HST Observations of LyC Radiation from Galaxies & weak AGN at 2.3 < z < 5: (How) Did they Reionize the Universe? Rogier Windhorst (ASU) JWST Interdisciplinary Scientist Brent Smith, S. Cohen, R. Jansen, L. Jiang, M. Dijkstra, A. Inoue, A. Koekemoer, R. Bielby, J. MacKenty, R. O Connell, & J. Silk Talk at Tel Aviv University, Monday May 25, 2015 (Tel Aviv, Israel) All presented materials are ITAR-cleared.
Outline (1) HST Wide Field Camera 3 Data & Spectroscopic Sample Selection (2) WFC3 & ACS Lyman Continuum Stacking, Systematics, & Fluxes (3) Stacked UV and Lyman Continuum Light-Profiles (4) SED-fitting & Dust (A V )-distribution (5) LyC Escape Fractions vs. z for Faint Galaxies & Weak AGN (6) Summary and Conclusions Sponsored by NASA/HST & JWST Talk is on: http://www.asu.edu/clas/hst/www/jwst/jwsttalks/irael15tau_hstlyc.pdf
Cosmic Reionization (Loeb & Barkana (2001 Ann. Rev. A&A 39, 19): [LEFT]: Universe reionized when HII-regions from first star-forming galaxies overlap: WMAP9/Planck15: This may have happened at z < 8.8±1.5. [RIGHT]: Below a certain redshift (z < 5.5?), IGM is then transparent enough that reionizing Lyman-Continuum (LyC) radiation can reach us.
(1a) Hubble Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) Data HST WFC3 and its IR channel: a critical pathfinder for JWST science.
WFC3/UVIS channel unprecedented UV blue throughput & areal coverage: QE > 70%, 4k 4k array of 0.04 pixel, FOV 2.67 2.67. WFC3/IR channel unprecedented near IR throughput & areal coverage: QE > 70%, 1k 1k array of 0.13 pixel, FOV 2.25 2.25. WFC3 filters designed for star-formation and galaxy assembly at z 1 8. Early Release Science (ERS) field covers 40 arcm 2, 0.2-2µm in 10 filters.
(1a) Hubble Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) Data 10 filters with HST/WFC3 & ACS reaching AB=26.5-27.0 mag (10-σ) over 40 arcmin 2 at 0.07 0.15 FWHM from 0.2 1.7µm (UVUBVizYJH). (JWST adds 0.05 0.2 FWHM imaging to AB 31.5 mag (1 njy) at 1 5µm+ 0.2 1.2 FWHM at 5 29µm, tracing young+old SEDs & dust)
[LEFT] Composite rest-frame far-uv spectra of: SDSS QSOs at z 1.3 (van den Berk etal. 2001); LBGs at z 2 4 (Bielby etal. 2013, Lyα emitters, & absorbers), and LBGs at z 3 (Shapley etal. 2003). WFC3/UVIS F225W, F275W, F336W, and ACS/WFC F435W filters can capture LyC (λ<912å) at z 2.26, z 2.47, z 3.08, and z 4.35. Lower z-bounds chosen such that no λ>912å light is sampled below the filter s red edge (defined at 0.5% of peak transmission). [RIGHT] Total observed throughput curves, designed to maximize throughput and minimize red-leak, which is < 0.6% of LyC signal. Filter red-leak wing (λ > 3648Å) is < 3 10 5 of peak transmission.
[LEFT] Cen & Kimm (2015): PDFs of mean f esc over N stack objects: high-mass (top) & low-mass (bottom) at z=4 (left) & z=6 (right). Mean f esc from weighted number of photons mimics SED stacking of galaxy LyC data with true mean f esc listed. ERS has N stack =11 37. [RIGHT] Inoue et al. (2014, MNRAS 442, 1805): IGM transmission models for f esc calculations: Red is the median and grey the 68% range, based on MC simulations of IGM attenuation vs. z. Uses updated absorber function + available data on Lyα forest, Damped Lyman Alpha (DLA) & Lyman Limit Systems (LLS) mean-free paths.
