Microbes: Diversity and Biotechnology

Microbes: Diversity and Biotechnology Editors Prof. S.C. Sati Dr. M. Belwal Department of Botany, Kumaun University, Nainital 263 002 (UK) 2012 DAYA PUBLISHING HOUSE New Delhi 110 002

iv 2012 EDITORS ISBN 978-81-7035-794-0 All rights reserved, including the right to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereof except for brief quotations in critical reviews. The views expressed in various articles are those of the authors and not of editor or publisher of the book. Published by : Daya Publishing House 4760-61/23, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 110 002 Phone: 23245578, 23244987 Fax: (011) 23260116 E-mail: dayabooks@vsnl.com website: www.dayabooks.com Laser Typesetting : Classic Computer Services Delhi - 110 035 Printed at : Chawla Offset Printers Delhi - 110 052 PRINTED IN INDIA

Preface Mycology is one of the oldest known subjects of science dealing with fungi, a very different kind of organisms which are neither plant nor animal but belong to a separate kingdom Mycetae. Fungi have such a fascinating world of microorganism that creates curiosity and attraction among the scientific community. Fungal world embodies diversified groups of organisms which colonize, multiply and survive in nature on many macro and micro-ecological niches and substrates. Fungi are eukaryotic, achlorophyllous, filamentous or unicellular heterotrophic living organisms and are ubiquitous in distribution. Of the estimated 1.5 million species of fungi, more than 98,000 fungal species have now well been described. The utilization and application of fungi by mankind has a long and varied history. They play an important role in biodegradation, recycling of organic matter, pharmaceutical industries, agriculture, medicine, industry, bioremediation, waste management and other activities. It is true that hardly any day passes when we are either harmed or benefited by these organisms. Microbes, including fungi, constitute an important component of biodiversity and comprise one of the biggest kingdoms in the living world. As there are more than 1 lac species of fungi known which grow and multiply in all diverse habitats in nature. But unfortunately, a little attention has been paid to these organisms. Uses of fungi for mankind has broadened and grown considerably during in the last century. A well known example of this includes the discovery and production of antibiotics and wider utilization of fungi in the food industry, where they are used in the production of various compounds, hormones and enzymes for food processing. The association of many fungi with plants has resulted in their use in agriculture as both biological control agents against plant disease and as plant growth stimulants such as mycorrhizal inoculants. This has now also become a part of biotechnology as well as biochemistry. Therefore, their management, conservation and exploitation for the betterment of mankind is must. Though there are many national and international Journals that bring out information about fungi and microbes, but almost in scattered state. It is quite desirable to keep all these in a book/ monograph at one place to provide more information about mycological progress especially being done in different corners of India. Therefore, the recent mycological work into a monographic shape is a time demand for the benefit of various persons engaged in the field of mycology in India and abroad.

vi In this endeavor we have tried to accommodate the articles devoted to different aspects of mycological progress. It is our humble attempt to bring out an edited monograph titled Contribution to the Mycological Progress. It is an excellent collection of 30 original research/review articles of eminent mycologists and active researchers from different parts of India including Nepal. We hope that this monograph would be very useful to all scientists, teachers, students and readers whosoever is interested on mycology and mycological literature. A line of critical comment on this book is always welcome from the readers/ users of this book. We wish to express our sincere gratitude to all the contributors of the articles for this book to achieve our objectives. We are thankful to our colleagues Prof. Uma Palni, Prof. Neerja Pande, Dr. Y. S. Rawat, Dr. Lalit Tewari, Dr. Kiran Bargali and Dr. Susma Tamta. We are also grateful to Miss Savita Joshi, Dr. Pratibha Arya, Dr. Kapil Khulbe and many other well wishers for their active assistance time to time. We would also like to thank the publisher, Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, for bringing out the monograph timely. S.C. Sati M. Belwal

