Business Environment in a Global Context Andrew Harrison OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Contents List of Abbreviations List of Features How to use the Book How to use the Online Resource Centre xvii XXI XXVI xxviii PART ONE The Business Environment in a ChangingWorld The Business Environment: An Overview 3 2 Globalization ofthe Business Environment 27 3 The International Business Environment 56 4 The National Business Environment 91 5 The Regional Business Environment 126 PART TWO Key Dimensions ofthe Business Environment 6 Contrasting Cultures and Business Models 7 Business Ethics and Corporate Responsibility 8 Internationalization of Business in achanging Environment 9 Markets and Competition 10 Technological Change 11 Risk in the International Environment 155 190 217 247 278 304 PART THREE The Geopolitical Context 12 Europe: Unification, Crisis, and Beyond 13 Contrasting Developments in the Americas 14 Asia's Economic Potential 15 Africa's Struggle for Reform 333 345 355 369 Glossary Index of Countries General Index 381 391 393
Detailed contents List of Abbreviations List of Features How to use the Book How to use the Online Resource Centre XVII xxi XXVI xxviii PART ON E The Business Environment in achanging World 1 The Business Environment: An Overview 3 11 The environment as an eclectic concept 4 1.2 Organizations, strategy, and the environment 6 1.3 Types of organization 7 14 Developments in the business environment 8 1.5 Alternative approaches to analysis of the business environment 15 Summary 21 2 Globalizationofthe Business Environment 27 2.1 Globalization as a process 28 2.2 Drivers of globalization 29 2.3 Globalization and the changing world order 32 24 Global governance and the need for international regulation 34 2.5 The impact of globalization 38 2.6 The economics ofglobalizatlon 39 2.7 Alternative perspectives on globalizatlon 43 2.8 Implications of globalization at local, national, and international levels 48 Summary 48 3 The International Business Environment 56 3.1 The international political context 57 3.2 Nature and patterns of international business activity 60 3.3 Regional integration 71 34 Explanations of trade and investment 75 35 Free trade and trade protection 79 3.6 'Fair trade' and 'trade justlce' 82 Summary 84
xiv DETAILED CONTENTS 4 The National Business Environment 4.1 Political and economic systems 42 The national institutlonal environment 43 Government policy priorities 4.4 The national economy and macroeconomic policy 45 Industrial structure and policy 46 Labour markets and labour market regulation 47 Business, the national economic environment, and globalization Summary 5 The Regional Business Environment 5.1 The regionallocation of industry 5.2 Regional impact analysis 5.3 Causes and consequences of regional disparities 5.4 Regional policy: alternative approaches 55 Sub-national regions and globalization Summary 91 93 95 96 97 109 115 116 118 126 127 133 134 139 143 145 PART TWO Key Dimensionsof the Business Environment 6 Contrasting Cultures and Business Models 155 6.1 The meaning and significance ofculture 156 6.2 Culture and institutions 158 6.3 The essentials of culture 159 6.4 Methods of cultural assessment 164 65 Cultural controversies 168 66 Alternative socio-economic models 174 6.7 Implications for business In the global economy 181 Summary 182 7 Business Ethics and Corporate Responsibility 190 7.1 Ethlcs and business 191 7.2 Difficult issues in business ethics 192 7.3 Concepts In business ethics 194 7.4 Personal eth ics in busi ness 200 75 Corporate social responsibility 203 7.6 Responsibility for the natural environment 205 7.7 Business ethics, voluntarism, and the law 209 Summary 210
DETAllED CONTENTS xv 8 Internationalization of Business in achanging Environment 217 8.1 Motives for going international 218 8.2 Multinational enterprises and the internationalization process 222 8.3 Assessi ng the international environ ment 225 8.4 Modes of international entry 227 8.5 Theories of internationalization 232 8.6 Internationalization and the business environment 239 Summary 240 9 Markets and Competition 247 9.1 Markets in the global economy 248 9.2 The role and operation of markets 249 9.3 The analysis of competition 257 9.4 The need for regulation 270 Summary 271 10 Technological Change 278 10.1 Perspectives on technological change 279 10.2 Sources of technological change 285 10.3 Technology and economic performance 292 10.4 The knowledge economy 295 Summary 297 11 Risk in the International Environment 304 11.1 Global and country risk in an uncertain world 305 11.2 Risk in the business environment 306 11.3 Analysis of risk in the global environment 311 11.4 Country risk analysis 314 11.5 Managing risk in an uncertain world 321 Summary 323 PART TH REE The Geopolitical Context 12 Europe: Unification. Crisis. and Beyond 12.1 Redrawing the map of Europe 12.2 The European Union 12.3 Transition in Russia and Eastern Europe 12.4 The future of European capitalism 12.5 European enigmas 333 333 335 339 340 34 1
xvi DETAILED CONTENTS 13 Contrasting Developments in the Americas 345 13.1 The US economy, the US dollar, and the world economy 345 132 US hegemony in international affairs 347 13.3 NAFTA and prospects for inter-american free trade 347 134 Regional integration in South America, Central America, and the Canbbean 349 135 A new dawn for Latin America? 349 14 Asia's Economic Potential 355 14.1 Asia's political, economlc, and cultural complexities 355 14.2 The rise and fall ofjapan? 357 14.3 The Chinese phenomenon 359 144 Indla's contrasting fortunes 361 14.5 Regional integration in Asia and the Asia-Pacific 362 14.6 Asian enigmas 363 1 5 Africa's Struggle for Reform 369 15.1 TheAfrican enigma 369 15.2 Africa's contrasting regions 371 15.3 Regional integration in Africa 374 154 Constraints on Africa's economic development 375 15.5 An African renaissance? 377 Glossary Index of Countries General index 381 391 393