F225W F275W F336W The first, hardest part was to get the WFC3 astrometry right: Pre-flight 2009 ERS geo-distortion had < 0.45 offsets at image borders compared to GOODS v2.0 (Windhorst etal. 2011 ApJS, 193, 27). In-flight 2013 geo-distortion correction yielded excellent registration of all WFC3/UVIS tiles to the ACS F435W mosaics (Kozhurina etal. 2013). Compared to GOODS, all offsets are now < 0.02 ±0.06 (rms) in all LyC filters (Smith etal. 2015) this no longer blurs any LyC signal! Any LyC signal can now be measured and stacked, including removal of all foreground interlopers (AB < 27.5), and measurement of LyC light-profiles.
Residual sky-background levels in the drizzled WFC3/UVIS ERS mosaics: Black lines: best fit to the 2009 ERS v0.7 mosaics of Windhorst etal. (2011), which used pre-flight thermal vacuum flat-fields. Red lines: current mosaics (ERS v2.0; Smith et al. 2015), using best available on-orbit calibrations. Global residual sky-background levels (in ADU/sec) remaining after drizzling the ERS mosaics are 30.29, 29.99, and 28.15 mag arcsec 2. These are removed in three stages: globally during drizzling (Zodi 25.5 mag arcsec 2 ), locally before stacking, and again locally after stacking (to do the photometry). This is absolutely critical for optimal LyC stacking. Final 71 71 pix (6.39 6.39) LyC stacks allow residual local skysubtraction to < 32.3 mag arcsec 2.
(1b) Hubble WFC3 ERS Spectroscopic Sample Selection Comparison of redshift reliability (spectrum quality) assessments, from best (0.0) to poorest (2.0), by five co-authors [BS, RAW, SHC, RAJ, and LJ]: Measuring LyC escape fractions of f esc 6.0% at > 3σ requires low interloper fraction (Siana + 2015; Vanzella + 2015). Mask-out all interlopers from 10-band ERS mosaics to AB < 27.5 mag. Use all VLT, Keck, & HST grism spectra to get most reliable samples: Gold sample: highest fidelity (grades=0 0.63): spec-z s very likely correct. Silver sample: next highest fidelity (0.64 1.33), with z s likely correct.
Absolute and apparent WFC3/IR F125W (J-band) magnitude distributions of the Gold and combined Gold + Silver samples: The F125W filter samples rest-frame near-uv emission at 2.26 < z < 5. It serves as a proxy for restframe M AB (1650Å) for flat spectrum objects. The blue dotted curve indicates the faint-end power-law slope of 0.16 dex/mag of the galaxy number counts of W11. Sample incompleteness for AB > 24, or M AB (1650) > 21 mag. Any LyC AB-fluxes & f esc -values are only valid for these luminosities!
