The Deep Space Network Committee on the Review of Progress toward Implementing the Decadal Survey Vision & Voyages for Planetary Sciences Joseph Lazio L. Benner, A. Bhanji, A. Biswas, W. Klipstein, S. Lichten, J. Statman, S. Townes 2017 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged.
2 Canberra Goldstone Madrid Deep Space Network Topics - Deep Space communications and navigation - Planetary radar - Future planning
Planetary Sciences-DSN Partnership Don t Leave Earth Without Us! Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Dawn Cassini New Horizons Geotail Mars Odyssey Curiosity Opportunity MOM ARTEMIS OSIRIS REx XMM Cluster JUNO Akatsuki MAVEN Mars Express Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars TGO Chandra MMS STEREO Wind DSCOVR Spitzer SOHO Kepler Hayabusa-2 ACE LRO Solar Probe Plus TESS JWST BepiColumbo InSight Mars 2020 Europa GSSR Planetary Sciences Vision 2050 3
2011-01 2011-03 2011-05 2011-07 2011-09 2011-11 2012-01 2012-03 2012-05 2012-07 2012-09 2012-11 2013-01 2013-03 2013-05 2013-07 2013-09 2013-11 2014-01 2014-03 2014-05 2014-07 2014-09 2014-11 2015-01 2015-03 2015-05 2015-07 2015-09 2015-11 2016-01 2016-03 2016-05 2016-07 2016-09 2016-11 2017-01 2017-03 2017-05 Telemetry, Tracking, & Command: 5 Year Monthly Data, Averaged over All Missions 100% 100.0% DSN Network Data Delivery (Fiscal) 99.5% 99% 99.0% 98.5% 98.0% 97.5% 97% 97.0% 96.5% NASA requirement: 95% Typical DSN performance > 99% Telemetry Command RadioMetric Combined 96.0% 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Network Telemetry % Network Command % Network RadioMetric % Combined % Poly. (Combined %) DSN Status Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 4
DSN and Planetary Science 2015: Pluto from New Horizons Credit: NASA/JHUAPL/SwR I 2014: Comet Siding Springs from MAVEN Credit: NASA/JPL- Caltech/University of Arizona 2016: Jupiter from Juno Credit: NASA/JPL- Caltech/SwRI/ MSSS/Betsy Asher Hall/Gervasio Robles 2017: Saturn from Cassini Credit: NASA/JPL- Caltech/Space Science Institute DSN Status Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term j p l. n a s a. 5g o v
Planetary Radar The Primitive Bodies Earth-Based Telescopes The Arecibo and Goldstone radar telescopes are powerful, complementary facilities that can characterize the surface structure and threedimensional shapes of the near-earth objects within their reach of about one-tenth of the Earth-Sun distance. Arecibo has a sensitivity 20 times greater than Goldstone, but Goldstone has much greater sky coverage than Arecibo. Continued access to facilities for the detailed study of near-earth objects is essential to primitive bodies studies. DSN Status Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 6
National Radar Assets Goldstone DSS-14 (DSN) 70 m antenna, 500 kw transmitter, 4 cm wavelength (X band) Arecibo (NAIC) 300 m antenna, 1 MW transmitter, 13 cm wavelength (S band) Green Bank Telescope (GBO) 100 m antenna, no transmitter 7
Goldstone Solar System Radar DSS-14: 70 m antenna at Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex DSN Status Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 8
Goldstone Solar System Radar DSN Status Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 9
Goldstone Solar System Radar New klystron! DSN Status Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 10
Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 The Deep Space Network The DSN is a critical element of NASA s solar system exploration program. It is the only asset available for communications with missions to the outer solar system, and is heavily subscribed by inner solar system missions as well. As instruments advance and larger data streams are expected over the coming decade, this capability must keep pace with the needs of the mission portfolio. Future demands on the DSN will be substantial. Missions to the distant outer solar system requires access to either 70-meter antennas or equivalent arrays of smaller antennae. The DSN must also be able to receive data from more than one mission at one station simultaneously. If arrays can only mimic the ability of one 70-meter station and nothing more, missions would still be downlink constrained and would have to compete against one another for limited downlink resources. Although Ka-band downlink has a clear capacity advantage, there is a need to maintain multiple band downlink capability. For example, three-band telemetry during outer planet atmospheric occultations allows sounding of different pressure depths within the atmosphere. In addition, S-band is required for communications from Venus during probe, balloon, lander, and orbit insertion operations where other bands cannot penetrate the atmosphere. X-band capability is required for communication through the atmosphere of Titan, and also for emergency spacecraft communications. The committee recommends that all three DSN complexes should maintain high power uplink capability in X and Ka-band, and downlink capability in S, Ka, and X-bands. NASA should expand DSN capacities to meet the navigation and communication requirements of missions recommended by this decadal survey, with adequate margins. DSN Status Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 11
