toromocho 200 100 0 Los Chancas Mina Justa Zafranal Cerro Verde Tía María Las Bambas Tintaya Quechua Cuajone Quellaveco Toquepala

Peruvian Copper Belts

Main Porphyry Belts, Mines and Projects in Peru Actual and Planned Annual Production in Metric Tons of Fine Copper X 1000 Mines Projects 0 1-10 10-50 50-200 200-500 Metallogenic belts Miocene porphyry belt Eocene-Oligocene porphyry belt Paleocene-Eocene porphyry belt Source: Metallogenic Map of Peru 2011 INGEMMET Mining Yearbook 2012 - MEM

Other Copper Belts in Peru Metric Tons of Fine Copper X 1000 0 1-10 10-50 50-200 200-500 Mines Projects Metallogenic belts Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene VMS Cu-Zn-Au Upper Cretaceous Porphyry Cu Lower Cretaceous IOCG Upper Jurassic - Albian VMS Cu-Zn-Au Upper-Middle Jurassic IOCG & Porphyry Cu Permian skarns Cu Source: Metallogenic Map of Peru 2011 INGEMMET Mining Yearbook 2012 - MEM

Metric Tons of Fine Copper (Millions) Source: Copper Production 1998-2012 from Mining Yearbook 2000-2012 - MEM Peruvian Copper Production 1998-2025 6.0 Río Blanco Cañariaco Michiquillay Haquira Zafranal 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 Miocene Porphyry Belt Eocene-Oligogocene Porphyry Belt Paleocene-Eocene Porphyry Belt Other type of deposits actual Toromocho Las Bambas Quechua +Toquepala 2.2 +Cuajone 1.5 forecast Tía María Mina Justa Constancia La Granja Los Minas Conga Calatos Los Chancas 4.2 El Galeno 4.1 Magistral Quellaveco +Cerro Verde 3.4 2.5 4.9 1.0 0.0

Deposit Types in the Main Porphyry Belts in Peru Deposit Types Porphyry Skarn Other State Mines Future Producers Exploration projets Metallogenic belts Miocene porphyry belt Eocene-oligocene porphyry belt Paleocene-Eocene porphyry belt Source: Belts from Metallogenic Map of Peru 2011 - INGEMMET

Deposits Types in Other Belts in Peru Deposit Types Porphyry Skarn Other State Mines Future Producers Exploration projets Metallogenic belts Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene VMS Cu-Zn-Au Upper Cretaceous Porphyry Cu Lower Cretaceous IOCG Upper Jurassic - Albian VMS Cu-Zn-Au Upper-Middle Jurassic IOCG & Porphyry Cu Permian Skarns Cu Source: Belts from Metallogenic Map of Peru 2011 - INGEMMET

Metric Tons of Fine Copper (Millions) Source: Copper Producction from Mining Yearbook 2000-2012 - MEM Peruvian Copper Production by Deposit Types 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 Porphyry Skarn Others 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Historic Cumulative Copper Production in Peru Total Production in Peru 28 MMT (100%) Production from main porphyry belts 23 MMT (82%) Other Cu belts: 2 MMT (7%) Other non-cu belts: 3 MMT (11%) 5 MMT 18% Million Metric Tons of Fine copper Mines Antamina 4.1 MMT Metallogenic belts < 1 1-3 3-5 5-7 Miocene porphyry belt Eocene-oligocene porphyry belt Paleocene porphyry belt Sources: Belts from Metalogenic Map of Peru 2011- INGEMMET Historic Copper Production from http://www.minem.gob.pe/estadistica.php?idsector=1&idestadistica=5818 16 MMT 57% 2 MMT 7% Tintaya 2.0 MMT Toquepala 6.7 MMT

Copper Resources and Reserves in the Main Porphyry Belts in Peru Total reported resources in Peru 218 MMT (100%) Resources from porphyry belts 192 MMT (88%) Other Cu belts: 11 MMT (5%) Other non-cu belts: 15 MMT (7%) 85 MMT 39% Millions Metric Tons of Fine Copper Mines Future Producers Exploration Projects 44 MMT 20% < 1 1-5 5-10 10-15 > 15 Sources: Belts from Metalogenic Map of Peru 2011- INGEMMET Reserves and Resources from Annual Reports of Mining Companies 63 MMT 29%