(2) WFC3 & ACS Lyman Continuum Stacking, Systematics, & Fluxes stack1 avg tot =9.39e-06 med tot =8.91e-06 mode tot =-5.73e-05 σ avg =5.02e-06 stack2 avg tot =6.00e-06 med tot =6.50e-06 mode tot =-7.58e-05 σ avg =7.15e-06 stack1uv avg tot =3.18e-03 med tot =3.17e-03 mode tot =1.17e-03 σ avg =1.04e-04 stack2uv avg tot =3.16e-03 med tot =3.14e-03 mode tot =9.47e-04 σ avg =8.55e-05 med=1.59e-05 avg=1.69e-05 mod=-4.87e-05 med=3.64e-06 avg=4.47e-06 mod=-6.34e-05 med=6.47e-06 avg=6.00e-06 mod=-6.09e-05 med=1.66e-05 avg=1.61e-05 mod=-6.35e-05 med=1.79e-05 avg=1.85e-05 mod=-6.08e-05 med=5.17e-06 avg=4.54e-06 mod=-6.87e-05 med=3.19e-03 avg=3.15e-03 mod=1.08e-03 med=3.22e-03 avg=3.18e-03 mod=1.06e-03 med=3.26e-03 avg=3.33e-03 mod=1.65e-03 med=3.06e-03 avg=3.00e-03 mod=6.83e-04 med=3.10e-03 avg=3.12e-03 mod=9.85e-04 med=3.19e-03 avg=3.19e-03 mod=9.68e-04 med=1.24e-05 avg=1.60e-05 med=1.25e-05 mod=-1.54e-04 med=2.20e-06 avg=1.39e-05 avg=3.52e-06 mod=-4.19e-05 mod=-6.90e-05 med=2.00e-05 avg=2.27e-05 med=3.64e-06 mod=-1.65e-04 med=3.91e-06 avg=4.32e-06 avg=2.58e-06 mod=-8.02e-05 mod=-8.96e-05 med=4.44e-03 med=3.23e-03 avg=4.60e-03 avg=3.21e-03 mod=1.81e-03 med=3.02e-03 avg=3.05e-03 mod=1.31e-03 mod=1.01e-03 med=4.44e-03 med=3.17e-03 avg=4.49e-03 avg=3.24e-03 mod=2.26e-03 med=3.09e-03 avg=3.10e-03 mod=1.07e-03 mod=9.06e-04 med=1.17e-05 avg=1.26e-05 mod=-6.00e-05 med=1.27e-05 avg=1.37e-05 mod=-5.37e-05 med=4.42e-06 avg=4.25e-06 mod=-5.51e-05 med=2.53e-07 avg=-2.95e-07 mod=-8.27e-05 med=5.51e-06 avg=4.76e-06 mod=-7.43e-05 med=-3.68e-06 avg=-3.67e-06 mod=-8.95e-05 med=3.13e-03 avg=3.19e-03 mod=1.06e-03 med=3.33e-03 avg=3.30e-03 mod=1.34e-03 med=3.02e-03 avg=3.00e-03 mod=1.10e-03 med=3.13e-03 avg=3.10e-03 mod=1.08e-03 med=3.09e-03 avg=3.09e-03 mod=7.97e-04 med=3.19e-03 avg=3.27e-03 mod=1.06e-03 stack3 avg tot =4.20e-05 med tot =4.12e-05 mode tot =-8.69e-05 σ avg =6.70e-06 stack4 avg tot =1.61e-03 med tot =1.61e-03 mode tot =-4.04e-05 σ avg =6.97e-05 stack3uv avg tot =3.35e-03 med tot =3.35e-03 mode tot =1.73e-03 σ avg =1.18e-04 stack4uv avg tot =2.76e-03 med tot =2.76e-03 mode tot =1.29e-03 σ avg =1.26e-04 med=4.57e-05 avg=4.59e-05 mod=-8.40e-05 med=3.53e-05 avg=3.45e-05 mod=-9.33e-05 med=4.70e-05 avg=4.97e-05 mod=-8.60e-05 med=1.70e-03 avg=1.69e-03 mod=3.71e-06 med=1.58e-03 avg=1.62e-03 mod=-1.89e-04 med=1.51e-03 avg=1.50e-03 mod=-1.25e-04 med=3.25e-03 avg=3.24e-03 mod=1.44e-03 med=3.41e-03 avg=3.39e-03 mod=1.67e-03 med=3.61e-03 avg=3.56e-03 mod=2.19e-03 med=2.85e-03 avg=2.84e-03 mod=1.44e-03 med=2.85e-03 avg=2.81e-03 mod=1.15e-03 med=2.91e-03 avg=2.87e-03 mod=1.27e-03 med=5.36e-05 avg=5.67e-05 med=4.11e-05 mod=-2.57e-04 med=4.41e-05 avg=3.70e-05 avg=4.66e-05 mod=-1.14e-04 mod=-8.54e-05 med=1.69e-03 