Table of List of contributors Preface page xi xv Part I Nanostructure design and structural properties of epitaxially grown quantum dots and nanowires 1 1 Growth of III V semiconductor quantum dots C. Schneider, S. Höfling and A. Forchel 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Properties of semiconductor quantum dots 4 1.3 Epitaxial growth of quantum dots on GaAs substrates 6 1.4 Quantum dot growth on InP substrates 17 1.5 Conclusion 17 References 18 2 Single semiconductor quantum dots in nanowires: growth, optics, and devices M. E. Reimer, N. Akopian, M. Barkelid, G. Bulgarini, R. Heeres, M. Hocevar, B. J. Witek, E. P. A. M. Bakkers and V. Zwiller 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Nanowire quantum dot growth 21 2.3 Optical properties of nanowire quantum dots 25 2.4 Nanowire quantum dot devices 30 References 37 3 Atomic-scale analysis of self-assembled quantum dots by cross-sectional scanning, tunneling microscopy, and atom probe tomography J. G. Keizer and P. M. Koenraad 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Specimen preparation 41 v
Table of vi 3.3 Quantum dot analysis by X-STM 42 3.4 Application to control of quantum dot formation 45 3.5 Outlook: atom probe tomography 55 3.6 Conclusion 58 References 58 Part II Manipulation of individual quantum states in quantum dots using optical techniques 61 4 Studies of the hole spin in self-assembled quantum dots using optical techniques B. D. Gerardot and R. J. Warburton 63 4.1 Self-assembled quantum dots as host for spin qubits 63 4.2 Motivating factors for hole spins 64 4.3 Spectroscopy of few-level systems 67 4.4 Hole spin sample design 69 4.5 Spin initialization, manipulation, and read-out 73 4.6 Strength of the hole hyperfine interaction 79 4.7 Summary and outlook 80 Acknowledgements 80 References 81 5 Resonance fluorescence from a single quantum dot A. N. Vamivakas, C. Matthiesen, Y. Zhao, C.-Y. Lu and M. Atatüre 86 5.1 Introduction 86 5.2 Resonance fluorescence from a two-level system 87 5.3 Observation of resonance fluorescence 89 5.4 Conclusion 100 References 101 6 Coherent control of quantum dot excitons using ultra-fast optical techniques: the role of acoustic phonons A. J. Ramsay and A. M. Fox 103 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 Experimental methods 106 6.3 Candidate mechanisms for the intensity damping 109 6.4 Temperature-dependent measurements of Rabi rotations 110 6.5 Model of LA-phonon induced dephasing 112 6.6 Comparison of experiment to model 114 6.7 Outlook 115 Acknowledgements 115 References 115
Table of vii 7 Holes in quantum dot molecules: structure, symmetry, and spin M. F. Doty and J. I. Climente 118 7.1 Introduction 118 7.2 Growth and spectroscopic characterization of QDMs 119 7.3 Anticrossings and the formation of molecular states 120 7.4 Spin projections and Zeeman splitting 122 7.5 Antibonding molecular ground states 126 7.6 Hole-spin mixing 128 7.7 Summary 132 References 132 Part III Optical properties of quantum dots in photonic cavities and plasmon-coupled dots 135 8 Deterministic light matter coupling with single quantum dots P. Senellart 137 8.1 QDs in cavities: basics, motivation, first demonstrations 137 8.2 Determininistic coupling of a QD to a cavity 138 8.3 An ultrabright source of entangled photon pairs 144 8.4 Some perspectives 149 References 150 9 Quantum dots in photonic crystal cavities A. Faraon, D. Englund, I. Fushman, A. Majumdar and J. Vučković 153 9.1 Introduction 153 9.2 Quantum dots and photonic crystals 154 9.3 Experimental techniques 157 9.4 Probing the strong-coupling regime 161 9.5 Nonlinear optics at the single photon level 163 9.6 Applications and future directions 165 References 166 10 Photon statistics in quantum dot micropillar emission M. Aßmann and M. Bayer 169 10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 Theoretical background 169 10.3 Experimental approaches 174 10.4 Experimental results 176 10.5 Summary and outlook 182 References 183 11 Nanoplasmonics with colloidal quantum dots V. V. Temnov and U. Woggon 185 11.1 Introduction 185
