Just to review Genetics and Cells? How do Genetics and Cells Relate? The cell s NUCLEUS contains all the genetic information. It s called: DNA
A. Describe what Gregor Mendel discovered in his experiments about genetics. Gregor Mendel 1851 Priest from a monastery in central Europe. High School teacher Became curious about traits He is known as, The Father of Genetics.
A. Describe what Gregor Mendel discovered in his experiments about genetics. Gregor Mendel He noticed that the characteristics of pea seeds and plants varied: Round seeds or wrinkled seeds Tall or short plants White or purple flowers Yellow or green pea pods WHY???
A. Describe what Gregor Mendel discovered in his experiments about genetics. Gregor Mendel He began cross pollinating plants with these characteristics. First trait tested was HEIGHT. Crossed a short plant with a tall plant. Results: Mendel found that - All the pea plants grew to be tall The short trait had disappeared
A. Describe what Gregor Mendel discovered in his experiments about genetics. Gregor Mendel Mendel ended up testing seven different traits.
A. Describe what Gregor Mendel discovered in his experiments about genetics. Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel s discoveries: Inheritance of each trait is determined by "units" or "factors" (now called genes) that are passed on to offspring An individual inherits one gene from each parent for each trait A trait may not show up in an individual but can still be passed on to the next generation
B. Define common terms in genetics Terms in Genetics P1 Generation Your parents The original parent or the true breeding plant. F1 Generation You The offspring of the parent (P1) F2 Generation Your Offspring The offspring of the (F1) generation.
B. Define common terms in genetics Terms in Genetics Allele Form of a gene Usually represented with a letter Every trait has two alleles that determine the expression of the trait. One from mom, other from dad height, color, shape, etc
B. Define common terms in genetics Terms in Genetics Dominant traits: The trait that shows up ¾ of the time. Shown with uppercase letters. TT Recessive traits: The trait that shows up ¼ of the time. Shown with lowercase letters tt
B. Define common terms in genetics Terms in Genetics Purebred Offspring of 2 parents with the same characteristics/breeding Example: Angus calf from angus bull and cow Example: Red carnation pollinated from 2 other red carnations. Hybrid Offspring from parents with different characteristics/breeding Example: calf from hampshire boar and yorkshire sow Example: Red carnation pollinated from a white carnation and a red carnation
B. Define common terms in genetics Terms in Genetics Genotype: The genetic composition of an individual Phenotype: How the alleles express themselves. What you SEE Ex. Two black calves might have the same phenotype, but different genotypes. One may be Heterozygous, (Bb) One may be Homozygous, (BB)
B. Define common terms in genetics Terms in Genetics Homozygous: Genes that possess two dominant alleles or two recessive. TT or tt Heterozygous: Genes that possess one dominant and one recessive trait. Tt
C. Demonstrate how a punnet square is used to determine heritability of traits The Punnet Square A method of calculating the chances of inheriting a specific trait Mendel's pea plants T T Tall = TT t Tt Tt P1 Generation Short = tt t Tt Tt F1 Generation
C. Demonstrate how a punnet square is used to determine heritability of traits The Punnet Square Mendel's pea plants Tall = Tt T t F1 Generation T TT Tt Tall = Tt t Tt tt F2 Generation
D. Compare methods of inheritance such as: dominance, sex linked, co dominance, and overdominance. Methods of Inheritance Dominance Offspring inherits the dominant trait Example: Black is always dominant in cattle
D. Compare methods of inheritance such as: dominance, sex linked, co dominance, and overdominance. Methods of Inheritance Sex-linked Genes Some genes are located on the X or Y chromosome and inherited by primarily 1 gender Color blindness Hemophilia Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Calico color in cats
E. Describe how genetics determine gender How Gender is Determined The sex of an animal is determined by the sex chromosomes. There are two types, X shaped chromosomes Y shaped chromosomes Vertebrate males have a XY Vertebrate females have a XX
E. Describe how genetics determine gender How Gender is Determined Every offspring has a 50/50 chance of being male or female Gender probablility: Females ALWAYS give an X chromosome Males give an X or Y
F. Give examples of how genetics are used to improve the quality of plant and animal based agriculture. Genetics in Agriculture
F. Give examples of how genetics are used to improve the quality of plant and animal based agriculture. Genetics in Agriculture Artificial Selection: Humans control animal breeding Specific traits are chosen and bred for Natural Selection: Survival of the fittest If the animal survives, it reproduces
F. Give examples of how genetics are used to improve the quality of plant and animal based agriculture. Genetics in Agriculture Varieties of corn
F. Give examples of how genetics are used to improve the quality of plant and animal based agriculture. Genetics in Agriculture
F. Give examples of how genetics are used to improve the quality of plant and animal based agriculture. Genetics in Agriculture Round-Up Ready Corn
F. Give examples of how genetics are used to improve the quality of plant and animal based agriculture. Genetics in Agriculture Increased athletic ability & agility in horses
F. Give examples of how genetics are used to improve the quality of plant and animal based agriculture. Genetics in Agriculture Colors in Holstein cattle
F. Give examples of how genetics are used to improve the quality of plant and animal based agriculture. Genetics in Agriculture Seedless Watermelon
F. Give examples of how genetics are used to improve the quality of plant and animal based agriculture. Genetics in Agriculture Seedless Bananas
Bell Quiz: 1. What is codominance? Give an example 2. What is incomplete dominance? Give an example 3. In a punnet square, what represents a dominant gene? A recessive gene? 4. What scientist discovered how characteristics are passed from generation to generation? 5. Draw a punnet square for a cross between a BB black bull and a Bb black cow 6. What is heterozygous? Give an example 7. What is homozygous? Give an example
Bell Quiz: 1. Give an example of a homozygous dominant genotype 2. Give an example of a heterozygous genotype 3. Give an example of a homozygous recessive genotype 4. Describe what a sex linked trait is 5. Complete a punnet square for crossing a red carnation (RR) with a White Carnation (R R )
Study for your Genetics Test!!