avg=1.71e-03 mod=1.71e-04 med=1.62e-03 avg=1.63e-03 mod=-1.99e-03 med=1.66e-03 avg=1.60e-03 mod=5.36e-05 med=4.06e-03 med=3.25e-03 avg=4.06e-03 avg=3.26e-03 mod=2.44e-03 med=3.35e-03 avg=3.29e-03 mod=1.66e-03 mod=1.70e-03 med=3.04e-03 med=2.69e-03 avg=3.01e-03 avg=2.70e-03 mod=1.38e-03 med=2.70e-03 avg=2.67e-03 mod=1.58e-03 mod=1.03e-03 med=3.12e-05 avg=3.36e-05 mod=-1.06e-04 med=3.35e-05 avg=3.20e-05 mod=-1.12e-04 med=4.23e-05 avg=4.53e-05 mod=-5.35e-05 med=1.52e-03 avg=1.51e-03 mod=-1.78e-04 med=1.59e-03 avg=1.60e-03 mod=2.62e-05 med=1.59e-03 avg=1.61e-03 mod=-1.02e-04 med=3.25e-03 avg=3.19e-03 mod=1.61e-03 med=3.33e-03 avg=3.36e-03 mod=1.60e-03 med=3.48e-03 avg=3.49e-03 mod=1.88e-03 med=2.87e-03 avg=2.87e-03 mod=1.52e-03 med=2.69e-03 avg=2.73e-03 mod=1.26e-03 med=2.46e-03 avg=2.47e-03 mod=9.84e-04 Tic-tac-toe sky-background analysis of 71 71 pixel (6.39 6.39) stacks: LyC [left 4 panels] and UVC [right 4 panels]. Large-scale gradients in residual sky-background left in drizzled images are 5 40 fainter than the global remaining sky residuals in previous Fig. Residual sky-gradients on 71 71 pixel scales are fainter than 32.3 mag arcsec 2 across the tic-tac-toe apertures. This is fainter than the LyC SB-signal where this can be measured, but does constitute a (fundamental?) limit to how many images can be stacked.
a) F225W Galaxies without AGN, 2.3 < < ~ z ~ 6 RAJ b) F275W c) F336W d) F435W e) Gold N=51 f) Gold (smoothed) N=51 g) LyC F225W h) F275W i) F336W j) F435W k) Gold+Silver N=118 l) LyC Gold+Silver (smoothed) N=118 LyC LyC z=2.26 2.47 z=2.47 3.08 z=3.08 4.35 z=4.35-6 WEIGHTED ALL: z=2.26 6. [Top Row]: All galaxies in combined Gold Galaxy sample: N=51; [Bottom Row]: All galaxies in combined Gold+Silver sample: N=118. [Right 2 2 panels]: Weighted stack-of-stacks over all 4 LyC filters: best visualizes LyC of galaxies at z 2.3 5.5. Formal detection S/N-ratios: > 6.8σ ( 51 1.0σ above sky), and > 13σ ( 118 1.2σ). Equivalent to 22 236 orbit stacks with HST, respectively! Circles: r=8 (0.72), 13 pix (1.17), centered on the UVC emission.
Galaxies without AGN, Gold sample a) F225W LyC b) F275W LyC c) F336W LyC d) F435W LyC RAJ e) F606W UVC f) F606W UVC g) F775W UVC h) F850LP UVC z=2.26 2.47 z=2.47 3.08 z=3.08 4.35 z=4.35-6. Galaxies without AGN in Gold sample. Top row: Ly-Continuum stacks, Bottom Row: UV-Continuum stacks. Blue: SExtractor LyC apertures, > 1σ in > 4 connected pixels. Green: SExtractor MAG AUTO apertures using UVC centroids+apertures.
Galaxies without AGN, Gold+Silver sample a) F225W LyC b) F275W LyC c) F336W LyC d) F435W LyC RAJ e) F606W UVC f) F606W UVC g) F775W UVC h) F850LP UVC z=2.26 2.47 z=2.47 3.08 z=3.08 4.35 z=4.35-6. Galaxies without AGN in combined Gold + Silver sample.