Contents Preface List of Contributors v xi 1. The Black Mildews 1 V.B. Hosagoudar 2. Distribution of Endophytic Fungi in Different Parts of Rudraksh (Elaeocarpus sphaericus) Plants 37 A.K. Shukla, Y. Yongam and P. Tripathi 3. Aspect and Prospect of Endophytic Fungi 43 K.R. Sridhar 4. Phosphate Solubilizing Fungi and their Role in Improving Phosphorus Nutrition of Plants 63 Rachana Jain, Jyoti Saxena and Vinay Sharma 5. Botanicals in Control of Microbial Spoilage of Food Commodities 87 Priyanka Singh, R. Shukla, A. Kumar, B. Prakash, S. Singh and N.K. Dubey 6. Biological Control of Fungal Phytopathogens by Trichoderma sp.: Mechanisms of Action 99 Lakshmi Tewari, Bipin Chandra and Jitendra Saini 7. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Symbiotic Bioengineers 119 Meenakshi Mishra, Pradeep Kumar Singh and Deepak Vyas

8. Studies on Micro Fungal Diversity under Variable Habitats in Arunachal Pradesh 137 M. Majumder and A.K. Shukla 9. Culture of Cordyceps sinensis (Berk) Sacc.: A High Value Rare Medicinal Fungus of High Altitude Himalayan Region 151 R.C. Gupta and P.S. Negi 10. Mass multiplication and Development of Formulations of the Biocontrol Agent: Trichoderma sp. 159 Lakshmi Tewari, Rekha, Ruby and Bipin Chandra 11. Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Wheat Agro-climatic Regions of India 177 Reena Singh and Alok Adholeya 12. Saprolegniasis in Fishes of Kolleru Lake in Andhra Pradesh 197 S.A. Mastan 13. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi Associated with Wild Medicinal Plants Exhibit Variation in Phosphorus Concentration during Growth Developmental Stages 205 Nair Radhika and B.F. Rodrigues 14. Isolation and Mass Multiplication of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculum Using Monocot Hosts 219 Vipin Parkash and Ashok Aggarwal 15. Seed Mycoflora of Some Oil Yielding Plants from Dharwad 231 Ch. Ramesh and Avitha K. Marihal 16. Studies on the Fungal Flora in Rhizosphere of Pea Plant in Subtropical Region 269 B.S. Bhandari, S. Saxena and S. Guleri 17. Dynamics of Leaf Surface Mycoflora of Ginkgo biloba and Taxus baccata in Kumaun Himalaya 277 Manju Lata Upadhyaya and R.C. Gupta 18. The Aquatic Hyphomycetes: Aspects and Prospects 299 Pratibha Arya and S.C. Sati 19. Studies on Antifungal Activity of the Plant Zanthoxylem armatum (Rutaceae) 325 Kapil Khulbe and S.C. Sati 20. Antifungal Potential of Gymnosperms: A Review 333 Savita Joshi and S.C. Sati viii

21. Microorganisms: A Source of Bio-pharmaceuticals 347 Archana Mehta, Jinu John and Pradeep Mehta 22. Use of AM Fungi Inoculated Plants in Alleviation of Stress Effects 359 Existing in Mine Wastes Arun Arya and Shirali K. Choksi 23. Aspergillus spp. Association with Major Crops and its Pathogenic Effects 375 M.R. Swain and H.N. Thatoi 24. Deep Mycoses in Fish Caused by Water-moulds and Stress Hypothesis: A Review 397 S.K. Prabhuji, S.K. Sinha and Deepanjali Srivastava 25. Effect of Temperature, ph and Light on the Growth of Some Aquatic Hyphomycetes 417 S.C. Sati, Saraswati Bisht and Pratibha Arya 26. Endophytic Aquatic Hyphomycetes from Medicinal Plant Geranium nepalense Sweet. 429 N. Pargaien, S.C. Sati and M. Belwal 27. Quantitative Estimation of Conidial Production of Water-borne Conidial Fungi on Defined Submerged Substrate 433 S.C. Sati and M. Belwal 28. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza: Progression from Womb to World 445 V.S. Mehrotra 29. Isolation and Control of Seed Mycoflora of Onion (Allium cepa L.) in Nepal 469 B.K. Chhetri, U. Budhathoki and C.P. Pokhrel 30. Antimicrobial Potentiality of Bryophytes 477 Neerja Pande and Prabha Dhondiyal (nee Bisht) ix

