A B C F G E D A 17 µm B, C, D, E 61 µm J I H Figure 1: Boleodorus longicaudatus sp.n. Camera lucida drawings: A. Entire body, B. Anterior region, C.Reproductive system, D.Tail region, E. Lateral lines. Photomicrographs: F. Anterior region, G. Oesophageal region, H. Vulval opening, I.Gonadal region, J.Tail region.
F A B C E A 19 µm G D H B, C, D, E 107 µm Figure 2: Boleodorus spinocaudatus sp. n. Camera lucida drawings: A.Entire body, B. Anterior region, C.Reproductive system, D.Tail region, E. Lateral lines. Photomicrographs: F. Anterior region, G. Reproductive system, H. Tail region.
A B C D F G H I K N J L A µm B, C, D, E µm E M Figure 3: Tylenchus dhanachandi sp n. Camera lucida drawings: A. Entire body of female, B. Anterior region, C. Reproductive system, D. Tail region, E. Lateral lines, F. Entire body of male, G. Anterior region of male, H. Tail region of male, Photomicrographs: I. Anterior body of female, J. Reproductive system of female, K. Anal region of female, L. Tail tip of female, M. Lateral lines of female body, N. Anal region of male.
A B D C F H I G E J A 21 µm B, C, D, E 17 µm Figure 4: Tylenchus imphalus sp. n. Camera lucida drawings: A. Entire body, B. Anterior region, C. Reproductive system, D. Tail region, E. Lateral lines. Photomicrographs: F. Anterior body, G. Reproductive system, H. Tail region, I. Tail tip, J. Lateral lines.
A B C D I F G E H A 21 µm B, C, D, E 17 µm Figure 5: Tylenchus conicaudatus sp. n. Camera lucida drawings: A. Entire body, B. Anterior region, C. Reproductive system, D. Tail region, E. Lateral lines. Photomicrographs: F. Entire body, G. Anterior region, H. Vulval opening, I. Tail region.
A B C D I G F H J E A 42 µm B, C, D, E 34 µm K Figure 6: Filenchus neolongicaudatus Bina &Mohilal, 2010. Camera lucida drawings: A. Entire body, B. Anterior region, C.Reproductive system, D.Tail region, E.Lateral lines. Photomicrographs: F. Entire body, G. Anterior region, H.Reproductive system, I. Tail region, J & K. Tail tip.
A B C D F G H E I A 10 µm B, C, D, E 109 µm Figure 7: Telotylnechus manipurensis sp. n. Camera lucida drawings: A. Entire body, B. Anterior region, C. Reproductive system, D. Tail region, E. Lateral lines.photomicrographs: F. Anterior body, G. Oesophageal region, H. Tail region, I. Lateral lines.
A B C H J G I D K L M F E A 24 µm B, C, D, E 102 µm Figure 8: Criconemella pseudoserrata n. sp. Camera lucida drawings: A. Entire body, B. Anterior region, C. Reproductive system, D. Tail region, E. Mid body, surface view, F. Body, ventral view. Photomicrographs: G. Entire body, H. Anterior region, I. Body, knob region J. Reproductive system, K. Vulval region, L. Vulval opening. M. Tail tip.
A B C D A 63 µm B, C, D 34 µm G E H F Figure 9: Aphelenchoides dhanachandi sp. n. Camera lucida drawings: A. Entire body, B. Anterior region, C. Reproductive system, D.Tail region, Photomicrographs: E. Whole body, F. Anterior region, G. Reproductive system, H.Tail region.
A B C E G F D H A 63 µm B, C, D 34 µm Figure 10: Aphelenchoides neoechinocaudatus sp. n. Camera lucida drawings: A. Entire body, B. Anterior region, C. Reproductive system, D.Tail region. Photomicrographs: E. Anterior region, F. End bulb, G. Reproductive system, H.Tail region.
