Unit 1 Basic Biological Principles 1. What are the 7 characteristics of life? a. Made of cells b. reproduction c. metabolism d. homeostasis e. heredity f. responsiveness g. growth & development 2. What type of cell does not have a nucleus? prokaryotic 3. What type of cell has a nucleus? eukaryotic 4. Label the parts of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: Eukaryotic cell parts you should be able to identify and label: 1. Nucleolus 2. Nucleus 3. Ribosome 4. Vesicle 5. Rough ER 6. Golgi apparatus 7. Cytoskeleton 8. Smooth ER 9. Mitochondria 10. Vacuole 11. Cytoplasm 12. Lysosome 13. Centriole Prokaryotic cell: 1. Pili 2. n/a 3. ribosomes 4. cytoplasm 5. cell membrane 6. cell wall 7. cpsule 8. nucleoid (DNA) 9. flagella Diagrams courtesy of Mariana Ruiz Villarreal and Messer Woland via Wikimedia Commons 5. What type of eukaryotic cell is pictured above? Animal cell 6. What structure makes up the boundary of the cell? Cell membrane 7. Provide two examples of prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea 8. Provide three types of eukaryotic cells: animal, plant, and fungi 9. Ribosome make proteins. 10. Proteins that are destined to be excreted from the cell go to the rough ER and Golgi after the ribosomes. 11. The final destination for proteins being excreted from the cell is the cell membrane. 12. What is an organelle? Small, membrane-bound structure in a cell with a specific function 13. Where is sugar turned into ATP? mitochodrion 14. Where is light energy converted to chemical energy (sugars)? chloroplast
Unit 2 Chemical Basis for Life 1. What must be present for a compound to be organic? carbon 2. A polar / nonpolar bond occurs when electrons are unevenly shared. 3. What are the three important properties of water that support life on Earth? a. Surface tension (adhesion/cohesion) b. High specific heat c. Universal solvent 4. What two reasons allow carbon to create large, complex molecules? a. Can form 4 bonds b. Bonds with itself and other elements 5. Dehydration synthesis makes a bond by removing water. Hydrolysis breaks a bond by adding water to the bond. 6. Describe the relationship between monomers and polymers. Monomers make up polymers 7. Carbohydrates provide energy for the cell. 8. Lipids make up the cell membrane. 9. Amino acids are the monomer of proteins. Amino acids are made up of the following three parts: a. Amino group b. Carboxyl group c. R group (variable) 10. Nucleotides are the monomer of nucleic acids. The three parts of a nucleotide are: a. sugar b. phosphate c. nitrogenous base 11. What are the two properties of enzymes that allow them to act as biological catalysts? Reusable, lowers energy required for reaction to occur 12. List three things that affect the function of an enzyme? ph, temperature, enzyme/substrate concentration Macromolecule Elements Monomer and polymer Roles Carbohydrates CHO Monosaccharide/polysaccharide Energy & structure Lipids CHO Glycerol / fatty acids Long-term energy source; cell membrane Nucleic acids CHOPN Nucleotide/nucleic acid Store & express genetic info Proteins CHON Amino acids/polypeptide Structure and enzymes
Unit 3 Bioenergetics 1. What is an autotroph? Provide 2 examples. Makes its own food. Plants & algae, some bacteria 2. What is a heterotroph? Provide 2 examples. Must consume other organisms for energy; animals & fungi 3. In cellular respiration, glucose is converted to ATP. 4. Where is the energy in an ATP molecule? Phosphate bonds 5. The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis. 6. Describe the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic requires oxygen, anaerobic does not 7. Compare the energy transformations in photosynthesis with those in cellular respiration. Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy, cellular respiration converts chemical energy (glucose) to chemical energy (ATP) 8. Describe the importance of chloroplasts and mitochondria in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Chloroplasts convert light energy to chemical energy, it makes ATP. Mitochondria convert chemical energy (glucose) to another form of chemical energy (ATP). Terminology Review (Unit 8) D 1. Fact G 2. Hypothesis E 3. Inference A 4. Law C 5. Observation F 6. Principle A. Generalizes a body of observations; no exceptions have been found. Explains but does not describe. Basis of scientific principles B. Explanation of observable phenomena based on available data; can change when new data contradicts observed phenomena C. Something that can be perceived using one of the five senses D. Something that is true E. A logical conclusion based on known evidence F. Concept based on scientific laws G. A proposed, scientifically testable explanation for an observed phenomenon B 7. Theory
