Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
Biochemical processes are the chemical processes that occur in all living things. Two of these processes are Cellular Respiration and. Photosynthesis They are both controlled by. Enzymes Cellular Respiration is carried out by All organisms. Photosynthesis is carried out by Green Plants and some singlecelled organisms. Euglena
II. Cellular Respiration: You learned that when you eat foods that are carbohydrates (bread and pasta) they are broken down by your digestive. system They are broken down into simple sugars (glucose) The bonds of glucose are then broken by a series of Enzyme controlled reactions to form energy. This energy is captured into the bonds of the High Energy Molecule known as ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) This energy is used by the organism for it s Life Activities
Diagram of ATP II A. The ATP/ADP Cycle: ATP and ADP are compounds that are found in all cells. The D in ADT is for Diphosphate or 2 phosphates. The T in ATP is for Triphosphates or 3 phosphates. ADP and ATP are converted back and forth as a Phosphate (P) is added or removed.
We get energy to put the third phosphate on to ADP by burning. Food The most common food that is burned is. Glucose
ATP 100% Renewable Energy All living things rely on one source of energy to do all things from building molecules to flexing muscles = ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). Breaking down ATP releases energy and cells constantly replace their ATP by attaching a spare phosphate onto ADP. The energy from that comes from food we eat (animals) or make (plants). Enzymes control the breaking and making of ATP
II. B Two Types of Respiration: There are two ways to burn glucose (two types of respiration) Anaerobic Respiration does NOT use. Oxygen This is also called. Fermentation Aerobic Respiration USES Oxygen II. C Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation) Some cells lack the Enzymes necessary for aerobic respiration and other cells like your muscle cells change to anaerobic respiration when oxygen is lacking
The enzymes necessary for this type of respiration are located in the cytoplasm of the cells. In Anaerobic respiration Glucose is partially broken down by the enzymes to form either Lactic Acid or Carbon Dioxide and. Alcohol Both of these form only 2 ATP molecules. Bacteria and Human Muscle cells form the lactic acid and 2 ATP. Yeast form the alcohol and carbon dioxide and 2 ATP. Glucose Glucose or 2 Lactic Acid + 2 ATP 2 alcohol + 2CO 2 + 2ATP
II D. Aerobic Respiration: Most organisms are more complex and need more to ATP perform their life activities than anaerobic respiration can produce. Aerobic respiration occurs in the cell organelle called the. Mitchondria
In Aerobic Respiration Glucose is completely broken down in a series of Enzyme controlled reactions to form Carbon Dioxide and Water and 36 ATP molecules. + 36 ATP
II E. Comparison Chart for Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration 1. Takes place in the cytoplasm oxygen Aerobic Respiration Takes place in the 2. No Requires 2 3. Less efficient ( ATP) More efficient ( ATP) lactic 4. Waste products: acid or alcohol and carbon. dioxide 24/7 Waste products: dioxide and water Mitchondria oxygen 36 Carbon 24/7 5. Time frame: Time frame: 6. Glucose breakdown is partial Glucose breakdown is. complete
III. Photosynthesis: The energy for life primarily comes from the. Sun Photosynthesis is biochemical food-making process that provides a connection between the sun and energy needs of living things. During Photosynthesis solar energy is used to combine inorganic molecules of Carbon dioxide and water into energy rich organic compounds such as. Glucose
This process releases Oxygen into the environment. Photosynthesis is a type of nutrition called Autotrophic nutrition. III A. Location for Photosynthesis Green Plant cells and and some Single celled organisms contain Chloroplasts this organelle is involved in the process of. Photosynthesis Chloroplasts are located mainly in the leaves of green plants.
Chloroplasts are located in the cytoplasm and contain the green pigment. chlorophyll Chlorophyll along with enzymes are necessary for the food-making process of. Photosynthesis The Leaf is considered the food factory of photosynthetic plants. The leaf has many specialized structures that make it well adapted for the process of photosynthesis
A. Leaves are arranged on stems, so that they can receive the maximum Light absorption B. Leaves have Stomates and air spaces for gas exchange. C. The majority of chloroplasts are located in the palisade. layer D. Guard cells are bean shaped structures located around stomates which contain chloroplasts and regulate the opening and closing of the stomates.
Leaf cross section Stomata and guard cells
III b. Chemistry of Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis involves chemical reactions in which carbon dioxide and water are converted into sugar molecules. Oxygen gas is a by-product. Besides light photosynthesis also requires chlorophyll and. Enzymes
Sexy Sally Sun Phyll the Chlorophyll Molecule Splits H2O to give off O2 6 12 + + 6 + 6 NADP Train A carrier molecule that picks up H2 and combines It with CO2 to make PGAL, a sugar which will then Form the sugar glucose
III c. Factors that influence The Rate of Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis occurs best at 35 0 Celsius. Above this temperature the enzymes are destroyed (denatured) Light intensity. Carbon Dioxide increases the rate up to a point. Water shortage decreases photosynthesis.
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