6.5A Knw that an element is a pure substance represented by chemical symbls. Knw AN ELEMENT IS A PURE SUBSTANCE REPRESENTED BY CHEMICAL SYMBOLS Element a pure substance that cannt be brken dwn chemically int simpler substances Chemical symbl represents the name f an element and is written as a capital letter r a capital letter fllwed by a lwercase letter Pssible examples may include: H: hydrgen He: helium N: nitrgen O: xygen C: carbn Cl: chlrine Na: sdium Ca: calcium 1 (5A) Which f the fllwing is the symbl fr chlrine? A Ch C Cl B C D Ce 2 (5A) The chemical symbl Ca represents A chlrine C carbn B cesium D calcium 5 (5B) Accrding t the Abundance f Elements in the Earth's Crust table abve, what percentage f the Earth's crust is made up f Ca and Na cmbined? A 7 B 2 6.5B Recgnize that a limited number f the many knwn elements cmprise the largest prtin f slid Earth, living matter, ceans, and the atmsphere. Recgnize A LIMITED NUMBER OF ELEMENTS COMPRISE THE LARGEST PORTION OF SOLID EARTH, LIVING MATTER, OCEANS, AND THE ATMOSPHERE Slid Earth O: xygen Si: silicn Living matter (SPONCH)* S: sulfur P: phsphrus O: xygen N: nitrgen C: carbn H: hydrgen Oceans O: xygen H: hydrgen Cl: chlrine Na: sdium Atmsphere N: nitrgen O: xygen 3 (5B) Accrding t the Abundance f Elements in Living Organisms table abve, mst mass f living rganisms is made up f which tw elements? A Hydrgen and xygen B Oxygen and nitrgen C Nitrgen and thers D Oxygen and carbn 4 (5A) Which f the fllwing is nt an element? C 5 D 28 6 (5A) The chemical frmula fr baking sda, a cmmn husehld chemical is NaHCO 3. Hw many elements are in this cmpund? A Helium B Nitrgen C Water D Sdium
6.5C Differentiate between elements and cmpunds n the mst basic level. Differentiate BETWEEN ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS ON THE MOST BASIC LEVEL Elements A pure substance made up f ne kind f atm Building blcks f all matter Organized n the Peridic Table f the elements Prperties can be used t identify different elements Subscripts identify hw many atms are in a substance Pssible examples f elements may include: C O2 N H2 Cmpund A pure substance made by chemically cmbining tw r mre elements The prprtin f each element in a cmpund is cnstant (if the subscript is changed, the substance is changed) Pssible examples f cmpunds may include: CO2: carbn dixide CO: carbn mnxide H2O: water NaCl: sdium chlride C6H12O6: glucse CaCO3: calcium carbnate SiO2: silicn dixide 7 (5C) Water has the chemical frmula H 2 O. Which statement crrectly states the number f hydrgen and xygen atms present in the chemical frmula fr water? A There is an equal number f hydrgen and xygen. B There is ne hydrgen atm fr every tw xygen atms. C There are tw hydrgen atms fr every ne xygen atm. D There are tw hydrgen atms fr every fur xygen atms. 10 (5D) A student had a beaker with a small amunt f baking sda. The student added a few drps f pickle juice t the baking sda and bserved fizzing and bubbling. Based n bservatin, which f these can the student cnclude? F A chemical reactin prduced a slid. G N chemical reactin tk place. H Only a physical change happened. J A chemical reactin prduced a gas. 11 (5D) Tw liquids are mixed tgether. Which f the fllwing des NOT identify the frmatin f a new substance? F A gas is prduced. G One liquid disslves int the ther. H The temperature changes. 6.5D Identify the frmatin f a new substance by using the evidence f a pssible chemical change such as prductin f a gas, change in temperature, prductin f a precipitate, r clr change. Students may be assessed by being asked t classify the prducts r reactants f a chemical equatin as an element r a cmpund. Identify THE FORMATION OF A NEW SUBSTANCE USING THE EVIDENCE OF A POSSIBLE CHEMICAL CHANGE Physical change change which alters the physical prperties f a substance withut changing its identity Chemical change the frmatin f a new substance with different prperties; cannt be undne by physical means Identify evidence f chemical change Prductin f a gas Odr Bubbling Change in temperature Prductin f a precipitate Precipitate the frmatin f slids frm a slutin Clr change (permanent) Prductin f light 8 (5D) Which clumn in the abve Physical and Chemical Changes table includes nly chemical changes? A A C C B B D D MCO 3 MO + CO 2 9 (5C) The prducts in the chemical equatin abve are best classified as F ne cmpund and ne element G tw elements H ne element and tw cmpunds J tw cmpunds J A slid is frmed. 12 (5D) During a science class investigatin, a teacher places a small amunt f sugar in a spn and heats it ver a candle. Which f the fllwing wuld be the best evidence that a change in the chemical prperties f the sugar has taken place? F The sugar gets htter G The sugar gets larger H The sugar turns int a liquid J The sugar turns black.