300 250 IMPORTANCE VALUE 200 150 100 AF PV RD IV 50 0 Aphelenchus spp. Axonchium spp. Basiria spp Caloosia spp. Criconemella spp. Ditylenchus spp. Dorylaimellus spp. Dorylaimoides spp. Helicotylenchus spp. Hemicriconemoides spp. NEMATODE GENERA Iotonchus spp. Mylonchulus spp. Paratylenchus spp. Scutellonema spp. Tylencholaimus spp. Tylenchus spp. Figure 11: Graph showing absolute frequency, relative density, prominence value and importance value of soil and plant parasitic nematodes associated with mulberry plants at Govt. Silkfarm, Wangbal, Thoubal District during the year 2006 400 350 IMPORTANCE VALUE 300 250 200 150 100 AF PV RD IV 50 0 Aphelenchus spp. Axonchium spp. Basiria spp Caloosia spp. Criconemella spp. Ditylenchus spp. Dorylaimellus spp. Dorylaimoides spp. Helicotylenchus spp. Hemicriconemoides spp. Iotonchus spp. Mylonchulus spp. Paratylenchus spp. Scutellonema spp. Tylencholaimus spp. Tylenchus spp. NEMATODE GENERA Figure 12: Graph showing absolute frequency, relative density, prominence value and importance value of soil and plant parasitic nematodes associated with mulberry plants at Govt. Silkfarm, Wangbal, Thoubal District during the year 2007
IMPORTANCE VALUE 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Aphelenchus spp. Axonchium spp. Basiria spp Caloosia spp. Criconemella spp. Ditylenchus spp. Dorylaimellus spp. Dorylaimoides spp Helicotylenchus spp Hemicriconemoides spp NEMATODE GENERA AF PV RD IV Iotonchus spp. Mylonchulus spp. Paratylenchus spp. Scutellonema spp. Tylencholaimus spp Tylenchus spp. Figure 13: Graph showing absolute frequency, relative density, prominence value and importance value of soil and plant parasitic nematodes associated with mulberry plants at Govt. Silkfarm, Wangbal, Thoubal District during the year 2008. 450 400 350 IMPORTANCE VALUE 300 250 200 150 AF PV RD IV 100 50 0 Aphelenchus spp. Axonchium spp. Basiria spp Caloosia spp. Criconemella spp. Ditylenchus spp. Dorylaimellus spp. Dorylaimoides spp. Helicotylenchus spp. Hemicriconemoides spp. Iotonchus spp. Mylonchulus spp. Paratylenchus spp. Scutellonema spp. Tylencholaimus spp. Tylenchus spp. NEMATODE GENERA Figure 14: Graph showing absolute frequency, relative density, prominence value and importance value of soil and plant parasitic nematodes associated with mulberry plants at Govt. Silkfarm, Wangbal, Thoubal District during year the 2006 2008
Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual Dependant Variable: NEMATODE Expected Cum Probability.75.50.25.25.50.75 Observed Cum Probability Figure 15: Graph showing the relationship between nematode population and soil moisture during the year 2006 Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual Dependant Variable: NEMATODE Expected Cum Probability.75.50.25.25.50.75 Observed Cum Probability Figure 16: Graph showing the relationship between nematode population and soil temperature during the year 2006
Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual Dependant Variable: NEMATODE Expected Cum Probability.75.50.25.25.50.75 Observed Cum Probability Figure 17: Graph showing the relationship between nematode population and rainfall during the year 2006 Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual Dependant Variable: NEMATODE Expected Cum Probability.75.50.25.25.50.75 Observed Cum Probability Figure 18: Graph showing the relationship between nematode population and soil ph during the year 2006
Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual Dependant Variable: NEMATODE Expected Cum Probability.75.50.25.25.50.75 Observed Cum Probability Figure 19: Graph showing the relationship between nematode population and soil moisture during the year 2007 Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual Dependant Variable: NEMATODE Expected Cum Probability.75.50.25.25.50.75 Observed Cum Probability Figure 20: Graph showing the relationship between nematode population and soil temperature during the year 2007
Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual Dependant Variable: NEMATODE Expected Cum Probability.75.50.25.25.50.75 Observed Cum Probability Figure 21: Graph showing the relationship between nematode population and rainfall during the year 2007 Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual Dependant Variable: NEMATODE Expected Cum Probability.75.50.25.25.50.75 Observed Cum Probability Figure 22: Graph showing the relationship between nematode population and soil ph during the year 2007
Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual Dependant Variable: NEMATODE Expected Cum Probability.75.50.25.25.50.75 Observed Cum Probability Figure 23: Graph showing the relationship between nematode population and soil moisture during the year 2008 Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual Dependant Variable: NEMATODE Expected Cum Probability.75.50.25.25.50.75 Observed Cum Probability Figure 24: Graph showing the relationship between nematode population and soil temperature during the year 2008
Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual Dependant Variable: NEMATODE Expected Cum Probability.75.50.25.25.50.75 Observed Cum Probability Figure 25: Graph showing the relationship between nematode population and rainfall during the year 2008 Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual Dependant Variable: NEMATODE Expected Cum Probability.75.50.25.25.50.75 Observed Cum Probability Figure 26: Graph showing the relationship between nematode population and soil ph during the year 2008
Tylenchus spp.l 2% Scutellonema spp. 10% Paratylenchus spp. 2% Mylonchulus spp. 3% Iotonchus spp. 3% Hemicriconemoides spp. 2% Tylencholaimus spp. 6% Helicotylenchus spp. 34% Aphelenchus spp. 4% Axonchium spp. 11% Basiria spp. 2% Caloosia spp. 5% Criconemella spp. 6% Ditylenchus spp. 3% Dorylaimellus spp. 3% Dorylaimoides spp. 4% Figure 27: Pie-chart representation of the nematode genera during the year 2006 Scutellonema spp. 11% Paratylenchusspp. 2% Mylonchulus spp. 2% Iotonchus spp. 3% Hemicriconemoides spp. 1% TylenchTylenchus spp. 3% Tylencholaimus spp. 6% Aphelenchus spp. 4% Axonchium spp. 9% Basiria spp. 3% Caloosia spp. 4% Criconemella spp. 4% Ditylenchus spp. 4% Dorylaimellus spp. 3% Dorylaimoides spp. 4% Helicotylenchus spp. 37% Figure 28: Pie-chart representation of the nematode genera during the year 2007
Scutellonema spp. 12% Tylenchus spp.l 3% Tylencholaimus spp. 6% Aphelenchus spp. 4% Axonchium spp. 11% Basiria spp. 2% Paratylenchus spp. 2% Mylonchulus spp. 6% Iotonchus spp. 2% Hemicriconemoides spp. 2% Caloosia spp. 9% Criconemella spp. 1% Ditylenchus spp. 3% Dorylaimellus spp. 3% Dorylaimoides spp. 4% Helicotylenchus spp. 30% Figure 29: Pie-chart representation of the nematode genera during the year 2008
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 H. cornurus H. dihystera H. graminophilus H. psuedorobustus R. minutus S. aberrans Site I Site II Site III Site IV Figure 30: Total nematode population of the family Hoplolaimidae at four different sites of valley Districts of Manipur 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 Site I Site II Site III Site IV 500 0 Nematode Organic carbon Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium Figure 31: Relationship between the total nematode populations at four sites with their physico - chemical parameters
PLATE NO. I Figure 32: Effect of different inoculums of J 2 Meloidogyne javanica on Mulberry plants (Var. S 10 ) Figure 33: Galled roots of mulberry plant (Var.S 10 ) due to M. javanica
PLATE NO. II Figure 34: T.S. of uninfected roots of Mulberry plant (Var. S 10 0), 0.25x х 10x Figure 35: T.S. of uninfected roots of Mulberry plant (Var. S 10 ), 0.65x х 40x Figure 36: T.S. of infected roots of Mulberry plant (Var. S 10 0), 0.65x х 40x Figure 37: T.S. of infected roots of Mulberry plant (Var. S 10 ), 0.65x х 40x
PLATE NO. III Figure 38: Effect of fungal inoculums of Aspergillus sp. on Eggg and J 2 M. javanica (8 days after inoculation) 10x 10x. Figure 39: Effect of fungal inoculums of Aspergillus sp. on J 2 M. javanica (39 days after inoculation) 10x 10x. Figure 40: Effect of fungal inoculums of Figure 41: Effect of fungal inoculums of Mucor sp. on Egg and J 2 M. javanica Mucor sp. on J 2 M. javanicaa (39 days after inoculation) 10x 10x. (39 days after inoculation) 10x 40x.
PLATE NO. IV Figure 42: Effect of fungal inoculums of Paeceilomyces sp. on Egg of M. javanica (39 days after inoculation) 10x 40x Figure 43: Effect of fungal inoculums of Paeceilomyce es sp. on Eggg and J 2 M. javanica (39 days after inoculation) 10x 10x Figure 44: Effect of fungal inoculums Figure 45: Effect of fungal inoculums of Penicillium sp. on Eggg of M. javanica of Penicillium sp. on Egg and J 2 M. (8 days after inoculation) 10x 10x. javanica (39 days after inoculation) 10x 10x.
PLATE NO. V Figure 46: Effect of fungal inoculums of Trichoderma sp. on J 2 of M. javanica (39 days after inoculation) 10x 10x. Figure 47: Effect of fungal inoculums of Trichoderma sp. on Egg of M. javanica (39 days after inoculation) 40x 10x
PLATE NO. VI Figure 48: Effect of fungal inoculums of Trichoderma viride on Scutellonema (39 days after inoculation) 10x 10x Figure 49: Effect of fungal inoculums of T. harzianum on Helicotylenchus (39 days after inoculation) 10x 10x Figure 50: Effect of fungal inoculums of T. harzianum on Helicotylenchus (39 days after inoculation) 10x 40x
PLATE NO. VII Figure 51: Effect of fungal inoculums of T. longibranchiatum on Scutellonem ma, whole body. (3 days after inoculation) 10x 10x Figure 52: Effect of fungal inoculums of T. longibranchiatum on Scutellonema, head region. (3 days after inoculation) 10x 40x Figure 53: Effect of fungal inoculums of T. koningii on Scutellonema. (3 days after inoculation) 10x 10x Figure 54: Effect of fungal inoculums of T. koningii on Helicotylenchus. (3 days after inoculation) 10x 10x
PLATE NO. VIII Figure 55: Effect of fungal inoculums of T. hamatum on Scutellonema. (39 days after inoculation) 10x 10x Figure 56: Effect of fungal inoculums of T. hamatum on Scutellonema, head region. (39 days after inoculation) 10x 40x Figure 57: Effect of fungal inoculums of T. hamatum on Scutellonema, tail region. (39 days after inoculation) 10x 40x Figure 58: Effect of fungal inoculums of T. hamatum on Helicotylenchus. (39 days after inoculation) 10x 10x