Million Metric Tons of Fine Copper Source: Reserves and Resources from Annual Reports of Mining Companies Main Copper Resources and Reserves in Peru (> 1 Million MT) Millions Metric Tons of Fine Copper Mines Future Exploration Producers Projects 25 < 1 1-5 5-10 10-15 > 15 20 21 20 19 15 15 14 10 10 10 9 9 7 7 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0

Geological Models of the Main Porphyry Belts in peru

Geological Models - Paleocene Magmatic Belt Andesite Sources: Presentations from SPCC - 2007, Sociedad Minera Cerro Verde - 2007

Geological Models - Eocene-Oligocene Magmatic Belt Andesite Sources: Articles from SEG, Peruvian Geological Congress, ProExplos, Annual Reports from Mining

Geological Models - Miocene Magmatic Belt Yanacocha Andesite Sources: Articles from SEG, Peruvian Geological Congress, ProExplos, Annual Reports from Mining Companies

Facts and Challenges

Average grade Distinctive Features of Main Deposit Belts and Types Features Belt Paleocene Eocene-Oligocene Miocene Size Mostly large to very large, +300 MMT to 4,000 MMT Mid- to large, +400 MMT to 1,800 MMT Mid- to very large, +400 MMT to 4,000 MMT Copper 0.39-0.47 % Cu 0.44-0.93 % Cu 0.28-0.69 % Cu Gold 0.03 g/t Au 0.04-0.25 g/t Au 0.05-0.90 g/t Au Silver 2.20-3.10 g/t Ag 1.45-4.75 g/t Ag 1.24-6.90 g/t Ag Moly 0.02 % Mo 0.013-0.030 % Mo up to 0.010 % Mo Weathering Geometry Commonly, intense development of oxide and secondary sulphide vertical zones Clusters of mid- to largesized porphyry. Mineralization occurs in the intrusives as well as in their country rocks. Limited Complex, mineralized skarn bodies are small- to mid-size and irregular, mostly above porphyries but also underneath intrusive bodies. Gold mineralization occurs Limited Structurally aligned porphyries. Mineralization occurs in the intrusives as well as in their country rocks. Gold mineralization in sandstones and bulktonnage, polymetallic mineralization in skarns frequently associated

Exploration Challenges Among the challenges we have in the short term is to guarantee the implementation of future copper producers in Peru and ensure that the initial exploration projects become mining operations. In the long term it is necessary to increase investment in mineral exploration to expand reserves and resources and discovery of new deposits, so it will need to improve, innovate and implement new geophysical methods. Worldwide investment in mineral exploration is expected to drop in 2013 by no less than 40%. Last decrease was 42% in 2009, while it dropped only 18% in Peru as major mining houses maintained their drilling programs whereas junior exploration companies cut their programs. In 2013, investment in mineral exploration in Peru will likely follow the international tendency, as exploration cuts and significant delays in environmental permitting are affecting all companies.

Exploration Challenges Promoting mineral exploration is essential to increase both metal production and long-term resources. Both financial and technical incentives are required and social barriers have to be removed. INGEMMET offers 1:100,000 and 1:50,000 scale regional maps covering the whole of the country and most of the territory is also covered by drainage geochemical sampling. Regional geophysical surveys (magnetic and radiometric) are insufficient. Radiometric age data is extensive, but still needs to be expanded. Isotopic studies useful to distinguish most productive mineralized systems and to identify mineralization sources are still very limited. Studies of magmatic arcs related to mineralized systems are insufficient.

COPPER IN PERU: FACTS AND CHALLENGES Jorge ACOSTA (1), Alberto BUSTAMANTE (2) & Miguel CARDOZO (2, 3) (1) INGEMMET (2) EXPLOANDES (3) ALTURAS MINERALS Arequipa, Peru September 2013