SCAL in Shale
Ingrain has digital rock physics labs in Houston and Abu Dhabi Ingrain Labs Ingrain Sales Offices Over 4000 rock samples processed and 125 commercial jobs have been completed in the past 18 months
Multi-scale rock properties from Ingrain helps maximize hydrocarbon recovery and reduce risk in technically challenging reservoirs Rock and fluid characterization strongly affect in-place volumes, recovery factors, injectivity/productivity, and deliverability. Therefore, accurate rock and fluid characterization are key for minimizing technical risks and maximizing the asset value. - Honarpour, et al, SPE 103358
Ingrain SCAL in Shale Fast, accurate SCAL Optimized sampling Designed for upscaling One sample - full SCAL
Two key Ingrain technologies make this possible CoreHD whole core CT scanning and logging Rapid flow unit identification Optimized sampling for SCAL Improved upscaling from pore to core vrock digital reservoir rocks Precise capture of pore space and rock matrix Accurate foundation for computing rock properties and multiphase flow www.ingrainrocks.com 5
Multi-scale pore to core workflow Whole core (meters) CoreHD Suite Rock typing and sampling locations 1m core CoreHD Suite Whole core (meters) A B vrocks A, K, F, Vp, Vs, Kr, PC, m, n A C A B B B C Reservoir model Multi-scale imaging: the size of the vrock sample is optimized for each rock type. A C C B C CoreHD images, logs and x-plots used by client to identify facies and select sampling locations CoreHD images and logs used by client to upscale rock types to whole core Average turnaround time from Ingrain: 60 days
Digital Rock Physics Overview
Ingrain Workflow Step 1: Macro CT scanning of core for identifying sampling locations: CoreHD High Definition CT imaging and logging of whole core Creation of Continuous Core Viewer movie, CT Borehole Image, Density Log and Atomic Number Log Sample locations identified, samples taken Step 2: vrock digital reservoir rocks created and basic rock properties computed: Micro/Nano CT or FIB imaging as required Segmentation and image processing, creation of vrock digital reservoir rocks Computation of basic rock properties (porosity, absolute permeability in x,y,z directions) Selection of vrocks for advanced rock properties Step 3: Advanced rock properties computed from vrocks : Grain size distribution Elastic properties (including Bulk, Young & Shear Modulus, Poisson s Ratio, Vp & Vs) Formation factor Archie s cementation exponent m and saturation exponent n Relative Permeability Capillary Pressure
Step 1: CoreHD Whole Core CT Suite
If whole core is not available, Ingrain can process plugs, cuttings and fragments
Step 2: Create vrock digital reservoir rocks During scanning, the energy emerging from the other side of the sample is converted into visible light and recorded as a digital image.
Ingrain images reservoir rock samples at the resolution needed to compute basic and advanced rock properties When sampling and imaging, Ingrain uses the largest volume and lowest resolution (and therefore largest field of view) that will permit accurate computation of rock properties and fluid flow.
Ingrain has experience with the following shale plays: Eagleford Haynesville Barnett Marcellus Montney Bakken New Albany Horn River Woodford Baltic Shale in Poland Saudi Arabia shales
Significant disparities in the porosity and permeability values reported by different labs that use the GRI crushed rock method Permeability values differ by 2-3 orders of magnitude Source: SPE 131350
Ingrain Shale Data more consistent with published trends than physical lab data
Ingrain FIB SEM FIB SEM image slice Resolution 3 nanometers/voxel Quartz Pore Kerogen Phyllosilicates 500 nm
Ingrain Shale SCAL Kerogen 6.9% Porosity 6.2 % Connected Porosity 4.7 % Isolated Porosity 0.5 % Porosity associated w/ TOC 1.7 % Permeability (nd) Kx 101 Ky 100 Kz 0* www.ingrainrocks.com +1 713.993.9795 info@ingrainrocks.com 17
Shale example: Relative Perm Results Viscosity ratio = 12.762 Interfacial Tension = 24 dyn/cm Contact Angle = 45 degrees
Typical Project Deliverables CoreHD whole core visualization Identify heterogeneities and laminations Litho-porosity Visualize fracture system Orient core for slabbing Select plug locations SCAL Connected, isolated, and kerogen porosity Permeability (x, y, z) and phi-k trends TOC Krel (Kg/Kw, Kg/Ko) PC (oil/water or gas/water) Plugs, chunks, chips Fine scale fractures, heterogeneities, inclusions Lithofacies, flow unit classification Rock, mineral, pore type and classification Phi and TOC Select SCAL locations Reports Rock property tables Images, presentations CoreHD movie files Observations and recommendations www.ingrainrocks.com 19
For more information: info@ingrainrocks.com +1 713 993 9795 (Houston) www.ingrainrocks.com 20