Unit 4 Homeostasis and Transport 1. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. 2. True / False: Molecules no longer move across the cell membrane once equilibrium is reached. 3. In a hypotonic solution, there is a low solute / high water concentration OUTSIDE the cell. Water moves into the cell. 4. In a hypertonic solution, there is high solute / low water concentration OUTSIDE the cell. Water moves out of the cell. 5. In an isotonic solution, there is an equal solute/water concentration outside AND inside the cell. Water moves into/out of the cell equally. 6. Plant cells are healthiest in what type of solution? Hypotonic isotonic hypertonic 7. Animal cells are healthiest in what type of solution? Hypotonic isotonic hypertonic 8. Facilitated diffusion requires a protein to move large or charged particles across the cell membrane. 9. What type of molecule is the facilitator in facilitated diffusion? protein 10. The type of transport that goes against the concentration gradient is active transport 11. What is required for active transport to occur? Energy/ATP 12. An example of an active transport protein pump in humans is the Na+/K+ ion pump Draw and label a plant and animal cell in each type of solution. Star the healthiest. Cell type Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic Animal Plant
Unit 5 Cell Growth and Reproduction 1. List the three reasons a cell divides: a. growth b. repair c. reproduction 2. The longest phase of the cell cycle is interphase. 3. In G1, the cell grows. 4. The DNA is copied during synthesis phase. 5. The last stage of interphase is G2. 6. The goal of mitosis is to get cells that are genetically identical. The chromosome number goes 2N 2N a. What does the N mean? Number of chromosomes 7. Write the stage of mitosis next to what is occurring in that stage. a. Nucleus reforms, DNA loosens, last stage telophase b. Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell metaphase c. DNA condenses; nuclear envelope breaks down prophase d. Chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell anaphase 8. What is the difference between plant and animal telophase/cytokinesis? Plant cells create a new cell wall instead of splitting the cell membrane 9. What cell part do animal cells have to help them complete cytokinesis? Centrioles 10. The goal of meiosis is to get cells that are genetically unique. The chromosome number goes 2N 1N 11. The cells at the end of mitosis are diploid / haploid and cells at the end of meiosis are diploid / haploid. 12. What is crossing over? Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes 13. When does crossing over occur? Prophase I 14. When chromosomes fail to separate, it is known as nondisjunction. Down syndrome and Patau syndrome are results of this.
Unit 6 Genetics 1. Match the vocabulary terms to their definitions: L Dominant allele H Recessive allele D genotype A heterozygous F homozygous E phenotype C codominant I incomplete dominance B allele K gene J chromosome A. Organism with two different alleles for the same trait B. Different versions of a gene C. A relationship between two alleles in which both alleles are expressed equally D. Genetic make up E. Physical characteristics F. Organism that has two identical alleles for a trait G. Tool that can predict and compare genetic variation H. Allele that can be masked I. A relationship between two alleles in which neither is dominant and the resulting phenotype is a blend of each allele J. A single piece of tightly packed DNA, we have 46 K. Basic unit of heredity that codes for a protein L. Allele that can mask other alleles 2. If a dominant allele does not completely mask the recessive allele, there is a blend of the two traits, it is called incomplete dominance. 3. When both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype, such as in human blood type, it is called codominance. 4. Sex-linked traits are found on the sex chromosomes. Males / females inherit these disorders more frequently. Sex chromosome genotype for males: XY Females: XX 5. What is genetic engineering? Describe how it has impacted the fields of agriculture, medicine, and forensics. Genetic engineering is altering the genes/dna of an organism through manipulation in the lab or using artificial selection. It has enhanced crop yields and food production in agriculture, it has also enhanced medicine, for example, allowing for mass production of insulin. Genetic engineering has also expanded the field of forensics, allowing for greater gene mapping abilities and identification technologies in crimes.
