STUDY QUESTIONS TEST 2 ANTHOCEROPHYTA, TRACHEOPHYTES AND PLANT STRUCTURE 1. Name the Bryophyte phylum that is most closely related to vascular plants? 2. How do Anthocerophyta differ from other Bryophytes? 3. Characterize earliest now extinct vascular plants using Cooksonia as an example. 4. What is stele? Describe protostele and syphonostele? 5. Describe evolution of microphyll and megaphyll in vascular plant phylogeny. 6. What is strobilus, micro megasporophyll, micro megaspore, seta describe using Lycopodium and Selaginella. 7. Describe Psylotum morphology and life cycle as a homosporous, and monoecious gametophytic example. 8. Describe Equisetum morphology. 9. Describe fern stem vascular cylinder as an example of an early siphonostele. 10. Describe fern life cycle as another homosporous, and monoecious gametophytic example. 11. In the Fern Life Cycle above: A. "A" Represents the (Gametophyte or Sporophyte) Stage B. "B" Represents the (Gametophyte or Sporophyte) Stage
C. Is this life cycle homosporous or heterosporous? D. Is the sporophytes monoecious or dioecious? E. Is the gametophyte monoecious or dioecious? 12. In the stage of fern life cycle above, name the structure indicated by the letter F. A above G. B above H. C above I. D above
J. Is the above the gametophyte or Sporophyte? K. Is the plant above haploid or diploid? 13. The above is a life stage of a fern. L. Which number represents the roots? M. Which number shows a fiddle-head? N. Which number represents the rhizome? O. Which number shows a frond? P. Which number indicates a pinnae? Q. Is the above plant a sporophyte or gametophyte? R. Is the above plant diploid or haploid?
14. Describe adaptive advantage that ovule offers in seed plants compared to nonseed plants with no ovule refer to the start of sporophytic generation in alternation of generations. 15. Describe adaptive advantages that seed provides to spermatophytes compared to nonseed plants. 16. Describe morphological features of Cycads, Conifers, Ginkgo and Gnetos. 17. Describe morphological features of male and female pine cones. 18. Briefly describe major events in pine life cycle. GYMNOSPERMS 1. In gymnosperms, which generation is the dominant generation? a. sporophyte b. gametophyte 2. In gymnosperms, the is retained by the sporophyte generation. a. Megaspore b. Microspore c. Pollen d. Sporophyte 3. The term gymnosperm refers to - a. naked seeds b. seeds enclosed in a fruit c. sperm enclosed in pollen d. sperm enclosed in a fruit 4. In gymnosperms, the gametophyte is distributed by air rather than requiring water for fertilization. a. Male b. Female 5. An evolutionary advantage of seeds is - a. Provides food for the developing sporophyte b. Provides protection c. Allows for delayed germination until conditions are favorable d. All of the above
6. Seeds represent 3 generations. These are- a. Two gametophyte generations and a sporophyte generation b. Two sporophyte generations and a gametophyte generation c. Three gametophyte generations d. Three sporphyte generations 7. All seed plants are - a. Heterosporus b. Homosporus c. Monoecious d. Dioecious 8. Integuments are sporophyte tissue that become the - a. Seed b. Embryo c. Pollen d. Seed coat 9. The cones of gymnosperms are homologous to the of the seedless vascular plants a. Leaves b. Strobili c. Megasporangium d. Microsporangium 10. Pollen grains are reduced a. Sporangium b. Sporophylls c. Male gametophytes d. Female gametophytes 11. Ginko belongs to which division of gymnosperms? a. Ginkophyta b. Cycadophyta c. Coniferophyta d. Gnetophyta 12. Pines belong to - a. Ginkophyta b. Cycadophyta c. Coniferophyta d. Gnetophyta
13. Gymnosperms such as pine produce - a. Vast amounts of pollen b. Very little pollen c. Seeds in only a few weeks d. Pollen in megasporangia 14. How many species of Ginko are there world wide a. Only 1 b. Approximately 10 c. Several hundred d. Several thousand 15. The fossil record for Ginko suggests that Ginko - a. Has evolved considerably in 80 million years b. Is virtually unchanged in 80 million years c. Has evolved from cycads d. Has evolved from ferns 16. Ginko is - a. Monoecious b. Dioecious c. Vegetatively propagated - no sexual reproduction d. Very sensitive to air polution 17. Which of the following do NOT belong to Pinophyta? a. Hemlock b. Spruce c. Cypress d. Ephedra 18. Pollen grains are the generation a. sporophyte b. gametophyte
19. In pines, the male gametophyte - a. takes a few hours to fertilize the egg of the female gametophyte b. takes a few minutes to fertilize the egg of the female gametophyte c. takes several months to fertilize the egg of the female gametophyte 20. The archegonium of pine forms - a. within the female gametophyte b. within the pollen tube c. within the microsporangium 21. The sporophyte embryo is- a. diploid b. haploid 22. Gymnosperms produce of the worlds timber needs a. Very little b. Less than 30% c. About 50% d. About 75% Pine Life Cycle
