Modern Status of High Pressure Xenon Gamma-ray Spectrometers and their Applications.

Modern Status of High Pressure Xenon Gamma-ray Spectrometers and their Applications. Valery Dmitrenko1, Nobuyuki Hasebe1,2,3 1National Research Nuclear University Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI) Moscow, Russia 2Department of Physics, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan 3Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan Aprile 04, 2017 Khon Kaen, Thailand

HPXe2003 High Pressure Xenon: science, detectors and applications

XeSAT2005 Applications of Rare Gas Xenon to Science and Technology

Contents 1. Introduction. 2. Xenon gas perfect material for gamma-ray spectrometers. 3. Xenon gamma-ray spectrometers: design, principles of operation. 4. Spectrometric and operating characteristics of Xenon gammaray spectrometers. 5. Applications of Xenon gamma-ray spectrometers. 6. Advanced developments of Xenon gamma-ray spectrometers. 7. Conclusion.

Main disadvantages of High Purity Germanium (HPGe) and NaI gamma-ray spectrometers. HPGe gamma-ray spectrometers: Operation only at low temperature (require liquid nitrogen or mechanical cooler); Difficulties for application in field conditions, space experiments and so on; Limited sensitive volume; High cost. Gamma-ray spectrometers on base of NaI: Low energy resolution.

Xenon gas general characteristics Element Xe Valence electron configuration 5s 2 5p 6 Atomic number 54 Atomic weight (g/mol) 131.3 Atomic radius (nm) 0.218 Ionizing potential (ev) 12.13 Standard density (kg/m 3 ) 5.851 Condensing temperature at normal pressure ( C) -108.10 Congelation temperature ( C) -111.85 Critical temperature ( C) 16.59 Heat capacity at 0 C (J/(kg mol degree) 20808.4 Abundance in the air (%) 10-5 2. 36 F W E F - Fano Factor W - mean energy for ion-electron pair production E - energy of gamma-ray For Gas: F = 0.2 at density 0.6 g/cm 3 (60 bar) W = 20 ev at density 0.6 g/cm 3 (60 bar) E = 1 MeV 1 2 For Liquid: F = 0.04 W = 15.6 ev E = 1 MeV GXe = 0.5 % LXe = 0.2 %

Ionization chamber for laboratory research 1 - signal electrode; 2 - ceramic insulators; 3 - guard ring; 4, 5 - shielding grids; 6-207 Bi gamma-ray source; 7 - ceramic rods; 8 - negative electrode; 9 - feedthroughs; 10 - gas input.

Drift velocity of electrical charge in Xenon gas as function of electric field for different concentration of H 2 and Xenon density 0.6 g/cm 3 Drift Velocity, 10 5 cm/sec 9 2% 8 1.5% 1% 7 0.6% 6 0.26% 5 Pure Xe 4 3 2 1 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 Electric field, kv/cm

The W/W 0 ratio as function of Xenon gas density 1 W /W 0 0. 9 0. 8 W = 21.5 ev 0 H igh Pre ssure Xe W - mean energy for ionelectron pair production; W0 - mean energy for ionelectron pair production in Xe gas at the normal pressure. 0. 7 L iq u id X e 0. 6 0 1 D e n s ity, g/ c m 3 2 3

Energy resolution of ionization chamber for laboratory research as function of electric field for different densities of Xenon gas 8 Energy resolution, % 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 = 0,60 g / cm 3 = 0,88 g / cm 3 = 1,42 g / cm 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Electric field, kv / cm

The intrinsic energy resolution as function of Xenon gas density for different gamma-ray energies 20 Energy resolution, % 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 1-122 kev 2-166 kev 3-393 kev 4-836 kev 5-1275 kev 1 2 3 4 5 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 Density, g / cm 3

Xenon purification system Preliminary purification Ca Fine purification 1 3 4 2 5 1- vessel for unrefined Xenon; 2 - vessel for preliminary purified Xenon; 3 - vessel for H 2 storage; 4 - vessel for purification and storage of finally purified Xe; 5 - vessel for storage of finally prepared mixture of Xe + H 2.

Electro-spark titanium purifier of Xenon gas 1 Xe 7 6 2 3 4 5 1- ceramic feedthrough; 2 - vessel; 3 - signal electrode output; 4 - titanic high-voltage electrode; 5 - titanic electrode; 6 - flange; 7 - signal electrode.

