H = Hydrogen atoms O = Oxygen atoms

CHEMISTRY CP Name: KEY Period: TEST DATE: Unit 8 Review Sheet KEY: Properties of Water, Solutions, Concentration, Acids and Bases PROPERTIES OF WATER 1. Define the following terms: polarity, surface tension, vapor pressure, specific heat, and capillary action. POLARITY: Polarity is the separation of charges, positive and negative that can describe a bond or an entire molecule and is caused by differences in electronegativity. SURFACE TENSION: The tendency for molecules at the surface of a liquid to be pulled inward resulting in a smooth surface. VAPOR PRESSURE: The vapor pressure of a liquid is the equilibrium pressure of a vapor above its liquid (or solid) SPECIFIC HEAT: The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of substance by 1 C. CAPILLARY ACTION: The rise of liquids up a narrow tube 2. Draw four water molecules. Label the types of bonds, oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, and respective charges on the atoms. Hydrogen bonds H = Hydrogen atoms O = Oxygen atoms δ- δ+ δ+ Covalent bonds 3. Is water polar or nonpolar? Explain. Water is a polar molecule because the oxygen is more electronegative that the hydrogen so there is unequal sharing of the bonding electrons. Oxygen attracts the bonding electrons more than each hydrogen, and this causes the oxygen to be slightly negative and each hydrogen becomes slightly positive. 4. What type of bond forms between individual molecules of water? Hydrogen bonds 5. What type of bond forms between each hydrogen and the oxygen within a water molecule? Covalent 6. Why is water considered the universal solvent? Water is considered the universal solvent because it has the ability to dissolve many substances. 7. What are the special properties of water and why do they occur? High surface tension, high specific heat, low vapor pressure, capillarity, less dense in the solid state; these properties are due to the hydrogen bonds 8. Explain why solid ice is less than liquid water with regard to particle arrangement. Ice actually has a very different structure than liquid water, in that the molecules align themselves in a regular lattice rather than more randomly as in the liquid form. It happens that the lattice arrangement allows water molecules to be more spread out than in a liquid, and, thus, ice is less dense than water. 9. Why does sugar dissolve in water, but oil does not? Water is a polar molecule and sugar is polar (like dissolves like). Oil is nonpolar so it will not dissolve. SOLUTIONS 10. Define the following terms: solution, solvent, solute, dilute, concentrated, dissociate, solubility, saturated, supersaturated and unsaturated. SOLUTION: a homogeneous mixture where one substance is dissolved inside of another. SOLVENT: the substance that does the dissolving SOLUTE: the substance that is dissolved DILUTE: a solution that has excess solvent; the solution has a lower concentration of solute per solvent CONCENTRATED: a solution that contains more a higher concentration of solute per solvent DISSOCIATE: when ionic compounds break into their respective ions completely SOLUBILITY: the measure of the amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent

SATURATED: a solution where the maximum of solute is added to solvent SUPERSATURATED: a solution where there are more solute particles than are needed to form a saturated solution UNSATURATED: a solution where there are less solute particles than are needed to form a saturated solution 11. Give an example of solid, liquid, and gas solution. Identify the solute and solvent. Solid: Steel. Solute-carbon, Solvent-iron Liquid: Soda. Solute-sugar, CO2, etc. Solvent-water Gas: Air. Solute-O2, CO2, etc. Solvent-N2 12. What is a solution? Give an example of a solution, and an example of a mixture that is not a solution. Solution is a homogeneous mixture. Examples of solutions include steel, Kool-Aid, and air. A mixture that is not a solution is cereal and milk. 13. Describe how temperature and pressure affects the solubility of solid and gas solutes in water. As temperature increases, the solubility of solid solutes increase and the solubility of gas solutes decrease. As pressure increases, the solubility of gas solutes increase. Pressure does not affect the solubility of solid solutes. 14. A glass of water has 10g of sugar dissolved in it. If more sugar can be added to dissolve in the water, is the solution unsaturated, saturated, or supersaturated? unsaturated 15. How do intermolecular forces affect solvation? Like dissolves like: ionic and polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents. The energy released by forming intermolecular bonds between the solutes and solvent needs to be greater than the energy it takes to break apart the bonds. 16. Why do vinegar and oil not mix? Differences in polarity; vinegar is polar and oil is nonpolar 17. On the line at the left, write the letter of the definition that best matches each term. _f solution a. measure of how much solute will dissolve in a solvent _c_ solute b. solution with water as the solvent _g_ solvent c. substance that is dissolved in a solution _i soluble d. substance that dissolves in water to form a solution that conducts electricity _e_ alloy e. solid solution containing two or more metals _b_ aqueous f. homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single physical state _d_ electrolyte g. substance that does the dissolving in a solution _a_ solubility h. Liquids that are insoluble in each other are considered this _h_ immiscible i. capable of being dissolved CALCULATING CONCENTRATION COMMON CONVERSIONS: 1 g = 1 ml for water 1 kg = 1000 g 1 L = 1000 ml EQUATIONS: (1) Molarity= Moles solute/liters solution (2) Molality= Moles solute/kg solvent (3) ppm = (grams of solute/g solution) x 1,000,000 (4) % mass = (grams of solute/ grams of solution) x 100 (5) % volume = (volume of solute/ volume of solution) x 100 (6) grams per liter = grams of solute/liter of solution 18. If 8.7 g of Na2CO3 is dissolved in 800 ml of water, what is the molarity of the solution? 8.7 g / 106 g = 0.0821 moles Molarity = 0.0821moles / 0.800 L = 0.103M 19. How many grams of MgCl2 would be needed to make 1.5 L of a 0.40 M solution? Molarity = moles/liter 0.40M = x/1.5 L x = 0.60 moles 0.60 moles x 95.2 g/m = 57.12 grams 20. What is the molarity of a bleach solution containing 9.5g of NaOCl per liter of bleach? 9.5 g / 74.4 g = 0.128 moles Molarity = 0.128 moles / 1 L = 0.128M 21. What is the percent by volume of ethanol in a solution that contains 35 ml of ethanol dissolved in 115 ml of water? % volume = (35 ml / (35 ml + 115 ml) ) x 100 = 23.3% 22. Calculate the molarity of 1.60L of a solution containing 1.55 g of dissolved KBr. 1.55 g / 119 g = 0.0130 moles Molarity = 0.0130 moles / 1.60 L = 0.00814M

23. If.5mL of blood are added to 10.0 L of water what is the concentration in PPM?.5 ml =. 5 g 10.0 L = 10.0 kg or 10000 g (0.5 g/10000 g) x 1,000,000 = 50 ppm 24. A solution is made up of 123 g NaOH and 289 g water. The total volume is 300.0 ml. Determine the following: a. Moles of NaOH 123 g/ 40 g = 3.075 moles b. Moles of H2O 289 g/ 18 g = 16.1 moles c. Mass Percent (123 g / 412 g) x 100 = 29.9 % d. Mole fraction XNaOH = 3.075 moles / 19.175 moles = 0.160 XH2O = 1.00-0.160 = 0.84 e. Molarity 3.075 moles /.300 L = 10.25 M f. PPM (123 g / 412 g) x 1000000 = 2.99 x 10 5 ppm 25. What is the molality of a solution that contains 63.0 g HNO3 in 0.500 kg H2O? 63.0 g / 63.0 g = 1 mole molality = 1 mole / 0.500 kg = 2m 26. What mass of water is required to dissolve 100. g NaCl to prepare a 1.50m solution? 100 g / 58.5 g = 1.71 moles molality = moles / kg 1.50m = 1.71 moles / x kg x = 2.57 kg SOLUBILITY (NOTE CHANGES TO #28 and #30) 27. What is the solubility of potassium nitrate at 30 0 C? Potassium nitrate, KNO3 44 g per 100 g H2O 28. How many grams of ammonia can I dissolve in 200 grams of water at a temperature of 45 0 C? SKIP, NH3 IS NOT ON THIS GRAPH** 29. At what temperature is the solubility of sodium chloride the same as the solubility of potassium chloride? About 30 degrees C 30. How many grams of potassium chloride would I need to make 300 grams of a saturated solution at 70 0 C? 48 g x 3 = 144 g 31. What do all of the compounds that decreased in solubility over the temperature range in the graph have in common? They are gases 32. What compound is least soluble at 40 0 C? Ce2(SO4)3 33. What ionic compound is least soluble at 40 0 C? Ce2(SO4)3 34. Using the solubility graph, determine if the following solutions are saturated, unsaturated or supersaturated. If they are anything but saturated, list two things you can do to make them saturated (include numbers). Solution (in 100g H2O) Sat, Unsat, Supersat +/- how many C to make saturated? 10 g of KClO3 at 30 o C SATURATED N/A N/A +/- how many g to make saturated? 30 g NaCl at 40 o C UNSATURATED VALUE IS OFF THE CHART 36 g 30 g = ~6 g 60 g KNO3 at 30 o C SUPERSATURATED 37 C 30 C = ~ 7 C 60 g 45 g = ~15 g 40 g K2Cr2O7 at 80 o C UNSATURATED 80 C 63 C = ~ 17 C 57 g 40 g = ~17 g ACIDS AND BASES What are the properties of acids and bases? Acids: taste sour, ph < 7, turns blue litmus red. Bases: taste bitter, slippery, ph > 7, turns red litmus blue.