6.6A Cmpare metals, nnmetals, and metallids using physical prperties such as luster, cnductivity, r malleability. Cmpare METALS, NONMETALS, AND METALLOIDS USING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical prperties Luster Cnductivity Malleability Magnetism Ductility States f matter Density Students must knw definitins and characteristics f the physical prperties f metals, nnmetals, and metallids in rder t classify substances by thse physical prperties. 13 (6A) A student is implementing an investigatin f physical prperties using samples f metals, nnmetals, and metallids. She used a battery, wires, and a bulb t test if each f the samples will cmplete the circuit causing the bulb t light. Next, she shined a bright light n each f the samples. Which physical prperties is the student investigating? A Streak and hardness B Luster and cnductivity C Streak and cnductivity 16 (6C) A student is testing several minerals in science class. First, the student scratched the minerals acrss a tile and then scratched the minerals with a cpper penny and a steel tl. What physical prperties is the student testing? F Clr and state G Streak and hardness H Luster and cnductivity J ph and fracture 6.6B Calculate density t identify an unknwn substance. Calculate DENSITY TO IDENTIFY AN UNKNOWN SUBSTANCE Density the amunt f matter that will fit int a given amunt f space Using, calculate density f bjects Density is measured in grams/cubic centimeter (g/cm 3 ) r grams/millimeter (g/ml) Use density t identify / classify an unknwn substance The density f a substance des nt change regardless f the quantity f the substance Vlume the amunt f space that a substance r bject ccupies Using L x W x H, calculate the vlume f a regularly shaped bject Using water displacement, determine the vlume f an irregularly shaped bject Using a graduated cylinder, determine the vlume f a liquid Vlume f a liquid is measured in milliliters (ml) Vlume f slids is measured in cubic centimeters (cm 3 ) 1 milliliter (ml) is equal t 1 cm 3 Mass the amunt f matter in smething Using a triple beam balance r spring scale determine the mass (g) f an bject D Hardness and luster 14 (6A) Cpper is a cmmn metal. Which f the fllwing prperties des this metal mst likely have? F Lw cnductivity, lw malleability, and lw luster G High cnductivity, high malleability, and lw luster H Lw cnductivity, high malleability, and high luster J High cnductivity, high malleability, and high luster 15 (6B) A student needs t find the density f a cube. Each side f the cube measures 3 cm and the mass f the cube is 12 g. What is the apprximate density f the cube? 17 (6B) A student measured the mass and vlume f a metal sample using a triple beam balance and a graduated cylinder. The sample has a mass f 16.7 grams and a vlume f 4.4 cm 3. What is the density f the metal sample? 6.6C Test the physical prperties f minerals, including hardness, clr, luster, and streak. Test PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS Physical prperty prperty f matter that can be bserved withut changing the cmpsitin r identity f the matter Hardness - Mhs Hardness Scale Clr Luster Streak A 0.4 g/cm 3 C 4.0 g/cm 3 B 2.25 g/cm 3 D 36 g/cm 3 18 (6C) Hw the surface f a mineral appears when it reflects light is knwn as A streak C cnductivity B luster D hardness
6.8A Cmpare and cntrast ptential and kinetic energy. 