Unit 6 Genetics (cont d) 1. Label the parts of the nucleotide on the right. 2. DNA has 2 strands and the bases Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine. 3. RNA has 1 strand and the base Uracil instead of thymine. 4. What is the function of mrna? Copies DNA and brings information to ribosomes trna? Brings amino acids to ribosomes 5. Describe the base pairing rule for DNA and RNA. For DNA, A and T always pair with each other and C and G always pair with each other For RNA, A and U always pair with each other and C and G always pair with each other 6. What is replication? Copying DNA to make an exact copy 7. What occurs during transcription? Where does it occur? DNA in the nucleus is copied and mrna is made in transcription 8. What occurs during translation? Where does it occur? mrna is read by the ribosomes and amino acids are linked together to make a protein 9. What is a codon? What does it code for? Sequence of 3 nucleotide bases, codes for one amino acid 10. What does AUG code for? START What do UGA, UAA, and UAG code for? STOP 11. What is the biological definition of a mutation? Change in sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA 12. Describe each of the following types of mutations and whether or not there will be a change in phenotype. a. Substitution mutation: nucleotide base changes, missense (changes amino acid), nonsense (changes amino acid to STOP), and silent (amino acid does not change) b. Insertion point mutation: new base is inserted in DNA strand (frameshift), codon reading frame is shifted, which usually alters all amino acids after mutation c. Deletion point mutation: base is lost/deleted in DNA strand (frameshift), codon reading frame is shifted, which usually alters all amino acids after mutation d. Duplication chromosomal mutation: section of or whole chromosome is copied e. Deletion chromosomal mutation: section of or whole chromosomes is lost f. Inversion chromosomal mutation: section of chromosome is flipped so it is backwards g. Translocation chromosomal mutation: section of chromosome is swapped with a section of DNA from a nonhomologous chromosome Biology Keystone Review Updated 2/13/2016
Unit 7 Ecology 1. Beginning with organism, write the levels of ecological organization from smallest to largest. Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere 2. Autotrophs make their own food, and heterotrophs eat other organisms for food. 3. As you move up the energy pyramid, the amount of available energy increases / decreases. 4. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? A food chain shows the direct transfer of energy from producer to tertiary consumer. A food web shows all relationships between all organisms in an ecosystem. 5. What is the different between abiotic and biotic factors? Abiotic factors are nonliving and biotic factors are living things. 6. What abiotic factors determine plant growth in an area? Temperature and precipitation 7. List some abiotic factors for an aquatic ecosystem. Temperature, light intensity, oxygen levels, tides, water salinity, movement, and chemistry 8. Explain the following organism interactions: a. Competition: two species compete for the same recourse b. Predation: one species eats/kills another for food c. Mutualism: two species benefit from their relationship with each other d. Commensalism: one species takes advantage of another species that is not affected e. Parasitism: one species exploits a resource from another, usually harming them 9. Endemic or native species are naturally found in a specific area, while invasive/nonnative species are accidentally or purposefully introduced to a new area. 10. Describe primary and secondary succession. Provide 2 examples of each. Primary succession occurs when there is no existing soil, pioneer species, such as mosses and lichens, breakdown the rock to make a thin layer of soil where plants can begin to grow (example: volcanic eruptions). Secondary succession occurs when there is existing soil, plants can grow immediately after the disturbance (example: forest fire). Biology Keystone Review Updated 2/13/2016
Unit 8 Evolution 1. The process by which new species develop from pre-existing species is known as speciation. 2. TRUE / FALSE. There are always enough resources to support all organisms in an area. 3. Species that have advantageous traits survive and reproduce. Thus, passing on their traits to the next generation. 4. Species that do not have advantageous traits die and therefore are not able to pass on their traits to the next generation. 5. Which type of isolating mechanism MUST be present for a new species to develop? Reproductive isolation 6. A decrease in genetic variation caused by the formation of a new population by a small number of individuals from a larger population is known as Founder effect. 7. Describe the following pieces of evolution and why they support the theory. a. Fossils: evidence of long dead organisms, shows how living things have changed over time b. Homologous structures: structures that are similar because they have a common ancestry c. Analogous structures: structures evolved for similar uses but do not share a common ancestry d. Embryology: study of developing organisms, common structures appear in organisms as they develop suggesting a shared ancestry e. Biochemistry: all living things use DNA or RNA for genetic material and use the same code for protein synthesis. DNA and amino acid sequences are similar 8. Species that undergo gradualism change slowly over a long period of time. 9. Species that undergo punctuated equilibrium change quickly over short periods of time. 10. Give an example of each of the following and describe the consequences. a. Artificial selection Humans choose traits. Examples are different dog breeds, corn, and any domesticated animal or plant b. Inbreeding Very close relatives have offspring. Usually recessive traits become more frequent and offspring are not as healthy as parents. c. Hybridization Two species produce offspring. Most of the time the offspring are fertile. Biology Keystone Review Updated 2/13/2016