Galaxies with AGN, Gold sample a) F225W LyC b) F275W LyC c) F336W LyC d) F435W RAJ LyC e) F606W UVC f) F606W UVC g) F775W UVC h) F850LP UVC z=2.26 2.47 z=2.47 3.08 z=3.08 4.35 z=4.35-6. Galaxies hosting weak AGN in Gold sample. [Lower Left]: N=1 AGN with background objects shown before masking-out.
All galaxies, Gold sample a) F225W LyC b) F275W LyC c) F336W LyC d) F435W LyC RAJ e) F606W UVC f) F606W UVC g) F775W UVC h) F850LP UVC z=2.26 2.47 z=2.47 3.08 z=3.08 4.35 z=4.35-6. All Objects (Galaxies + Weak AGN) in Gold sample.
All Galaxies, Gold+Silver sample a) F225W LyC b) F275W LyC c) F336W LyC d) F435W LyC RAJ e) F606W UVC f) F606W UVC g) F775W UVC h) F850LP UVC z=2.26 2.47 z=2.47 3.08 z=3.08 4.35 z=4.35-6. All Objects (Galaxies + Weak AGN) in Gold+Silver sample.
(3) Stacked UV and Lyman Continuum Light-Profiles Galaxies without AGN, 2.3 < < ~ z ~ 6 RAJ a) F225W b) F275W c) F336W d) F435W e) Gold N=51 f) Gold (smoothed) N=51 g) LyC F225W h) F275W i) F336W j) F435W k) Gold+Silver N=118 l) LyC Gold+Silver (smoothed) N=118 LyC LyC z=2.26 2.47 z=2.47 3.08 z=3.08 4.35 z=4.35-6 WEIGHTED ALL: z=2.26 6. [Top Row]: All galaxies in combined Gold Galaxy sample: N=51; [Bottom Row]: All galaxies in combined Gold+Silver sample: N=118. The faint LyC emission has a very flat SB-distribution with radius: On average escapes along few random sight-lines through a porous ISM? Not centrally concentrated with few clear sight-lines per galaxy. Likeliest escape paths may be somewhat offset from galaxy center.
Surface Brightness (mag AB arcsec 2 ) 22 24 26 28 30 Model (z=2.65) F225W (<z>=2.38) F275W (<z>=2.68) F336W (<z>=3.47) F435W (<z>=5.02) 32 F435W PSF F275W PSF 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Isophotal Semi-Major Axis (arcsec) [Top Curves]: Radial SB-profiles of non-ionizing UVC (solid). [Bottom Curves]: Radial SB-profiles of LyC signal (dashed): All LyC SB-profiles are extended compared to the PSFs (dotted). Horizontal black dashed line is the 1σ SB-limit of 32 mag arcsec 2. Light-blue dot-dashes is z=2.68 UVC-scattering model with ISM porosity and escaping LyC increasing as: f cov (r)=n exp{ (r/10 kpc) x }.
(4) Spectral Energy Distribution (SED)-fitting & Dust (A V )-distribution 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 [LEFT]: Best-fit A V from 10-band SEDs for all ERS galaxies (black dots). Circles: galaxies; Asterisks: AGN at: z=2.37, z=2.68, z=3.45, z=5.1. [RIGHT]: Adopted distributions N(A V ) for total Gold + Silver LyC sample (top), and for each of the four redshift bins: Median A V increases from 0.2 at z=5.1 3.5 to 0.6 at z=2.67 2.37.
3 missing for most SMGs 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Best-fit A V from 10-band SEDs for all ERS galaxies (black dots). Galaxies+AGN with z spec =2.37 2.68 represent N(A V ) distribution. Spectroscopically selected galaxies + AGN at z=3.45 5.1 miss 45% of dusty (A V > 1 mag) objects at z > 3. Our f esc -value calculations vs. redshift will correct for this.