2020--2021 Mars Contention Period Planning New Mars missions launch in mid-2020 and arrive in early 2021 ~ 8-week window Current Mars Missions TGO 2016 (orbiter) operating MAVEN (orbiter) operating Curiosity (rover) operating InSIGHT (lander) operating MRO (orbiter) likely operating MOM-1 (orbiter) likely operating MER (rover) possibly operating ODY (orbiter) possibly operating MEX (orbiter) possibly operating? 2020--2021 New Mars Missions with DSN Support NASA Mars 2020 (Rover) (EDL) ESA ExoMars Rover and Surface Platform (RSP) (EDL) SpaceX Red Dragon lander 1 (EDL) SpaceX Red Dragon lander 2 (EDL) ISRO MOM-2 orbiter (MOI) UAE EMM orbiter (MOI) DSN Status Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 12
2020--2021 Mars Contention Period Planning Preliminary Findings I Deep Space Network will be supporting unprecedented volume of missions and data at one planetary body DSN planning for Mars and 30+ non-mars missions Longer term impacts from Mars mission surge persists Does not go away later --- overall mission load increased Mitigating actions also long-term strategies: in 2020s--2030s, growth in planetary, crewed missions expected to continue DSN Status Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 13
DSN Futures Mitigation and Strategy I Maximize use of Multiple Spacecraft Per Aperture (MSPA) up to four at once (downlink) Investigating multiple uplink per aperture Likely requires changes to onboard radios http://eyes.nasa.gov/dsn/dsn.html DSN Status Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 14
DSN Futures Mitigation and Strategy II DSN Aperture Enhancement Project DSN identified efficiencies to enable construction of additional 34 m antennas Provides multiple mission coverage at each Complex Addressing Decadal Survey recommendation DSS-56 foundation in Madrid Maximize use of non-dsn large antennas ESA, Sardinia, JAXA, ISRO, Morehead State DSN Status Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 15
Deep Space Network DSN Aperture Enhancement Project (through 2025) + backend digital signal processing Canberra Goldstone Madrid 16
DSN Futures Mitigation and Strategy III Modify maintenance schedule to maximize DSN availability during critical periods (launches, Mars arrivals) Accelerate some antennas, defer others cf. change car s oil before embarking on long road trip Figure from Space News, April 24, 2017 DSN Status Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 17
Maser Equivalent Data Rate from Jupiter 64-m Antenna Improved Coding Improved Spacecraft Antenna Antenna Arraying Ka-Band Ka-band Array History of Downlink Performance 10 12 10 10 1 st gravity assist to visit multiple planets: Mercury and Venus 1 st close-up study of outer planets Jupiter orbiter Discovery of 1,000 th planet 10 8 10 6 10 4 1st US Spacecraft to fly by the Moon 1 st flyby of Mars Saturn orbiter 10 2 1 10-2 10-4 TV relayed by satellite 1st Mini Computer History to date: Performance has improved by 10 13 so far Projection: Demand will continue to increase 10 per decade 1 st Cell Phone IBM PC Released Internet made Public 1 st Hand-Held GPS Receiver iphone Released 10-6 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 DSN Status Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 18
DSN Future Technologies Solid-state power amplifiers for higher uplink rates New, software-defined radios, associated technologies Including for smallsats Next-generation clocks Standards for cross-agency support and interaction Quantum communications? DSN Status Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 19
Decade 0--1: 10 Improvements over Today Vision for the DSN's Future Make upgrades to enhance future Mars orbiter relay capabilities and other spacecraft On-board software-defined radios Universal Space Transponder (UST) Iris smallsat transponder On the ground Common Platform signal processor On board and ground Ka band Universal Space Transponder (UST) new digital backends DSN Status Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 20
Decade 2+: 100 Improvements over Today Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC) to be demonstrated! Vision for the DSN's Future DSN Status Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 21
Decade 2+: 100 Improvement over Today Vision for the DSN's Future Human and robotic users 100 today s data rates from Mars up to 1 Gbps Dedicated Comm Relays Extend the Internet to Mars, enabling public engagement Dedicated 12m Stations NASA + International partnerships Hybrid RF/Optical Antenna Potential reuse of existing infrastructure, in development today z High Performance Optical Terminal: To be demonstrated on Pysche 22
DSOC Overview DSOC Technologies & Advances FLIGHT LASER TRANSCEIVER (FLT) Aluminum Optical Transceiver Assembly Photon-Counting Camera GROUND TECHNOLOGY SiC Flight Laser Transceiver (FLT) Packaged Nanowire Array Electron microscope detail of 320 µm active area tungsten silicide (WSi) superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) array Point-Ahead Mirror Single strut photo flight-like electronics Isolation Pointing Assembly Laser Transmitter Average Power 4 W Palomar Observatory/Hale Telescope 5 m DSN Status Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 23
The DSN and the Interplanetary Internet Vision for the DSN's Future Mars Moon Venus Titan Icy Moon DSN Status Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 24
The Deep Space Network - - - - + + + + - - - + - + - + + + - - + + - - - - + + + - - - - Enabling 35+ missions Maintaining 99% reliability + Radar contributing to planetary science and planetary defense Implementing strategies to continue performance into 2020s and beyond j p l. n a s a. g o v