23. Structure number 1 is a - a. Pollen grain b. Zygote c. Egg d. Megasporophyll e. Microsporophyll 24. Structure 2 is the a. Pollen grain b. Zygote c. Egg d. Megasporophyll e. Microsporophyll 25. Process number three is a. Mitosis b. Meiosis c. Fertilization d. Germination 26. Structure 4 represents the a. Male gametophyte b. Female gametophyte c. The embryo d. Megasporophyll e. Microsporophyll 27. Structure 5 represents a. Male gametophyte b. Female gametophyte c. The embryo d. Megasporophyll e. Microsporophyll 36. Structure 6 represents the a. zygote b. megaspore c. microspore d. Archogonia 38. The (number 10) is contained within the a. Embryo, female gametophyte b. Megaspores, Megasporangia c. Archegonia, female gametophyte d. Microspores, Microsporangia
39. Gnetophytes are unique among gymnosperms because a. they don't have cones b. they have double fertilization c. they have a short life cycle d. they are not photosynthetic ANTHOPHYTES 14. When and how did the flower/angiosperms first evolve? 15. Describe flower structure four major parts and each of their unit parts, and functions of those unit parts. 16. Identify megasporophyll, megasporangia, megaspore, female gametophyte; microsporophyll, microsporangia, mocrospore, male gametophyte in flower. 17. Describe Angiosperm life cycle especially referring to the fate of megaspore and microspore after their formation from respective sporangia; double fertilization; endosperm of Monocots vs. Eudicots. 18. Describe adaptations that have evolved in Angiosperm xylem and phloem to support flower and fruit in contrast to Gymnosperms. 19. Describe Angiosperm cladogram referring to ANA Grade, Magnoliids, Monocots and Eudicots. 20. Compare Monocot seed with Eudicot seed. 21. What are the relative sizes of Monocot class (Lilioopsida) and Eudicot class (Magnoliopsida) in Anthophyta phylum? 22. Under Magnoliids, name two economically important plant species. 23. Identify suffixes of plant phyla, classes, orders and families. Fully classify wheat and rice. 24. List the six largest Angiosperm families from large to small using their botanical names and common names which ones are Monocots? 25. Compare Monocots with Eudicots in terms of leaf, stem, root, pollen and flower. 26. Why do Monocots typically lack secondary growth? 27. What are monocolpate and tricolpate pollens? 28. Draw the Eudicot cladogram showing Basal Eudicots, Core Eudicots, Rosids (Fabids and Malvids) and Asterids. 29. Study the Excel Table with main crop plant families and their representative crops. 30. Describe major characteristics leaf, flower, fruit of Fabids in Rosids especially in the Fabaceae. 31. Describe Asterid flower characteristics. 32. Describe the medicinal values in Vinca (Apocynaceae), Cinchona (Rubiaceae), and Foxglove (Plantaginaceae).
33. Name structures in the diagram below. "A" "B" "C" "F" "G" "L" 43. Which stage is dominant in the flowering plants, sporophyte or gametophyte? 44. Which letter represents the male gametophyte? 45. Which letter represents the female gametophyte? 46. Is the ovary of the flower gametophyte tissue or sporophyte tissue?
PLANT STRUCTURE 1. Describe tonoplast, turgor, pit fields, plasmodesmata, phragmoplast, symplast and apoplast. 2. Describe different types of plastids. 3. Describe the external structure of a typical plant. 4. Describe node, internode, axillary bud, apical bud, petiole and rhizome. 5. Categorize and describe meristematic and permanent tissues of plants. 6. Why are vascular tissues called permanent, and complex? 7. Describe four different cell types of xylem, and four different cell types of phloem and give function of each cell type. Which cells are dead at function/maturity? 8. Draw labeled sketches to show structures of each of cell types above. 9. What are examples of special parenchyma cells rather than being ground tissue only? 10. Describe the internal structure of typical leaf and functions of each tissue in it. 11. How are guard cells different from other leaf epidermal cells? 12. What are likely places of collenchyma in plant body/structure? 13. What are the two main types of sclerenchyma what cells are found in each type? 14. Draw clearly labeled diagrams of Monocot and Eudicot stem CSs. 15. What are ray cells/tissues? 16. Show and describe following regions of a typical root. root cap, zone of division, zone of elongation and zone of differentiation. 17. In a typical root CS (monocot and eudicot) label tissue layers /structures and discuss their functions. 18. Describe primary growth and secondary growth in Eudicots use apical meristem and vascular cambium function in your answer.