Requirements to Xenon gas and intensity of electric field to reach high spectrometric characteristics of Xenon gamma-ray spectrometers. 1. Xenon gas density has not to exceed 0.5 g/cc. 2. It is necessary to use Xenon + Hydrogen mixture (or another) to increase the drift velocity of electrons. Percentage of Hydrogen has not exceed 0.5%. 3. Life time of electrons in gas has to be not less than 1-2 msec. 4. Intensity of electric field in the drift volume has to be higher than 2 kv/cm.

PARALLEL-PLATE IONIZATION CHAMBER KSENIA MAIN PARAMETERS Energy range FWHM at 662 kev Xenon density Sensitive volume Diameter Length Weight Voltage Power 0.1 5 MeV 23 kev 0.6 g/cm³ 1000 cm³ 250 mm 300 mm 5 kg ± 24 V 5 W 1 vessel, 2 cathodes, 3 drift electrodes, 4 ceramic insulator, 5 shielding grid, 6 anode, 7 flange, 8 metal-ceramic feed-through.

Gamma-ray telescope KSENIA (Orbital station MIR, 1991-2000) MAIN PARAMETRS Xenon density 0.6 g/cm³ Concentration of hydrogen 0.26 % Pressure of a Xenon at 23 С 55 atm Drift electric field 2.6 кv/cm Maximum electron drift time 15 μs Energy range 0.1 5 МeV Sensitive volume 1000 cm³ Sensitive area 100 cm² Energy resolution (662 кev) 3.5±0.25% Energy resolution (1 МeV) (2.0±0.2)% Photopeak efficiency (662кeV) (4.5±0.2)% Photopeak efficiency (1.33МeV) (1.5±0.1)% Power consumption 15 W Weight 80 kg

Schematic diagram of HPXe detector with shielding grid 1. Charge sensitive amplifier. 2. Valve. 3. High voltage power supply. 4. Metal-ceramic feedthrough. 5. Cylindrical ionization chamber. 6. Anode. 7. Thermal insulation. 8. Vessel. 9. aluminum housing. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Principle of gamma-ray spectrometer operation based on ionization chamber filled with High Pressure Xenon Shielding grid Charge-sensitive pre-amplifier Anode Cathode Linear shaping amplifier + Amplitude-digital converter

High Pressure Xenon Detector 2 (HPXeD-2) MAIN PARAMETERS Energy range (50-5000) kev FWHM at 662 kev 14 kev Density of Xe 0.4 g/cm³ Sensitive volume 2000 cm³ Diameter 120 mm Length 300 mm Total mass 9 kg Voltage =24 V or ~220 V Power consumption 10 W

Gamma-ray source 137 Cs Counts 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 200 400 600 800 Energy, kev

Gamma-ray source 133 Bа 50000 40000 Counts 30000 20000 10000 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 Energy, kev

133 Ва spectrum comparison, measured by HPGe, CZT, NaI and HPXe gamma-ray spectrometer

ADVANTAGES OF HPXe DETECTORS RADIATION STABILITY Counts (sec -1 ) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Xe 1 2 1. After activation. 2. Before activation. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Energy (kev) Counts (sec -1 ) 20 15 10 5 0 NaI 2 1. After activation. 2. Before activation. 1 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Energy (kev) Spectra from High Pressure Xenon Detector ( 120 mm, L=500 mm, M= 1.8kg) before and after activation by Pu-Be neutron source (T=66 hours, fluence= 1.5*10¹º neutrons). Spectra from NaI detector ( 80 mm, L=50 mm, M=0.9 kg) before and after activation by Pu-Be neutron source (T= 66 hours, fluence = 1.5*10¹º neutrons).

ADVANTAGES OF HPXe DETECTORS Linearity Vibrostabitity Channel 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 133 Ba 137 Cs 40 K 60 Co Energy resolution, % 7 6 5 4 3 2 662 kev 1.332 MeV 50 0 226 Ra 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Energy, kev 1 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Acoustic noise, db

ADVANTAGES OF HPXe DETECTORS THERMOSTABILITY 200 Generator 175 Channel 150 137 Cs 125 100 0 50 100 150 200 Temperature, C

Energy resolution, % (511 kev) Channel (511 kev) ADVANTAGES OF HPXe DETECTORS LONG PERIOD OF OPERATION Years Years

ADVANTAGES OF HPXe DETECTORS Ge PRE AMP CSA HPXe NaI (Tl) Cryostat Ge HPXe NaI(Tl) 0.1-0.4 1.5-3 5-8 0.1 1 Energy resolution at E =1 MeV, % g -196 Ge NaI(Tl) HPXe -20 - +60 +20 - +180-200 -150-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Operation temperature, o C 7 2 < 10 n/cm Ge 8 2 < 10 n/cm HPXe 6 2 < 10 n/cm NaI(Tl) 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 Radiation stability, neutron/cm 2

RADIATION CUSTOMS CONTROL OF PASSENGERS Portal monitor ВНИИЭМ-ПМ (equipped with 2 liters HPXe detector) Detection time of radionuclide (662 kev, 50 kbq).. 1 sec. Identification time of radionuclide (662 kev, 50 kbq)... 5 sec.