List of Contributors Adholeya, Alok Centre for Mycorrhizal Research, Biotechnology and Management of Bioresources Division, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Indian Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003 Aggarwal, Ashok Botany Department, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136 119, Haryana Arya, Arun Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002 Arya, Pratibha Department of Botany, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital 263 001 Belwal, M. Botany Department, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital 263 001 Bhandari, B.S. Department of Botany, Birla College Campus, H N B Garhwal University, Srinagar 246 174, Uttarakhand Bisht, Saraswati Department of Botany, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital 263 001 Budhathoki, U. Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Chandra, Bipin Department of Plant Pathology (MRTC) College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, US Nagar

Chandra, Bipin Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, US Nagar, Uttarakhand Chhetri, B.K. Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Choksi, Shirali K. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002 Dhondiyal, Prabha (nee Bisht) Department of Botany, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital 263 001 Dubey, N.K Centre for Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh Guleri, S. Department of Botany, H N B Garhwal University, Srinagar 246 174, Uttarakhand Gupta, R.C. Department of Botany, Kumaun University, S.S.J. Campus, Almora 263 601, Uttarakhand Hosagoudar, V.B. Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode 587 116, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Jain, Rachana Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali 304 022, Rajasthan John, Jinu Biotechnology Lab, Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Dr. H.S.G. University, Sagar 470 003 Joshi, Savita Department of Botany, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital 263 001 Khulbe, Kapil D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital 263 001 Kumar, A. CAS Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh Majumder, M. Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Itanagar 791 112 Marihal, Avitha K. Department of Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, Karnataka xii Mastan, S.A. Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, D.N.R. College, P.G. Courses and Research Centre, Bhimavaram 534 202, Distt. W.G., Andhra Pradesh

Mehrotra, V.S. Agriculture Division, PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, 131 Zone II, M.P. Nagar, Bhopal 462 011, M.P. Mehta, Archana Biotechnology Lab, Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Dr. H.S.G. University, Sagar 470 003 Mehta, Pradeep Biotechnology Lab, Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Dr. H.S.G. University, Sagar 470 003 Mishra, Meenakshi Lab of Microbial Technology and Plant Pathology, Department of Botany, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar 470 003, M.P. Negi, P.S. Defence Agricultural Research Laboratory, Pithoragarh 262 501, Uttaranchal Pande, Neerja Department of Botany, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital 263 001 Pargaien, N. Department of Botany, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital 263 001 Parkash, Vipin Rain Forest Research Institute (ICFRE), Autonomous Council of Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, Deovan, Jorhat 785 001, Assam Pokhrel, C.P. Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Prabhuji, S.K. Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Centre, M.G. Post Graduate College, Gorakhpur 273 001, U.P. Prakash, B. CAS Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh Radhika, Nair Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa 403 206 Ramesh, Ch. Department of Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, Karnataka xiii Rekha Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, US Nagar, Uttarakhand Rodrigues, B.F. Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa 403 206

Ruby Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, US Nagar, Uttarakhand Saini, Jitendra Department of Microbiology, CB SH, GB. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, US Nagar Sati, S.C. Department of Botany, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital 263 001 Saxena, Jyoti Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali 304 022, Rajasthan Saxena, S. Department of Botany, Shri Guru Ram Rai Post Graduate College, Dehradun 248 001, Uttarakhand Sharma, Vinay Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali 304 022, Rajasthan Shukla, A.K. Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Itanagar 791 112 Shukla, R. CAS Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh Singh, Pradeep Kumar Goverment Naveen College, Janakpur, Korea, C.G. Singh, Reena Centre for Mycorrhizal Research, Biotechnology and Management of Bioresources Division, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Indian Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003 Singh, S. Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Deemed University, Allahabad 211 007, Uttar Pradesh Singh, Priyanka CAS Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh Sinha, S.K. Fisheries Department, U.P., Gorakhnath, Gorakhpur 273 005, U.P. Sridhar, K.R. Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangalore 574 199, Karnataka Srivastava, Deepanjali Department of Home Science, St. Joseph College for Women, Gorakhpur 273 009, U.P. xiv Swain, M.R. Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, Techno Campus, Ghatkia, Bhubaneswar 751 003