6.8B Identify and describe the changes in psitin, directin, and speed f an bject when acted upn by unbalanced frces. Cmpare, Cntrast POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY Ptential energy stred energy f an bject because f its psitin r shape Psitin (pint f greatest and least ptential energy) Kinetic energy energy f mtin Psitin (pint f greatest and least kinetic energy) Transfrmatin (relatinship) between ptential and kinetic energy Pssible examples f transfrmatins between ptential and kinetic energy: Rller casters Buncing balls Pendulums Rubber bands Identify, Describe CHANGES TO AN OBJECT WHEN ACTED UPON BY UNBALANCED FORCES Balanced frces equal and ppsite frces n an bject that result in n change in psitin, directin, r mtin Unbalanced frces unequal frces n an bject that may result in a change in psitin, directin, r mtin Acceleratin change in an bject s mtin; caused by unbalanced frces Psitin (displacement) Directin Mtin Speed Examples f acceleratin Starting / stpping Speeding up / slwing dwn Changing directin 19 (8A) Accrding t the abve diagram, at what pint wuld the rller caster car have the greatest ptential energy? F 3 G 4 H 5 J 6 20 (8A) Accrding t the abve diagram, at what pint wuld the rller caster car have the greatest kinetic energy? A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6 22 (8B) Refer t the infrmatin and diagram abve. As the ball rises in the air, it is acted n by the frce f gravity. This frce causes the ball t F slw dwn, change directin, and then speed up until it falls t the grund G speed up, keep its same directin, and then slw dwn as it falls t the grund H travel at the same speed until it hits the grund J travel in the same directin until it hits the grund 6.8C Calculate average speed using distance and time measurements. Calculate AVERAGE SPEED USING MEASUREMENTS Fr example: 12.6 m / 9 s (STAAR Spring 2014 Administratin, Item #38). Average speed Students may be required t cnvert units f measure (minutes t hurs) prir t calculatins. 21 (8C) Observe the inclined plane and ball in the abve image. If the ball rlls dwn the inclined plane in the directin f the arrw in 2.42 secnds, what is the average speed f the ball during the rll? F 4.96 m/s H 1.65 m/s G 2.07 m/s J 1.24 m/s 23 (8C) Refer t the abve infrmatin and table. What was the average speed f the wind-up-ty during the three trials t the nearest hundredth f a cm/s? F 11.17 cm/s G 6.50 cm/s H 19.50 cm/s J 8.20 cm/s
6.8D Measure and graph changes in mtin. Measure, Graph CHANGES IN MOTION Distance ver time Speed ver time Interpreting and cmparing graph lines shwing the fllwing scenaris Cnstant speed Increasing speed Decreasing speed N mtin (stpped) 24 (8D) A dg walks away frm hme at a cnstant pace fr 20 minutes. Next, he stps fr a 10 minute nap under a tree. Finally, he walks back hme at a cnstant pace and cmes t a stp. Which graph belw best represents the mtin f the dg in terms f distance frm hme ver time? 26 (8D) The graph abve shws the mtin f a car. Which statement belw best describes the mtin f the car? 6.8E Investigate hw inclined planes and pulleys can be used t change the amunt f frce t mve an bject. Investigate HOW THE AMOUNT OF FORCE NEEDED TO MOVE AN OBJECT CAN BE CHANGED Using simple machines t change the amunt f frce r the directin t mve an bject Mving an bject with an inclined plane Mving an bject withut an inclined plane When raising an bject t a specific height, the amunt f frce will be less when using an inclined plane cmpared t the amunt f frce needed t d the same wrk withut an inclined plane. Mving an bject with a pulley Single fixed pulley (des nt change frce; nly directin) Single mvable pulley (changes frce) Cmpund pulley (changes frce) Mving an bject withut a pulley F H G J 25 (8E) Which inclined plane requires the mst frce t push the ball t the tp? F G A The car is stpped fr tw minutes, travels at a cnstant speed fr tw minutes, and then stps. B The car is stpped fr tw minutes, increases its speed ver tw minutes, and then stps. C The car travels at a cnstant speed fr tw minutes, increases its speed ver tw minutes and then travels at a cnstant speed fr tw mre minutes. D The car increases its speed fr tw minutes, travels at a cnstant speed fr tw minutes and then increases its speed ver the next tw minutes. H J
