Learning aim C: Investigate essential factors involved in space travel. Learning aim D: Understand the fundamental concepts outlined in astrophysics and cosmology.
International Space Station
PAGES 4 15 MUST BE WRITTEN AS A REPORT
The International Space Station is made from the following materials: Materials Properties Use Aluminium Low density metal which is sturdy. Reflects the Sun s heat and insulates the spacecraft. Used as window shutters. Titanium Light-weight yet strong. Protection for spacecraft. Kevlar Glass Bullet-proof vest. Impact resistant. Between 8 and 38 times thicker than a standard window on Earth. Protects spacecraft from even dust sized particles it may encounter as it zips through space. Spacecraft windows - glass is subject to strict quality control because even a micro-meteoroid could cause a fracture.
What fuels do spacecraft use? Liquid hydrogen Liquid oxygen
Liquid hydrogen as a fuel Advantages Extremely light why is this good? Extremely powerful when it burns. Disadvantages It is cryogenic so can only be liquefied at very low temperatures what must this mean about the insulation of a rocket?
Escape velocity The escape velocity is the minimum speed needed for an object to escape from the gravitational influence of a massive body i.e. the Earth. v esc = 2GM R
Escape velocity calculation v esc = 2GM R = 2(6.7 10 11 )(6 10 24 ) (6.4 10 6 ) = 11.2 km/s Vesc = escape velocity G = gravitational constant M = mass of the Earth R = radius of the Earth
Escape velocity and mass The larger the mass of a body, the larger the escape velocity will be.
Hazards typical journey of a spacecraft Take off Overcoming the escape velocity Battling the Sun s radiation and meteors Landing
Cost of spaceflight What are the costs associated with spaceflight? Launching the shuttle. Maintaining the shuttle. YOU MUST TALK ABOUT THE COSTS OF THE ISS AND WHAT VIRGIN GALACTIC ARE OFFERING.
Communication Astronauts communicate both verbally and visually via antennae. Satellites must be in a line of sight in order to communicate.
THIS NEXT SECTION REQUIRES A WELL WORDED REPORT You need to discuss the materials which have been discovered/developed because of space flight: Slow spring back foam Arteriovision Digital hearing aids Abrasion-resistant lens coatings Life shears LOOK IN THE BOOKLET FOR MORE INFORMATION.
Physical aspects of achieving and sustaining space flight. The amount of energy required to launch the spacecraft into orbit depends on the location of the launch site and the inclination of the orbit.
Physical aspects of achieving and sustaining space flight. When in orbit, it is affected by the gravitational pull from the Sun, Moon and Jupiter so its orbit must be adjusted a few times.
Physical aspects of achieving and sustaining space flight. The ISS is in a low Earth orbit so it is affected by the drag from Earth s atmosphere. Because of this, the orbit has to be boosted.
Dangers of space flight You need to briefly discuss the following real-life accidents. 1. Salyut 1 2. Apollo 1 3. Challenge space shuttle 4. Columbia space shuttle
History of space flight You need to write about a selection of space missions both manned and unmanned. You MUST include: The name of the shuttle/ telescope The year it was launched The country or organisation who proposed it Brief details about its job/mission Whether it is manned or unmanned
Planned missions distinction criteria MUST be presented as a journalistic appraisal (article). You must include all the information given in the table on page 10.
You need to use the information you found from page 10 to answer the questions on page 11. I have given you hints for each of these sections.
THE NEXT 3 SLIDES (AND SECTIONS 8.1, 8.2, AND 8.3) MUST BE PRESENTED AS A POSTER/BOOKLET WITH RELEVANT PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY LABELLED.
Effects of short-term space flight on the human body Astronauts experience time-invariant effects. Factors which affect the human body over a short period of time are: Changes in gravity fields Being isolated/confined Being in a hostile environment Radiation from the Sun which is no longer stopped by the Earth s atmosphere Being in constant free fall
Factors affecting the body Change in gravity fields Isolation Hostile environments Space radiation Constant free fall Effects on the body Affects spatial orientation, head and hand-eye coordination, balance, locomotion, motion sickness. Development of behavioural issues and depression. Easily transferred micro-organisms, weakened immune system increase chance of illness and disease. Damage CNS which can alter your cognitive function, reduce motor function, and change behaviour. Muscle atrophy, weakening of bones, anaemia.
Case study Apollo Astronaut Training You need to read this article and write a case study about the issues NASA faced during the Apollo mission to the Moon. https://www.hq.nasa.gov/of fice/pao/history/sp-350/ch- 7-8.html
Effects of long-term space flight on the human body Astronauts can also be affected if they spend long periods of time in micro-gravity environments: Osteoporosis Change in blood flow Drop in blood plasma levels You MUST discuss the implications of these effects and what can be done to limit this.
General work carried out by astronauts Astronauts carry out experiments in micro-gravity environments to help us to better our understanding of certain diseases and develop treatments more effectively. They carry out: Medical experiments Research based experiments linked to areas of science and industry
Back to stars
The Hertz Sprung Russel Diagram THIS MUST BE HAND DRAWN AND THEN OUTLINE SIZE, LUMINOSITY AND TEMPERATURE.
THIS MUST BE HAND DRAWN AND LABELLED. Life cycle of a star Detailed notes including the point where the star reaches hydrostatic equilibrium pressure balance, to the point where the pressure overcomes the gravitational force and the star swells and, in the case of a supernova, it explodes. This must be accompanied by a labelled diagram.
Evidence for the Big Bang Theory We already know evidence for this theory of the beginning of the Universe is: 1. Redshift 2. CMBR Explain how redshift and the cosmic microwave background radiation provide evidence for the Big Bang and therefore, evolution of the universe.
Evolution of the Universe How Watch this video on the formation of the Universe and make some notes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wyw7p5mmn
Evolution of the Solar System You need to summarise the information in the link to explain the current theory of how the Solar System was formed: http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/solar_nebula.htm
Where has our current estimate of the age of the Universe come from? Age of universe = 1 Hubble s constant = 1 2.2 10 18 = 4.6 10 17 s = 14.6 billion years
Finally Astronomical distances Astronomical distances are huge so our standard units in Physics are unrealistic to use so we use different units: 1. Astronomical units 2. Light years 3. Parsecs (D) YOU MUST HAVE A DEFINITION FOR EACH.