Bryson Extra Credit Reading

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VOLCANOES New homework due next Tuesday, Nov 23 Extra Credit Chapter 14 The Fire Below due next Tuesday, Nov 23 Bryson Extra Credit Reading A Short History of Nearly Everything Chapter 14: The Fire Below Short summary due November 23, by your class time. Available at the bookstore, on line sales outlets, local libraries, and a ragged copy on reserve at the library (treat it gently) Bowen s Reaction Series Oceanic basin tectonics Icelandic Rift Convergent plate boundary http://my.execpc.com/~acmelasr/mountains/geogramsnf.html Partial melting due to decompression Mantle material results in mafic magma Basaltic oceanic crust forms http://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100/plo ts/0829_09_iceland.jpg http://my.execpc.com/~acmelasr/mountains/geogramsnf.html Partial melting by water flux From continental crust results in felsic magma Granitic continental crust forms Fujiyama Tectonics of Magma Low viscosity lava Basaltic magma From partial melting of mantle Occurs at oceanic ridges and mantle plumes More dense: makes oceanic crust Granitic magma From melting of crust, with water as flux Occurs at convergent boundaries Less dense: makes continental crust http://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100tu/plots/1008_composite_volc_fujiyama.jpg http://smart.tin.it/domsky/4/fotos-imagenes/immagini/1/2002_07_28_archive.html 1

Pahoehoe AA Kilauea http://gaia.busanedu.net/~creative/2002/cyber/rock/pages/20651_pahoehoe.htm http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/geology/images/aa_pahoehoe_lg.jpg http://www.fhvnp.org/albums/seminar_1142006.htm Mt St Helens Before Ash of Mt St Helens Kilauea spatter cone http://www.ncusd203.org/north/depts/science/slack/mt_helens.html http://www.billystudio.com/photo_album/big_island/volcano_park_slide/pages/kilauea%20spatter%20cone%201984.htm Volcanic bombs bomb Terms Viscosity: resistance to flow Pyroclastic: material blown into the air by volcanic eruption What is the relationship of lava viscosity to pyroclastic production by a volcano? Greater viscosity=more likely to have pyroclastic material http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/products/pglossary/bomb.html http://www.volcanicimages.com/krakatau/krakatau.html 2

C02 S02 H2 Lava character Volcanic gas composition Kilauea Summit Hot Spot 1170 C Volcanic gas composition CO S02 H2 H2S HCl H20 Erta` Ale Divergent Plate 1130 C CO H2S H2 HCl S02 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/erta_ale C02 Volcanic gas information below http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/what/volgas/volgas.html C02 H20 http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/gas/index.php http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/gas/index.php Volcanic gas composition Shield volcano Pahoehoe Momotombo Convergent Plate 820 C http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/momotombo.jpg CO H2S HCl H20 http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/gas/index.php http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/products/pglossary/shieldvolcano.html http://gaia.busanedu.net/~creative/2002/cyber/rock/pages/20651_pahoehoe.htm Pahoehoe AA A'a http://www.mistermoose.org/rtw/usa/hawaii/pahoehoe.html http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/geology/images/aa_pahoehoe_lg.jpg http://news.cnet.com/2300-13576_3-10001182-2.html 3

Active Lava Tube Kilauea Caldera Shield volcano http://www.doubledeckerpress.com/skylight.htm http://www.globalgeografia.com/album/oceania.htm http://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100tu/plots/1008_shield_volc.jpg Hawaii Mt St Helens MtStHelens http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/north_america/hawaii/big_island.html http://www.daviddarling.info/childrens_encyclopedia/dig_a_hole_to_china_chapter1.html http://www.geology.mcmail.com/volcanoes.htm Ash progression map of May 18, 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens Ash of Mt. St. Helens Ash Bed http://www.cmos.ca/ao/articles/v190207.pdf http://lvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/30714277-048_caption.html 4

Welded tuff Composite cone Blasted summit of Mt. St. Helens http://courses.unt.edu/hwilliams/geog_3350/examreviews/volcanic_structures.htm Whaleback dome in Mt. St. Helens Mt. Meager, British Columbia, Canada Glass cliff of Mt. Meager eruption 2500 y.b.p. Pumice lapilli of Mt. Meager http://www.geog.utah.edu/~hmiller/photos/mt_hood.jpg Mt Hood Cascade Volcano eruptions Pumice deposit of Mt. Meager 5

Fujiyama Ring of fire Nuee Ardente http://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100tu/plots/1008_composite_volc_fujiyama.jpg http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/fire.html St. Pierre Harbor, 1902 Martinique Martinique http://rolfgross.dreamhosters.com/lafcadiohearn-ge/martiniquestpierre-mtpeleelifelett1.jpg http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/ how_volcanoes_work/pelee.html Video of nuee ardente: http://www.bedford.k12.ny.us/flhs/science/apes/images.html http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt/images/051296/pf_sea.mpg St Helens Blast Zone Lahar Mt St Helens Lahar http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/lahars.html Link to Nevado del Ruiz http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/what/lahars/ruizlahars.html 6

St Helens Deposits Rainier Lahars Paricutin http://www.bol.ucla.edu/~asuarezn/paricutin_page.html http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/lahars.html Ash from Paricutin Parícutin Cinder cone http://www.greenville.k12.oh.us/volcano/cindercone.html http://www.greenville.k12.oh.us/volcano/cindercone.html Cinder cones San Juan Parangaricutiro Mt Etna http://courses.unt.edu/hwilliams/geog_3350/examreviews/volcanic_structures.htm http://www.bol.ucla.edu/~asuarezn/paricutin_page.html http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/sect13/sect13_4d.html 7

Volcanic features Fissure Pipe Vent Opening at summit may be crater or caldera Aspects of volcano types Crater Lake http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/earthscience/geology/volcanoes/structure/structure2.jpg Caldera initial stage Caldera final stage Collapse caldera formation Like Crater Lake http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/volclandforms.htm Kilauea Caldera Kilauea Caldera Stage 1 Kilauea Caldera Stage 2 http://satftp.soest.hawaii.edu/space/hawaii/nav/ap.kilauea.html http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/howwork/subsidence/inflate_deflate.html http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/howwork/subsidence/inflate_deflate.html 8

Kilauea Caldera Stage 3 Valles Grande Curtain of fire http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/howwork/subsidence/inflate_deflate.html http://ve.ou.edu/weaver/votw/valles.htm http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/~csav/gallery/decker/hawaii_curtain_of_fire.php Lava fountain from fissure Flood basalt Flood basalt http://www.bedford.k12.ny.us/flhs/science/images/floodbasalt.jpg Flood basalt Deccan basalt Shiprock http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/fieldimages/basalttwinfalls.jpeg http://www.accuracyingenesis.com/deccan.html http://www.uwosh.edu/faculty_staff/muldoon/51-360/moes_pics/pages/6b_ship_rock_gif.htm 9

Volcanic summary Mt St Helens After Sept. 2002 http://www.ncusd203.org/north/depts/science/slack/mt_helens.html Volcanocam see http://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/volcanocams/msh/ Photo credit see http://www.roddyscheer.com/mt_st_helens.html 10

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