(5) LyC Escape Fractions vs. z for Faint Galaxies & Weak AGN PDFs of absolute & relative f esc -values (Inoue + 2014 MC), folding LyC fluxes±1σ errors through 10 9 random LOS of IGM transmission. Filled triangles indicate the resulting modal and circles the average f esc -values in each PDF. Tick-marks show the ±1σ-range.
Other work (see text) Other work (see text) T=tanh[(log(1+z)-0.53)/0.07] T=tanh[(log(1+z)-0.59)/0.07] T=tanh[(log(1+z)-0.59)/0.07] [Left]: Relative f esc -z: Published + ERS Gold & Gold+Silver samples. Shaded bounded by: f esc (0.02±0.01) (1+z) 1.0±0.5 does not fit well. Simple tanh[log(1+z)] captures more sudden f esc -increase at z > 2.5 3. [Dashed: Same, corrected for 45% missing SMGs(A V >1) at z > 3.1]. [Right]: Same for 12 AGN in ERS (+Bridge + 2010) available thus far. Object-weighted ratio of tanh-curves suggests f esc (galaxies) high enough to dominate reionization at z > 3, while AGN may dominate at z < 2.5.
WFC3 ERS 10-band redshift estimates accurate to < 4% with small systematic errors (Hathi et al. 2010, 2013), resulting in a reliable N(z). Measure masses of faint galaxies to AB=26.5 mag, tracing the process of galaxy assembly: downsizing, merging, (& weak AGN growth?). Median redshift in (medium-)deep fields is zmed 1.5 2. HUDF shows WFC3 z 7 9 capabilities (Bouwens+ 2014; Yan+ 2010). JWST will trace mass assembly and dust content z 1 12, with nanojy sensitivity from 0.7 5µm. < 5 mag deeper from
(5b) Can JWST see most of the Reionizing sources?? 1.6µm counts (Windhorst + 2011). [F150W, F225W, F275W, F336W, F435W, F606W, F775W, F850LP, F105W, F125W, F140W not shown]. Faint-end near-ir count-slope 0.16±0.02 dex/mag Faint-end LF-slope α(z med 1.6) 1.4 reach M AB 14 mag. 800-hr WUDF can see AB < 32 objects: M AB 15 (LMCs) at z 11! Lensing will change the landscape for JWST observing strategies (WUDFF).
-1-2 -3 Hierarchical pred. (z>10) JWST needed -1-2 -3-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20-2 -3-4 JWST needed +lensing -3-4 -22-21 -20-19 -18-17 -16-15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 (1+z) JWST needed +lensing -22-21 -20-19 -18-17 -16-15 Evolution of Schechter UV-LF: faint-end LF-slope α(z), Φ (z) & M (z): For JWST z > 8, expect α < 2.0; Φ < 10 3 (Mpc 3 ) (Bouwens + 14). HUDF: Characteristic M may drop below 18 or 17.5 mag at z > 10. Will have significant consequences for JWST survey strategy.
(Mpc ) Gxy LF (z=6-20): p=0.16 WMAP9/Planck13: Reion z=11+/-1 Schechter LF (6 < z < 20) with best-fit α(z), Φ (z), M (z) & µ=0.50. Area/Sensitivity for: HUDF/XDF, 10 WMDFs, 2 WDFs, & 1 WUDF. Will need lensing targets for WMDF WUDFF to see z 12 15 objects.
(6) Summary and Conclusions (1) HST can measure LyC for galaxies + weak AGN at z 2.26 5.5. WFC3 and ACS filters designed with low-enough redleak to enable this. Samples of sufficient size (N=11 118) need to be stacked to see LyC signal. Astrometry/registration and sky-background subtraction must be carefully done in various stages. Subtle residual sky-gradients and other systematics ultimate limitation to LyC stacking (at > 32.3 mag arcsec 2 ). Deepest 10-band images at HST resolution critical to mask-out all foreground interlopers to AB < 27.5 mag. Careful spectroscopic redshift selection critical for reliable samples. Must correct results for M AB and A V -biases that result from the necessary spectroscopic selection.
