A note on the bamboo diversity and utilization from Manipur in N.E. India

Pleione 7(2): 449-455. 2013. ISSN: 0973-9467 East Himalayan Society for Spermatophyte Taxonomy A note on the bamboo diversity and utilization from Manipur in N.E. India Mrinamayee Rajkumari and Asha Gupta 1 Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University, Canchipur,Imphal-795003, Manipur, India 1 Corresponding author, E-mail: ashaguptamu@gmail.com [Received 06.05.2013; accepted 10.12.2013] Abstract Manipur, situated in the Indo-Myanmar Hotspot region is known for its scenic beauty and natural endowments. By virtue of its topography and varied climate, diverse forest types are available ranging from tropical to temperate montane.the climatic condition is congenial to bamboo growth. The state harbors diverse species of bamboos. The present paper deals with bamboo diversity from Manipur along with the utilization aspects. Bamboos grow luxuriantly in hills and plains and form an important component of rural landscape. It is a culture in Manipur to grow bamboo in homesteads. They provide important uses for subsistence of rural livelihood. Key word: Hotspot, Bamboo diversity, Homestead, Subsistence INTRODUCTION The Indian state of Manipur is situated in the Northeast border of India and it lies within Indo- Myanmar Hotspot region. Its geographical location is 23º 50' N to 25º 42' N latitudes and 92º 58' E to 94º 45' E longitudes on the laps of Himalayan ranges with an area of 22,237 sq km. Besides, famous for its fascinating scenic beauty, abundant natural endowments and rich cultural heritage, Manipur has tropical to sub-tropical to temperate montane forests within its territory. By virtue of its varied climatic conditions, various species of bamboo grows here luxuriantly, both in the hills and in the plains of Manipur. Hollow woody culms, complex branching, extensive rhizome system and infrequent flowering are some of the distinguishing characteristics of this group of plants. One of the most difficult aspects of bamboo-taxonomy is the supra annual interval of its flowering. Depending on the species, flowering in bamboo occurs annually or up-to an interval of 120 years (Austin et al 1970). Published systems of bamboo classification has put the bamboo genera between 60 90 with 1000 1500 species (Dransfield & Widjaja 1995; William & Rao 1994). About 192 species of bamboos have been reported from Asia Pacific region (Sharma 1982). Gamble (1896) reported 15 genera and 115 species of bamboos from India. The North Eastern region holds more than two-thirds of the total growing stock of the country (Tripathi 2008). Manipur, alone has the richest diversity of bamboo with 53 species (Devi & Sharma 1993). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted by visiting the bamboo growing areas in hills and plains of Manipur. Specimens were collected; photographed and their local names and uses were also re-

450 Bamboo diversity and utilization in Manipur corded. Collected specimens were processed into mounted herbarium sheets following Jain & Rao (1977) and the plants were identified consulting a number of literature including Bor (1940) and Deb (1983, 1984). However, taxonomic delimitation of different genera and species are mostly based on Naithani et al (2010). Voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of the Department of Life Science, Manipur University. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION According to earlier reports (Bhaumik et al 2006; Deb 1961; Devi & Sharma 1993; Devi & Singh 2007; Karthikeyan 1983; ; Sharma 1982; Shukla 1996) and from our study, 45 species of bamboos are growing in hills and plains of Manipur. These include 13 species of Bambusa along with one variety, 4 of Cephalostachyum, 1 of Chimonobambusa, 1 of Chimonocalamus, 9 of Dendrocalamus, 2 of Drepanostachyum, 2 of Gigantocloa, 1 of Himalayacalamus, 2 of Melocalamus, 1 of Melocanna, 1 of Neomicrocalamus, 1 of Pseudostachyum, 3 of Schizostachyum, 1 of Thyrsostachys and 2 of Yushania. Table 1. Different species of bamboos recorded from Manipur Species Locality Voucher specimen / Reference Bambusa balcooa Roxburgh Jiribam BPMRN-005 Bambusa bamboos (Linnaeus) Voss Ukhrul District BPMRN-007 Bambusa binghamli Gamble Imphal East & West BPMRN-009 District Bambusa cacharensis R.B. Majumdar Imphal & Commonly BPMRN-067 cultivated Jiribam Bambusa jaintiana R.B. Majumdar New Kaiphundai area Karthikeyan 1983 Bambusa kingiana Gamble Irong, Manipur Devi & Sharma 1993 Bambusa manipureana Naithani & Bisht Khongkhang, Chandel District Bambusa mizorameana H.B. Naithani Kangla village charoi BPMRN-032 Tupul, Bishnupur, Nagrian village, Kassom Khullen village. Commonly planted in valley Bambusa nutans Wallich ex Munro Konglon, very common in BPMRN-020 Imphal East, West Thoubal, Bishnupur Bambusa schizostachyoides Kurz ex Munro Leimaram village Shukla 1996 (Bishnupur) Bambusa tulda Roxburgh Kangla village, Imphal- BPMRN-029 Thoubal commonly grown in valley Bambusa vulgaris Schrader Jiribam area Deb 1961 Bambusa vulgaris var. vittata A & C Riviere Cultivated area Gamble 1896; Naithani Bambusa vulgaris f. waminii Wen Planted at Mantripukhri Forest complex (Imphal East) Cephalostachyum capitatum Munro Charoi Tupul Ngarain village near Bishnupur, Ukhrul