Software 50000 40000 Ba-133 Counts 30000 20000 10000 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 Energy, kev Scanning spectrum of variable energy interval.

Software K x Sensitivity of the gamma-detector as function of a scanning interval 2 0 /2 ( 0 ) 2 E x E E E x/2 0 0 N 2 E 0 2 E 2 1 E0 x/2 2 E E x/2 e e de de K(x) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 x kev 14 kev 16 kev 20 kev 24 kev 28 kev 36 kev 46 kev

Software Minimum detecting time of the source 137Cs (75 kbq) as function of distance from Xenon Gamma-ray Detector. 11 10 9 8 1000 kev 100 kev 20 kev 7 Time, sec 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 X, cm

Movable security checkpoint for river and sea ports

Movable security checkpoint for river and sea ports

RADIATION CUSTOMS CONTROL OF LUGGAGE 10 295 (19,3%) 226 Ra (1600 years) 351 (37,6%) 609 (46,1%) Counts, 1/sec 1 0,1 768 (4,9%) 1120 (15,1%) 1238 (5,8%) 1377 (4%) 1764 (15,4%) A clock 0,01 500 1000 1500 2000 Energy, kev 238 (43,3%) 232 Th (1,4*10 10 years) 10 510 (22,6%) 583 (84,5%) Counts, 1/sec 1 727 (10,3%) 911 968 2614-1022 (100%) 0,1 Camera lens 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Energy, kev

RADIATION CUSTOM CONTROL OF TRANSPORT CONTEINERS WITH DECLARED RADIONUCLIDES 100 140 kev 99 Mo 12 131 I Counts, 1/sec 10 1 740 kev 778 kev Counts, 1/sec 10 8 6 284 kev 364 kev 0,1 4 2 636 kev 722 kev 0,01 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Energy, kev 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Energy, kev

Control for gaseous radionuclide pollution from nuclear reactors 1. Atmosphere manifold 2. Main airway of special ventilation. 3. Air-ejector ventilation from research hall. operation 4. Operation research hall. 5. Vertical ventilation experimental channel. 6. Concrete protection. 7. Reactor. 8. Moderator water. 9. Horizontal ventilation experimental channel. 10. Air-ejector ventilation above reactor space. Counts Counts 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 1294 kev 41 Ar 0 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 0 85 Kr m 88 Kr 135 Xe 138 Xe 87 Kr Energy, kev 41 Ar 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Energy, kev

Control of KCl concentration in process of potassium chloride fertilizer manufacturing Counts (10 3 ) 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 200 kev 1.46 MeV 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Energy, kev 1. Waterproof container 2. HPXe detector 3. Lead collimator 4. Drain 5. KCl and NaCl solution 6. Rotor Counts 580 000 575 000 570 000 565 000 560 000 555 000 550 000 70 80 90 100 110 120 Temperature, 0 С

EXPERIMENT SIGNAL ON SOLAR MISSION INTERGELIOPROBE Прибор «Сигнал» 38

SOLAR MISSION INTERGELIOPROBE TRAJECTORY 39

PERSPECTIVE FIEIDS OF APPLICATION RADIOACTIVE WAIST RECICLING AND STORIGE Хранилище Детектор рентгеновский тамограф MEDICINE - Measurement of douse radiation of a patient with taking into account of gamma-ray spectrum distribution. PREVENTIOM OF RADIOLIGICAL TERRORISM. - Installing of gamma-ray spectrometers on ventilation systems and water supply stations. - Control for shipping of radioactive sources at the airports, tracks and cars terminals, railroad stations and so on. центральный кондиционер

Advanced gamma-ray detectors technology Xenon gamma-neutron detector Counts 2,0x10 4 1,5x10 4 1,0x10 4 5,0x10 3 0,0 Thermal neutrons 137 Cs 200 400 600 800 1000 Energy, kev Gamma-ray detector filled on with Xenon+Helium-3 mixture. Interaction of neutrons with Helium-3 through reaction: 3 1 3 2 He 0 n 1H Energy yield of this reaction is 765 kev, Interaction Cross-section of thermo neutrons with 3 Не - 5327 barn. 1 1 p

Advanced gamma-ray detectors technology Thin-walled vessel of xenon gamma-ray detector The wall of the body was made of 0,8 mm stainless steel covered with 2.5 mm of synthetic fiber (Kevlar) and successfully tested under pressure more than 400 atm. Total mass three times smaller; Advantage of construction: Compton scattering in the wall decreased ; Energy range widened to low energies.

