Table of Contents SUBAREA I. ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPETENCY 1.0 UNDERSTAND THE VARIOUS MODELS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE, THE PRINCIPLES OF QUANTUM THEORY, AND THE PROPERTIES AND INTERACTIONS OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES. Skill 1.1 Skill 1.2 Skill 1.3 Identifying major features of models of atomic structure and the supporting evidence for these models...1 Identifying the characteristics of protons, neutrons, and electrons and the contribution each makes to atomic number, mass number, and the formation of ions...6 Analyzing the relationship between atomic mass and the relative abundance of different isotopes of a particular element...7 Skill 1.4 Analyzing an atom's electron configuration...8 Skill 1.5 Demonstrating knowledge of how atomic spectra relate to the quantum properties of atoms, including how spectra are used for identifying elements and determining their electron configuration...10 COMPETENCY 2.0 UNDERSTAND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE PERIODIC TABLE. Skill 2.1 Skill 2.2 Skill 2.3 Skill 2.4 Analyzing the organization of the Periodic Table in terms of atomic numbers and properties of the elements...11 Predicting periodic trends within periods and groups of the Periodic Table...12 Inferring physical and chemical properties of the elements based on their position in the Periodic Table...16 Demonstrating knowledge of how the chemical properties of elements are related to their electron configurations...18 i
COMPETENC 3.0 UNDERSTAND THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OF MATTER. Skill 3.1 Skill 3.2 Skill 3.3 Skill 3.4 Distinguishing between physical and chemical properties and changes of matter...26 Identifying methods for determining physical and chemical properties of substances...28 Identifying unknown substances based on physical and chemical properties...28 Selecting appropriate techniques to achieve a desired separation of a mixture...28 COMPETENCY 4.0 UNDERSTAND THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE SOLUBILITY OF A SUBSTANCE AND THE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS. Skill 4.1 Skill 4.2 Demonstrating knowledge of the dissolution process at the atomic and molecular levels...33 Analyzing factors that affect the solubility of a substance and the rate of the dissolving process...33 Skill 4.3 Interpreting solubility curves...34 Skill 4.4 Solving problems involving solution concentrations...35 Skill 4.5 Demonstrating knowledge of how to prepare solutions of desired concentration and properties...37 Skill 4.6 Analyzing the colligative properties of solutions...38 Skill 4.7 Distinguishing among colloids, solutions, and suspensions...45 ii
COMPETENCY 5.0 UNDERSTAND CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND THE NOMENCLATURE OF IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS. Skill 5.1 Skill 5.2 Skill 5.3 Skill 5.4 Predicting the formulas of stable ionic compounds based on the charges of the ions that compose them...46 Applying knowledge of IUPAC and common nomenclature in the analysis of the names and formulas of ionic and covalent compounds...47 Analyzing the basic composition and chemical structure of organic compounds...52 Distinguishing among the common functional groups of organic compounds...61 COMPETENCY 6.0 UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES OF NUCLEAR TRANSFORMATIONS. Skill 6.1 Skill 6.2 Skill 6.3 Differentiating between nuclear and chemical reactions...64 Comparing the characteristics of different types of emanations from the decay of radioactive elements...64 Analyzing the processes of natural radioactivity and artificial transmutation...65 Skill 6.4 Solving problems involving half-life of radioactive particles...66 Skill 6.5 Skill 6.6 Skill 6.7 Calculating the energies associated with various nuclear reactions...67 Demonstrating knowledge of nuclear fission and its applications...69 Recognizing the role of nuclear fusion in the production of elements more massive than hydrogen...69 iii
SUBAREA II. CHEMICAL BONDING AND ENERGY COMPETENCY 7.0 UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS, THE FORMATION OF THESE BONDS, AND THE EFFECT BOND TYPE HAS ON THE PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES. Skill 7.1 Skill 7.2 Skill 7.3 Comparing the characteristics of the different types of bonds between particles...71 Predicting the properties of a substance based on the type of bonds...77 Predicting molecular geometry based on Lewis structures...78 COMPETENCY 8.0 UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND THE EFFECTS THEY HAVE ON THE PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES. Skill 8.1 Skill 8.2 Skill 8.3 Skill 8.4 Identifying and comparing the characteristics of the different types of intermolecular forces...85 Determining the type of intermolecular force present between the particles of a given substance...87 Demonstrating knowledge of the relationship between the physical properties of substances and their intermolecular forces...88 Interpreting phase diagrams...90 COMPETENCY 9.0 UNDERSTAND THE KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY AND THE GAS LAWS. Skill 9.1 Skill 9.2 Skill 9.3 Skill 9.4 Comparing the arrangement and movement of particles in the solid, liquid, gas, and plasma phases of matter...94 Demonstrating knowledge of basic principles of kinetic molecular theory...95 Explain the properties of solids, liquids, and gases and changes of state in terms of the kinetic molecular theory and intermolecular forces...96 Analyzing the effects of intermolecular forces on real gases...96 iv
Skill 9.5 Solving problems involving relationships among temperature, pressure, volume, and moles of a gas...99 COMPETENCY 10.0 UNDERSTAND THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE FLOW OF HEAT IN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES. Skill 10.1 Distinguishing between heat and temperature...105 Skill 10.2 Skill 10.3 Skill 10.4 Skill 10.5 Skill 10.6 Skill 10.7 Analyzing heating and cooling curves both qualitatively and quantitatively...106 Solving problems involving calorimetry...109 Interpreting the laws of thermodynamics and their applications to chemical systems...110 Predicting the spontaneity of chemical reactions based on enthalpy changes, entropy changes, and the temperature of the system...111 Analyzing energy changes in terms of the breaking and formation of chemical bonds...112 Solving problems involving energy changes during chemical reactions using standard heats of formations...114 Skill 10.8 Interpreting potential energy diagrams for chemical reactions...115 v