35. What is an Arrhenius acid and base? How is it different from a Bronsted Lowry acid and base? The two theories are just different ways to describe acids and bases. Bronsted-Lowry definition is generally more inclusive of all acid-bass. Arrhenius acid increases H+ concentration in solution while Arrhenius base increases OH- concentration. Bronsted Lowry acid is defined as a proton donor, while the Bronsted Lowry base is defined as a proton acceptor. 36. Write a chemical equation that shows how HCl (hydrochloric acid), creates hydronium ions in an aqueous solution. HCl + H2O Cl - + H3O + 37. What is a conjugate acid-base pair? Give an example. Conjugate acid-base pair consists of two substances related to each other by the donating and accepting of a single hydrogen ion. When an acid donates a hydrogen ion, it forms the conjugate base. When a base accepts a hydrogen ion, it forms a conjugate acid. 38. Identify the following as acids or bases: a. HF ACID b. NH4OH BASE c. HCN ACID d. NH4 + ACID 40. Identify the conjugate acid for the following: a. CN - HCN b. NH3 NH4 + c. CO3 2- HCO3 - d. Br - HBr e. H2O H3O + f. CH3NH - CH3NH2 41. Identify the conjugate base for the following: a. H2S HS - b. H2SO3 HSO3 - c. HCO3 - CO3 2- d. HI I - e. HNO3 NO3 - f. H2PO4 - HPO 4-2 42.Fill in the following table: Equation Acid Base Conjugate Base Conjugate Acid H2O + CH3NH2 OH- + CH3NH3 H2O CH3NH2 OH- CH3NH3 HF + NH3 F - + NH4 + HF NH3 F - NH4 + H2O + H2O OH - + H3O + H2O H2O OH- H3O+ HCl + H2O Cl - + H3O + HCl H2O Cl - H3O + 43. Why do scientists tend to express the acidity of a solution in terms of ph rather than in terms of molarity of hydrogen ion present? Since ph is the log [H+], it makes it easier to express dilute concentrations of [H+] and compare the relative acidity of various solutions by understanding that each step in the ph scale is a difference of 10x. For example, instead of looking at 0.00000001 M [H+] and 0.000001 M [H+], it makes it easier to compare a ph = 8 and ph = 6. Also, since we have learned the relationship between ph and poh, using the ph scale allows us to express the relative [H+] and [OH-] using one scale instead of measuring both concentrations. 44. What is the mathematical definition of ph? ph = -log [H+] 45. As the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution increases, does the ph of the solution increase or decease? ph decreases! ph < 7 = acidic. The lower the ph # gets, the more acidic a solution is. 46. What is the relationship between ph and poh? ph + poh = 14

47. Indicate which of the following solutions is more acidic: a. [H + ] = 5.69 x 10-8 M or [OH - ] = 4.49 x 10-6 M ph = 7.24 poh = 5.35, ph = 14 5.35 = 8.65 b. [H + ] = 2.6 x 10-3 M or [H + ] = 4.5 x 10-4 M 48. Complete the following table: [H + ] [OH - ] ph poh Acidic/? 3.4 x 10-3 M 2.95 x 10-12 M 2.47 11.53 Acidic 2.09 x 10-6 M 4.8 x 10-9 M 5.68 8.32 Acidic 7.94 x 10-6 M 1.26 x 10-9 5.1 8.9 Acidic 1.58 x 10-11 M 6.31 x 10-4 M 10.8 3.2 49. Calculate the ph and determine whether the solution is acidic or basic: a. 8.6 M solution of HCl HCl + H2O H3O + + Cl (releases a hydronium ion, so acid) ph = -log [8.6] = 0.93 Acidic b. 0.000701 M solution of NaOH NaOH Na + + OH - (releases a hydroxide ion, so base) poh = -log [0.000701] = 3.15 ph = 14-3.15 = 10.85 c. [OH - ] = 0.000084 M poh = -log [0.000084] = 4.08 ph = 14-4.08 = 9.92 d. [H + ] = 6.9 x 10-9 M ph = -log [6.9 x 10-9 ] = 8.16 50. What are the products of a neutralization reaction? Water and a salt