Mrinamayee Rajkumari & Asha Gupta 451 Species Locality Voucher specimen / Reference Cephalostachyum pallidum Munro Koubru Deb 1961 Cephalostachyum pergracile Munro Khrukhul, Imphal Moreh Deb 1961 road, Chandolpokpi Khongkhang cultivated at Morey Cephalostachyum latifolium Munro Ramvha area on the way Deb 1961 to Ukhrul Chimonobambusa callosa (Munro) Nakai Koubru, Kounu Siroy BPMRN-035 peak, Laimaton hill Chimonocalamus griffithianus (Munro) Gammon, Ukhrul, Hsueh & T.P. Yi Haochong Dendrocalamus brandissii (Munro) Kurz Chandel BPMRN-017 Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees & Arnott ex Munro Dendrocalamus hookerii Munro Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro Dendrocalamus longispathus (Kurz) Kurz Dendrocalamus manipureanus Naithani & Bisht Charoi, Tupul, Lokchao near Moreh, Imphal Jiribam Road, Imphal- Ukhrul road Mapi village, Chandel District, common throughout Manipur Tengnoupal, Bishnupur,, Khongkhang, Kangpokpi range in Maoling village, Sipijang near Saitu Tengnoupal, Ukhrul, Imphal, Teretkhun village, Imphal-Kohima road Laiching near Moreh, Bishnupur, Churchandpur, Khonglon, Sparmeina On the way to Ukhrul, Sinaiveng Moreh, Lilong,Thoubal. BPMRN-024 BPMRN-018 BPMRN-013 Dendrocalamus membranaceus Munro Chandel Dendrocalamus sikkimensis Gamble ex Charoi Tupul Oliver Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxburgh) Nees Thoubal BPMRN-047 Drepanostachyum falcatum (Nees) Keng f. Khoubru, Shiroi hills Naithani 1987; Naithani Drepanostachyum kurzii (Gamble) Pandey Mao, Maram (Senapati ) Deb 1961 ex D.N. Tewari Gigantochloa nigrociliata (Buse) Kurz Charoi Tupul Ukhrul Gigantochloa macrostachya Kurz Lokchao Moreh Devi & Singh 2007 Himalayacalamus hookerianus (Munro) Stapleton Maohing village, Kangpokpi range (Senapati) Jiribam & Tipaimukh Melocalamus compactiflorus (Kurz) Bentham Melocalamus indicus R.B. Majumdar Jiribam Melocanna baccifera (Roxburgh) Kurz Lokchao, Chandel District BPMRN-057 beteen Imphal Irang, Kangla village Neomicrocalamus prainii (Gamble) Keng f. Pseudostachyum polymorphum Munro Mao, Khoubru ang Nunghar village (Ukhrul) Tengnoupal, Mapi village ( Chandel)

452 Bamboo diversity and utilization in Manipur 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PLATE - I: Figs. 1-6: Some species of Bamboo found in Manipur. 1. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii; 2. Bambusa tulda; 3. Bambusa balcooa; 4. Bambusa nutans; 5. Bambusa bamboos; 6. Melocanna baccifera. Figs. 7-10. Bamboo products of Manipur. 7. Furniture; 8. Baskets; 9. Handicraft; 10. Fishing trap.