SUBAREA III. COMPETENCY 11.0 CHEMICAL REACTIONS UNDERSTAND THE BASIC TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS. Skill 11.1 Skill 11.2 Skill 11.3 Skill 11.4 Skill 11.5 Skill 11.6 Skill 11.7 Identifying the basic types of chemical reactions...117 Recognizing possible indications of a chemical reaction...123 Determining net ionic equations for chemical reactions...125 Applying knowledge of the principle of conservation of mass as it applies to chemical reactions and balancing chemical equations...126 Analyzing redox reactions in terms of oxidation and reduction halfreactions...127 Identifying oxidizing and reducing agents in a chemical reaction...132 Analyzing the components and operating principles of electrochemical cells...136 COMPETENCY 12.0 UNDERSTAND FACTORS THAT AFFECT REACTION RATES AND METHODS FOR MEASURING REACTION RATES. Skill 12.1 Identifying factors that affect reaction rates...139 Skill 12.2 Skill 12.3 Demonstrating knowledge of reaction mechanisms for simple reactions...141 Determining the rate law for a chemical reaction from experimental data...143 COMPETENCY 13.0 UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM. Skill 13.1 Demonstrating knowledge of the key characteristics of a system at equilibrium...148 Skill 13.2 Solving problems involving equilibrium constants...149 Skill 13.3 Applying knowledge of Le Chatelier's principle as it applies to systems at equilibrium...151 vi
COMPETENCY 14.0 UNDERSTAND THE THEORIES, PRINCIPLES, AND APPLICATIONS OF ACID-BASE. Skill 14.1 Skill 14.2 Skill 14.3 Skill 14.4 Skill 14.5 Skill 14.6 Identifying acids and bases according to different acid-base theories...153 Demonstrating knowledge of the principles and applications of acidbase titrations and solving titration problems...157 Determining the hydronium ion concentration and the ph or poh of acid, base and salt solutions...162 Recognizing factors that determine the relative strengths of acids and bases...163 Interpreting Ka and Kb values for weak acids and bases...164 Demonstrating knowledge of buffer solutions and indicators...165 COMPETENCY 15.0 UNDERSTAND THE MOLE CONCEPT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CHEMICAL FORMULAS. Skill 15.1 Skill 15.2 Relating the mole of a substance to its molar mass and the number of particles present...166 Determining the mass of a substance or the volume of a gas based on the number of moles it contains at standard temperature and pressure...167 Skill 15.3 Solving percent-composition by mass problems...171 Skill 15.4 Determining empirical and molecular formulas from experimental data...172 COMPETENCY 16.0 UNDERSTAND MOLAR RELATIONSHIPS AND STOICHIOMETRY. Skill 16.1 Solving stoichiometry problems involving moles, mass, and molarity...173 Skill 16.2 Solving limiting-reactant and percent-yield problems...173 Skill 16.3 Demonstrating knowledge of appropriate chemical notations used to represent reactions as balanced chemical equations...176 vii
SUBAREA IV. COMPETENCY 17.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE UNDERSTAND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE AND THE PROCESS OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY. Skill 17.1 Skill 17.2 Skill 17.3 Skill 17.4 Skill 17.5 Skill 17.6 Demonstrating knowledge of the nature, purpose, and characteristics of science and the limitations of science in terms of the kinds of questions that can be answered...177 Recognizing the dynamic nature of scientific knowledge through the continual testing, revision, and occasional rejection of existing theories...179 Determining an appropriate scientific hypothesis or investigative design for addressing a given problem through scientific inquiry...180 Demonstrating knowledge of the principles and procedures for designing and carrying out scientific investigations...183 Recognizing the importance of scientific ethics and strategies for avoiding bias in scientific investigations...185 Recognizing that science has developed, and continues to develop, through the contributions of diverse individuals and cultures...186 COMPETENCY 18.0 UNDERSTAND SCIENTIFIC TOOLS, INSTRUMENTS, MATERIALS, AND SAFETY PRACTICES. Skill 18.1 Skill 18.2 Skill 18.3 Skill 18.4 Recognizing procedures for the safe and proper use of scientific tools, instruments, chemicals, and other materials in investigations...194 Identifying appropriate tools and units for measuring objects or substances in chemistry...198 Identifying potential safety hazards associated with scientific equipment, materials, procedures, and settings...199 Recognizing appropriate protocols for maintaining safety and for responding to emergencies during laboratory activities...215 viii
COMPETENCY 19.0 UNDERSTAND THE SKILLS AND PROCEDURES FOR ANALYZING AND COMMUNICATING SCIENTIFIC DATA. Skill 19.1 Skill 19.2 Skill 19.3 Skill 19.4 Skill 19.5 Skill 19.6 Applying the concepts of precision, accuracy, and error analysis in evaluating experimental data...217 Applying appropriate mathematical concepts and computational skills to analyze data...218 Using appropriate presentation methods and criteria for organizing and analyzing data...218 Using data to support or challenge scientific arguments and claims...224 Identifying appropriate methods for communicating the outcomes of scientific investigations...224 Demonstrating knowledge of criteria for determining the reliability of resources for gaining scientific information...225 COMPETENCY 20.0 UNDERSTAND THE UNIFYING CONCEPTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. Skill 20.1 Skill 20.2 Skill 20.3 Demonstrating knowledge of the unifying concepts of science and technology...226 Recognizing the characteristics of systems, how the components of a system interact, and how different systems interact...227 Identifying types and characteristics of models used in science and technology and the advantages and limitations of models...227 Sample Test...229 Answer Key...254 Answers with Rationale...255 ix