Manufacturing technology of thin-walled housing of Xenon gamma-ray detector - The thickness of the steel housing 0.5 mm. -The outer shell material: carbon fiber, Kevlar or fiberglass. Thickness 2 mm. -This housing can withstand the pressure more than 400 atmospheres.

Electrical signals from HPXe detector under high acoustic impact Electrical signals from the HPXe detector from 137Cs gamma-ray source at the level of the acoustic impact of ~ 90 db

Methods of mathematical processing electrical signals from HPXe gamma-ray detector 1) Digitalization and memorizing the signal. Continuous storing digitized electrical signals. Thus in addition to the wanted signal, and stored voltage values before and after its arrival, which makes it possible to implement a number of mathematical operations. 2) Finding the beginning of the pulse. By setting the required amplitude threshold determined by the timestamp, which is attached to all further calculations 3) rejection of superimposed signals. This consists of each signal in the study for the presence therein of two or more pulses that are close in time of arrival.

Methods of mathematical processing electrical signals from HPXe gamma-ray detector 4) Compute baseline subtraction. By approximating the linear dependence of digitized voltage values before and after the arrival of the useful pulse baseline is calculated, which is then subtracted from the corresponding value of the desired signal. 5) Analysis of pulse front time. At this stage, the calculation and analysis of the pulse edge time, and if it does not fall in the desired range of values (time corresponding to desired signals), this impulse is excluded from further processing. If the rise time corresponds to the desired signal, this value is used to correct the amplitude of the total in the integration the pulse. 6) The integration of the pulse and the spectrum set. After subtracting the baseline occurs useful signal integration within the established time limits. Then, the amplitude distribution (spectrum) is formed on the basis of the obtained integral values. 7) Calculation of the dead time of the spectrometer. The time during which each pulse is processed, and the spectrometer does not register the following event, is summed, and the value of "dead time is taken into account in the processing of the spectra.

Xenon gamma-ray detector with a wall thickness of 0.5 mm stainless steel - For a detector with a wall thickness of 0.5 mm fraction of absorbed gammarays with energy 59.5 kev (241Am) is three times smaller than for the detector with a wall thickness of 3 mm stainless steel. - The range of detected gamma-rays extended to 30 kev-3 MeV.

The energy resolution of HPXe detector with the digital processing of electronic pulses at acoustic impact Using the digital pulse processing instead of analog allowed to make HPXe gammaray detector practically insensitive to the acoustic impact of up to 90 db. The results of the gamma-ray lines detection of with energies 662 kev and 1133 kev differ slightly.

The energy resolution of HPXe gamma-ray detector with digital pulse processing The values obtained for the energy resolution of HPXe gamma-ray detector, in particular the value of (1,7 ± 0,1)% or 11,2 kev for the 662 kev gamma-line are by far a record for this type of equipment.

Contribution to energy resolution in case using analog and digital signal processing Contribution to energy resolution in case using analog signal processing. It shows data for the energy 662 kev. The resulting energy resolution 15,3 kev (2,3 %). Contribution to energy resolution in case using digital signal processing. It shows data for the energy 662 kev. The resulting energy resolution 11,3 kev (1,7 %).

CONCLUSIONS Xenon gamma-ray spectrometers have high spectrometric and performance characteristics and in many cases can successfully compete with existing gamma-ray spectrometers. Numerous testes of Xenon gamma-ray spectrometers carried out at different organizations confirmed the reasonability to use them more widely. there are some perspective in further developing of spectrometric and performance characteristics of Xenon gamma-ray spectrometers.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

МОБИЛЬНАЯ УСТАНОВКА ДЛЯ СОРТИРОВКИ РАО

РАДИОАКТИВНЫЙ КОСМИЧЕСКИЙ МУСОР 55

РАДИОАКТИВНЫЙ КОСМИЧЕСКИЙ МУСОР Распределение космического мусора на высотах от 100 до 2000 км 56

Gamma-ray telescope "Xenia" 1. anode, 2. shielding grid, 3. cathode, 4. drift electrodes, 5. ceramic isolator, 6. stainless still vessel, 7. high-voltage feethrough, 8. flange.