Table of viii 11.2 Optical and electronic properties of colloidal semiconductor quantum dots 185 11.3 Surface plasmons in low-dimensional metallic nanostructures 188 11.4 Coupling of quantum dots to metal surfaces 191 11.5 Practical application: QD-based all-optical plasmonic modulator 196 11.6 Perspective: quantum optics with surface plasmons 197 References 197 Part IV Quantum dot nano-laboratory: magnetic ions and nuclear spins in a dot 203 12 Dynamics and optical control of an individual Mn spin in a quantum dot L. Besombes, C. Le Gall, H. Boukari and H. Mariette 205 12.1 Introduction 205 12.2 II VI diluted magnetic semiconductor QDs 206 12.3 Optical Mn spin orientation 208 12.4 Resonant optical pumping of a single Mn spin 214 12.5 Conclusion 218 References 218 13 Optical spectroscopy of InAs/GaAs quantum dots doped with a single Mn atom O. Krebs and A. Lemaître 221 13.1 Introduction 221 13.2 The Mn acceptor impurity A 0 222 13.3 Micro-photoluminescence setup in magnetic field 223 13.4 Zero-field signature of Mn doping 224 13.5 Energy levels for trions in zero field 225 13.6 Photoluminescence in a longitudinal magnetic field 227 13.7 Excitons versus trions 228 13.8 Coupling to dark states due to anisotropic exchange 230 13.9 Theoretical simulation of PL spectra 232 13.10 Conclusion 234 References 235 14 Nuclear spin effects in quantum dot optics B. Urbaszek, B. Eble, T. Amand and X. Marie 237 14.1 Introduction 237 14.2 Carrier spin decoherence 242 14.3 Dynamic nuclear polarization 246 14.4 Perspectives 250 References 251
Table of ix Part V Electron transport in quantum dots fabricated by lithographic techniques from III V semiconductors and graphene 253 15 Electrically controlling single spin coherence in semiconductor nanostructures Y. Dovzhenko, K. Wang, M. D. Schroer and J. R. Petta 255 15.1 Introduction 255 15.2 Sample fabrication 256 15.3 Measurement technology 258 15.4 Quantum control 262 15.5 Outlook 272 Acknowledgements 273 References 274 16 Theory of electron and nuclear spins in III V semiconductor and carbon-based dots H. Ribeiro and G. Burkard 277 16.1 The magnetic hyperfine Hamiltonian 277 16.2 Nuclear nuclear interactions 280 16.3 Hyperfine interaction in semiconductor-based quantum dots 281 16.4 Hyperfine interaction in carbon-based quantum dots 290 References 292 17 Graphene quantum dots: transport experiments and local imaging S. Schnez, J. Guettinger, F. Molitor, C. Stampfer, M. Huefner, T. Ihn and K. Ensslin 296 17.1 Introduction 296 17.2 Theoretical background 297 17.3 Transport experiments 303 17.4 Scanning-gate microscopy 308 17.5 Summary and outlook 312 References 313 Part VI Single dots for future telecommunications applications 317 18 Electrically operated entangled light sources based on quantum dots R. M. Stevenson, A. J. Bennett and A. J. Shields 319 18.1 Introduction 319 18.2 Electrically driven entangled light generation 322 18.3 Electrical control of entangled light 326 18.4 Interaction of entangled exciton photon states with nuclei 331 18.5 Conclusion 337 References 337
Table of x 19 Deterministic single quantum dot cavities at telecommunication wavelengths D. Dalacu, K. Mnaymneh, J. Lapointe, G. C. Aers, P. J. Poole, R. L. Williams and S. Hughes 341 19.1 Introduction 341 19.2 Directed self-assembly 342 19.3 Spectroscopy of site-controlled single quantum dots 345 19.4 Integration of site-controlled quantum dots and cavities 347 19.5 Conclusion 352 References 353 Index 356