Mrinamayee Rajkumari & Asha Gupta 453 Species Locality Voucher specimen / Reference Neomicrocalamus prainii (Gamble) Keng f. Mao, Khoubru ang Nunghar village (Ukhrul) Pseudostachyum polymorphum Munro Tengnoupal, Mapi village ( Chandel) Schizostachyum dulloa (Gamble) R.B. Majumdar Kohima Imphal Road TM Kassom on Ukhrul common on Jiribam BPMRN-031 Schizostachyum latifolium Gamble Schizostachyum mannii R.B. Majumdar Thyrsostachys oliveri Gamble Yushania elegans (Kurz) R.B. Majumdar Yushania rolloana (Gamble) T.P. Yi Imphal road I.T road, Kangpokpi road, Khoubru range, Saivom on the way to Moreh Siroi Charaoi-Yandongba near Tupul, Imphal-Jiribam road Moreh, Imphal, Churchanpur, Imphal- Kohima road Common in Ukhrul, on the way to Shiroi hills Dzuko hills, Shiroi hills, Koubru (Senapati) Shukla 1996; Naithani Shukla 1996; Naithani Shukla 1996 Bhaumik et al 2006; In the hills bamboos grow extensively. In the valley, people grow bamboo in their homesteads and in farms. Local people prefer to grow species like Bambusa cacharensis, Bambusa nutans, Bambusa tulda, Bambusa vulgaris etc. which are used extensively for house construction, scaffolding, poles etc. Table 2. Utility spectrum of some common Bamboo species in Manipur Species Construction Food Implements Handicrafts Fodder Bambusa balcooa + + + + + Bambusa cacharensis + + + + + Bambusa jaintiana + - + + - Bambusa mizorameana + - + + + Bambusa nutans + + + + + Bambusa tulda + - + + + Bambusa vulgaris + - + + + Dendrocalamus hamiltonii + + - - + Dendrocalamus hookeri + - + - + Dendrocalamus latiflorus + + - + - Dendrocalamus longispathus + + - + - Dendrocalamus manipureanus + - - + + Melocanna baccifera + - - + - Pseudostachyum polymorphum - - - + + Schizostachyum dulloa - - + + + Schizostachyum mannii - - - + +

454 Bamboo diversity and utilization in Manipur On the commercial basis, these bamboos fetch good price in the market. Other species which grow in homesteads are Bambusa mizorameana, Dendrocalamus hookeri and Dendrocalamus manipureanus, Dendrocalamus latiflorus is grown in homesteads but found to be not very common. In Churachanpur and Jiribam districts of Manipur, Melocanna baccifera is grown in large extent on the hill slopes. Bamboo based cottage industry provides jobs and supplement income for the poor people of the state (Devi & Singh 2007). Local people have good knowledge on the propagation and cultivation of bamboo and it is a culture to grow bamboo in their homestead. Rural people depend on bamboo resources for their subsistence. They extract bamboo from forests and homestead gardens to make various bamboo products. Bamboo craft is intricate with the Manipuri society and they depend on bamboo products for their day-to-day use. CONCLUSION Bamboos are multipurpose plants, widely harvested from natural forest and cultivated. Their uses are dependent upon the characteristics of individual species such as culm strength, flexibility and size. The strength of culm, their straightness and lightness, combined with hardness, range in size, hollowness, long fibre and easy working qualities make bamboo suitable for a variety of purposes (Bhol & Nayak 2009). More than 1500 applications of bamboo has been documented worldwide of which major ones include use as building materials, agriculture implements, furniture, musical instruments, food items, handicraft, raw materials for large bamboo based industries like paper & pulp packing (Kishwan & Goyal 2006). Besides, bamboo is an environment friendly resource which acts as a net carbon sink, producing 35% more oxygen than equivalent stands of trees (Isagi et al 1993). The anti-erosion properties are key to the bamboo reputation as a useful soil conservation tool (Tripathi 2008). Nature has endowed the state with huge resource of bamboo. However, due to maximum extraction of bamboo from the natural habitat, rich bamboo resources of the state are depleting in the land of its birth. In addition, in the urban areas, people are dropping the culture of planting bamboos in their homesteads. Bamboos were planted in homesteads to meet their needs and as wind brakes. Bamboo resource is shrinking steadily; hence rural populace is looking for alternatives to earn their subsistence. It is high time to spread awareness at the local and governmental level about the economical as well as environmental security bamboo provides. Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to the anonymous referee for constructive criticisms and suggestions in improving this paper. Thanks are also due to the State Bamboo Mission, Forest Department, Government of Manipur under a project for providing financial and logistic support. LITERATURE CITED Austin, R.; Levy, D. & Da, K. 1970. Bamboo. John Weatherhill Inc. New York. Bhaumik, M.; Mao, A & Naithani, H.B. 2006. A note on the sporadic flowering of Sinarundinaria rolloana (Gamble) Chao & Renv. (Poaceae-Bambusoideae) from Dzuko valley, Nagaland. Indian For. 132(7): 906 907. Bhol, N. &. Nayak, H. 2009. Commercial cultivation of common bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad ex Wendl). Indian For. 134(9): 1165 1172. Bor, N.L. 1940. Flora of Assam. Vol. V. Govt of Assam, Shillong.

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