Tewari, Lakshmi Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, US Nagar, Uttarakhand Thatoi, H.N. Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, Techno Campus, Ghatkia, Bhubaneswar 751 003 Tripathi, P. Department of Botany, DAV-PG College, Kanpur 208 001 Upadhyaya, Manju Lata Department of Botany, Kumaun University, S.S.J. Campus, Almora 263 601, Uttarakhand Vyas, Deepak Lab of Microbial Technology and Plant Pathology, Deparment of Botany, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar 470 003, M.P. Yongam, Y. Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Itanagar 791 112 xv

Dr. S. C. Sati (b. Nov.1956) is a Professor in the Department of Botany, Kumaun University, Nainital, teaching UG and PG classes for last more than 25 years. Dr. Sati is an active researcher and has published over 100 research and review papers in several foreign and national Journals of International repute and books on various aspects of aquatic fungi such as zoosporic and conidial fungi, both saprophytes and fish parasites, of Kumaun Himalayas well as bioactivity and lichens in his credit. He edited a book/ monograph title Himalayan Microbial Diversity (1997) Recent Mycological Research (2007) and Mycorrhiza (2008). He undertook research projects sponsored by UGC, Do En (GBPIHED) and DST, New Delhi. He has strengthened the knowledge in the field of parasitic Watermolds, waterborne conidial fungi, water analysis, water pollution, litter decomposition and lichens from Kumaun Himalayan region. Dr. Sati is a fellow of Botanical Society of India (FBS) and Phytopathological Society of India (FPSI) and Life member of Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA), Calcutta and Central Himalayan Environmental Association (CHEA), Nainital. He actively participated in several seminars, symposia and conferences. Dr. Sati has supervised a number of M. Sc. and Ph.D. students. He received his M. Sc. (1977) and Ph. D. (1981) in Botany from Kumaun University, Nainital, India. 507 Dr. M. Belwal (b.1976) is serving as contract lecturer in the Botany Department, D.S. B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital (Presently posted at Botany Department, Govt. P.G. College, Gopeshwar). Dr. Belwal has more than ten years of active research experience with nearly 7 years teaching experience at various centers. He has published 22 papers in Journal of International and National repute in his credit. Besides, he attended several seminar and symposia. Dr. Belwal has also been awarded Young Scientist Fellowship from Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi (2006-2009). He did his Ph. D. (2002) from Kumaun University, Nainital on Aquatic Hyphomycetes.

Microbes: Diversity and Biotechnology (2012) Pages 1 36 Editors: Prof. S.C. Sati & Dr. M. Belwal Published by: DAYA PUBLISHING HOUSE, NEW DELHI Chapter 1 The Black Mildews Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode 587 116, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala V.B. Hosagoudar ABSTRACT The present paper deals with a exhausting account on the Black or dark mildews, foliicolous fungi distributed over two orders namely. Microthyriales and Meliolales with a number of families. These fungi flourish well in tropics and have extended their distribution to subtemperate to temperate regions of the world. Since these fungi do not cause any appreciable pathogenicity on the staple food producing crop plants, attention has not been paid much to this group. Economically, like other biotrophs, these fungi increase the temperature in the areas covered by the black colonies, initiate more respiration, reduce the efficiency of the chlorophyll, reduce total sugar, etc. The whole description is categories on their hosts and complete list of black mildews is enumerated. Keywords: Foliicolous fungi, Meliolales, Black mildews. Introduction Fungi are heterotrophs and absorb prepared food from different sources. Depending upon the source of absorption and association with its partner or associated substratum, they are classified as saprophytes, parasites and symbionts. Parasites obtain nutrients partly or fully from the living tissues of another organism. The parasites which are totally dependent on living organisms are called obligate parasites. The parasites which feed both on living and non-living organisms are called facultative or opportunistic parasites or saprophytes. Hence, the obligate parasites have to adjust and modify themselves with their partners for their survival. Certain obligate parasites kill the host tissues either by producing toxins or enzymes and then absorb nutrients from the hosts. These are called necrotrophs (necros-death, trophy-feeding). Certain parasites absorb nutrients from the living tissues, without killing them, by the specialised organs like appressoria, haustoria or nutritive hyphae. These are called biotrophs (bio-life, trophy- feeding). Fungi differ in their morphology, ecology, life history