(2) LyC signal detected in sub-samples of N=11 37 objects at z=2.26 5.5. Detections of AB(LyC) generally better than > 3 4σ (AB 29.5 31 mag). Weak AGN have 1 mag brighter AB(LyC), but are 4 10 less numerous than galaxies. Stacked LyC SB-profiles are on average much flatter than the UVcontinuum Sersic-profile. LyC may escape along few random sight-lines, offset from the average galaxy center. Non-Sersic LyC SB-profiles may indicate that the ISM porosity increases with r.
(3) Resulting f esc -values show rapid tanh[log(1+z)] increase at z > 2.5. Dust-corrected SED-fits and MC simulations are essential to interpret this sudden drop in f esc (z). Best-fit 10-band ERS SEDs suggests A V increases from z 6 to z 2.3. Spectroscopic selection at z=2.37 2.68 follows field galaxy A V, but at z=3.45 5.1 misses 45% of dusty objects. This explains part, but not all, of the sudden f esc -increase at z > 2.5: Accumulating A V (t) may shut down f esc (z < 3). Object-weighted ratio of tanh-curves suggests f esc (galaxies) high enough to dominate reionization at z > 3, while AGN may take over at z < 2.5.
SPARE CHARTS
References and other sources of material shown: http://www.asu.edu/clas/hst/www/jwst/ [Talk, Movie, Java-tool] http://www.asu.edu/clas/hst/www/ahah/ http://www.asu.edu/clas/hst/www/jwst/clickonhudf/ [Hubble at Hyperspeed Java tool] [Clickable HUDF map] http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/ & http://www.stsci.edu/jwst/ http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/nircam/ http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/miri/ http://www.stsci.edu/jwst/instruments/nirspec/ http://www.stsci.edu/jwst/instruments/fgs Gardner, J. P., et al. 2006, Space Science Reviews, 123, 485 606 Mather, J., & Stockman, H. 2000, Proc. SPIE Vol. 4013, 2 Windhorst, R., et al. 2008, Advances in Space Research, 41, 1965 Windhorst, R., et al., 2011, ApJS, 193, 27 (astro-ph/1005.2776).
Stacking Tests, Gold sample a) original F225W b) F275W c) F336W d) F435W RAJ z=2.37, z=2.68, z=3.45, z=5.1 Gold stacks; e) rotation tests f) g) h) Same Gold stacks after random 90 rotation; i) split halves subset 1 j) k) l) First independent data halves Gold stacks; m) split halves subset 2 n) o) p) Second independent data halves Gold stacks; q) blank sky tests r) s) t) Random sky-stacks to verify null-signal.
Stacking Tests, Gold+Silver sample a) original F225W b) F275W c) F336W d) F435W RAJ z=2.37, z=2.68, z=3.45, z=5.1 Silver stacks; e) rotation tests f) g) h) Same Silver stacks after random 90 rotation; i) split halves subset 1 j) k) l) First independent data halves Silver stacks; m) split halves subset 2 n) o) p) Second independent data halves Silver stacks; q) blank sky tests r) s) t) Random sky-stacks to verify null-signal.
a) b) Detector location of high-cte and low-cte sub-samples: [LEFT]: WFC3/UVIS F225W, F275W, F336W. [RIGHT]: ACS/WFC F435W. Green regions are closest to parallel read-out amplifier. Red regions are furthest from amplifiers, and may suffer more from CTE-degradation. Filled circles show marginal LyC signal in individual objects: These are fairly uniformly distributed across individual CCDs. Average stacked LyC diff: (Lower-CTE High-CTE) 0.5±0.35 mag. = Less than four months after WFC3 s launch, CTE-induced systematics are not yet larger than the random errors in the LyC signal.