Radiation and the Universe D questions

Radiation and the Universe D questions Name: Q1.(a) The names of three types of radiation are given in List A. Some properties of these three types of radiation are given in List B. Draw one line from each type of radiation in List A to its crect property in List B. List A Type of radiation alpha beta gamma List B Property of radiation will pass through paper but is stopped by thin metal has the shtest range in air will not harm human cells is very weakly ionising (3) (b) The radioactive isotope iodine-123 can be used by a doct to examine the thyroid gland of a patient. The iodine, taken as a tablet, is absbed by the thyroid gland. The gamma radiation emitted as the iodine atoms decay is detected outside the body. The doct uses an isotope emitting gamma radiation to examine the thyroid gland rather than an isotope emitting alpha beta radiation. Which one of the following gives a reason why gamma radiation is used? Tick ( ) one box. Gamma radiation will pass through the body. Gamma radiation is not deflected by a magnet. Gamma radiation has a long range in air. Page 1

(c) Iodine-123 has a half-life of 13 hours. Use a wd from the box to complete the sentence. all half most After 13 hours... of the iodine-123 atoms the thyroid absbed have decayed. (d) Iodine-123 and iodine-131 are two of the isotopes of iodine. Draw a ring around the crect answer to complete the sentence. The nucleus of an iodine-123 atom has the same number of electrons neutrons protons as the nucleus of an iodine-131 atom. (Total 6 marks Q2.The pie chart shows the average proptions of natural background radiation from various sources in the UK. (a) (i) Complete the following sentence. On average,... of the natural background radiation in the UK comes from radon gas. (ii) Radon gas is found inside homes. The table shows the results from measuring the level of radon gas inside four homes in one area of the UK. Home Level of radon gas in Bq per m 3 of air 1 25 2 75 3 210 4 46 Mean 89 Page 2

One of the homes has a much higher level of radon gas than the other three homes. What should be done to give a me reliable mean f the homes in this area of the UK? Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer. igne the data f home number 3 measure the radon gas level in me homes in this area include data f homes from different areas of the UK (b) Each atom of radon has 86 protons and 136 neutrons. (i) How many electrons does each atom of radon have? Draw a ring around your answer. 50 86 136 222 (ii) How many particles are there in the nucleus of a radon atom?,draw a ring around your answer. 50 86 136 222 (Total 4 marks) Q3.Certain types of atom emit alpha, beta gamma radiation. The radiation is emitted from the centre of the atom. (a) What name is given to the centre of an atom?... (b) The sign below is used to warn people that a radiation source is being used in a labaty. Why is it imptant to warn people that a radiation source is being used? (c) Befe using a radiation source, a teacher asked her class whether there was any way that she could reduce the amount of radiation that the source emitted. Three students each gave an answer to the teacher. A B C Which one of the students, A, B C, is crect? Page 3

(d) The diagram shows the apparatus used by the teacher to demonstrate how one type of radiation is able to pass through lead. One lead sheet, 2 mm thick, was placed between the source and the detect and a count rate was taken. Extra lead sheets were added. F each extra lead sheet, a new count rate was taken and recded in the table. Number of lead sheets Count rate in counts per minute 1 226 2 220 3 210 4 190 5 185 Which type of radiation was the source emitting: alpha, beta gamma? Give the reason f your answer. (2) (e) The diagram shows how a company detects any boxes left empty by an automatic filler. When an empty box passes between the beta source and the detect, a buzzer sounds. A wker then removes the box from the convey belt. Page 4

(i) Why would this system not wk if an alpha source were used instead of the beta source?...... (ii) The chart shows how the detect reading changes as boxes pass along the convey belt. Which part of the chart, K, L, M N, shows that an empty box is passing between the beta source and the detect? Give a reason f your answer.......... (2) (Total 8 marks) Page 5

Q4.Nuclear power stations use the energy released from nuclear fuels to generate electricity. (a) Which substance do the majity of nuclear reacts use as fuel? Draw a ring around your answer. plutonium-239 thium-232 uranium-235 (b) Energy is released from nuclear fuels by the process of nuclear fission. Describe what happens to the nucleus of an atom during nuclear fission. (2) (c) Use wds from the box to complete each sentence. condenser gas generat react steam turbine The energy released from the nuclear fuel is used to heat water. The water turns into... and this is used to drive a... This turns a... to produce electricity. (3) (Total 6 marks) Page 6

Q5. (a) The diagram shows the lifecycle of a star. (i) Use wds phrases from the box to complete the sentences contained in the diagram. black dwarf black hole protostar red giant Gas and dust are pulled together to fm a... The star gives out energy as a main sequence star. The star expands fming a... The star shrinks to fm a white dwarf. The star fades away as a... (3) (ii) The table compares the approximate size of three stars with the size of the Sun. Star Alpha Centauri A Betelgeuse Cephei Size the same as the Sun 1120 times bigger than the Sun 1520 times bigger than the Sun Which one of these three stars has the lifecycle shown in part (a)(i)?... Give a reason f your answer...... (2) Page 7

(b) Which one of the following describes the process by which energy is given out in stars? Tick ( ) one box. Atomic nuclei inside the star join together. Atomic nuclei inside the star split apart. Gases inside the star burn. (Total 6 marks) Page 8

Radiation and the Universe D Questions Markscheme M1.(a) 3 lines crect allow 1 mark f each crect line if me than one line is drawn from any type of radiation box then all of those lines are wrong 3 (b) Gamma radiation will pass through the body 1 (c) half 1 (d) protons 1 [6] M2. (a) (i) half / 50 % 1 (ii) Measure the radon gas level in me homes in this area 1 (b) (i) 86 1 (ii) 222 1 [4] M3. (a) nucleus do not accept ce / centre / middle 1 (b) radiation damages our cells accept radiation is dangerous / poisonous / harmful / toxic accept radiation can cause cancer / kills cells / change DNA / cause mutations / harm health accept so precautions can be taken accept so they know they may be exposed to / harmed by radiation it refers to radiation (source) to stop people being harmed is insufficient 1 (c) C 1 (d) gamma 1 gamma will pass through the lead reason only sces if gamma chosen alpha and beta will not pass through lead accept crect symbols f alpha, beta and gamma 1 Page 9

(e) (i) range of alpha too sht accept alpha would not reach detect alpha absbed whether box is full empty accept alpha (always) absbed by box / card accept alpha will not pass through the box / card alphas cannot pass through objects / solids is insufficient alpha not strong enough is insufficient 1 (ii) M reason only sces if M chosen 1 less radiation / beta (particles) absbed accept me radiation / beta particles pass through me radiation absbed by full boxes accept reading is higher 1 [8] M4.(a) uranium-235 accept any crect indication 1 (b) splits / breaks (into two smaller parts) nucleus is separated is insufficient do not accept atom splits on its own 1 and (two / three) neutrons 1 (c) steam turbine generat. 1 mark each, crect der only. 3 [6] M5. (a) (i) protostar, red giant, black dwarf. 1 mark each, crect der only. 3 (ii) Alpha Centauri A 1 accept any crect indication, eg alpha, centauri, A reason only sces if Alpha Centauri A is chosen stars (about) same size as Sun fm white / black dwarfs 1 very large stars fm red super giants / supernova/black hole it is the same size as the Sun is insufficient same life cycle as the Sun is insufficient (b) Atomic nuclei inside the star join together 1 [6] Page 10