6.9A Investigate methds f thermal energy transfer, including cnductin, cnvectin, and radiatin. 6.9B Verify thrugh investigatins that thermal energy mves in a predictable pattern frm warmer t cler until all the substances attain the same temperature such as an ice cube melting 6.9C Demnstrate energy transfrmatins such as energy in a flashlight battery changes frm chemical energy t electrical energy t light energy. Investigate METHODS OF THERMAL ENERGY TRANSFER Thermal energy can be transferred frm ne system t anther (r frm a system t its envirnment) in different ways Cnductin transfer f heat thrugh direct cntact frm a warmer substance t a cler substance Cnvectin transfer f thermal energy, in a liquid r gas, in which the warmer substance rises and the cler substance sinks; frms a current Radiatin the transfer f energy frm a light surce (e.g., Sun, fire, light bulb, burner) t an bject r substance Investigate, Verify THERMAL ENERGY MOVES IN A PREDICTABLE PATTERN Thermal energy mvement Frm warmer t cler Until all the substances attain the same temperature Ice cube melting Additinal pssible examples may include: Cnvectin tanks / tubes Demnstrate ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS Transfrmatins between frms f energy Chemical Thermal Light (radiant) Mechanical Electrical Example f energy transfrmatin Energy in a flashlight battery changes frm chemical energy t electrical energy t light energy Pssible additinal examples may include: Ht air balln rising An engine causing a car t mve A wind turbine system A hydrelectric pwer plant One animal cnsuming anther animal An animal cnsuming a plant (prducer) 27 (9A) The diagram abve shws an ice cube placed in a ht pan. Thermal energy is being transferred t the ice cube frm the pan shwn abve by F cnvectin H radiatin G cnductin J cnservatin 28 (9B) An ice cube is placed nt a ht pan that is sitting n the cunter tp as shwn abve. Hw will the thermal energy mve? A The cldness will mve frm the pan t the ice cube. B The cldness will mve frm the ice cube t the pan. C The heat will travel frm the pan t the ice cube. D The heat will mve frm the ice cube t the pan. 29 (9A) A student is drinking a cup f ht chclate as they sit by a campfire n a chilly evening. They knw that the cup f ht chclate transfers thermal energy t the surrunding air. The heated air ver their cup f ht chclate expands and rises and is replaced by cler, denser air. This methd f energy transfer is F cnvectin H cnductin G cndensatin J radiatin 30 (9B) A student is investigating hw heat mves. The student heated a nail t 100 C and placed it int 250 ml f 20 C water. What is the mst likely temperature f the water and the nail 30 minutes later? F The water is 10 C, and the nail is 110 C. G The water is 40 C, and the nail is 40 C. H The water is 70 C, and the nail is 40 C. J The water is 100 C, and the nail is 70 C. 31 (9C) Electrical energy is being prduced by transfrmatin frm nuclear energy and added t ur natin's pwer grid. Sme f the electrical pwer yu use may cme frm nuclear energy. Use the flw map t see hw energy is transfrmed frm nuclear t electrical. Identify the energy transfrmatins f each step in the diagram abve. Example: Radiactive atms are split in a nuclear reactr t heat water t steam. nuclear energy t thermal energy Part A. The spinning turbine turns an electrical generatr. t Part B. Electrical energy frm the generatr is sent acrss pwer lines t d such things as turn n lights. t
6.10A Build a mdel t illustrate the structural layers f Earth, including the inner cre, uter cre, mantle, crust, asthensphere, and lithsphere. 6.10B Classify rcks as metamrphic, igneus, r sedimentary by the prcesses f their frmatin. Build A MODEL TO ILLUSTRATE THE STRUCTURAL LAYERS OF EARTH Inner cre Outer cre Mantle Crust Asthensphere Lithsphere Classify ROCKS BY THE PROCESS OF THEIR FORMATION Types f rcks Metamrphic Frmed when igneus r sedimentary rcks are put under heat and / r pressure in the Earth s crust Igneus Frmed when crystallized thrugh melting and cling Magma Lava Sedimentary Frmed thrugh the accumulatin f sediment Cmpactin prcess by which verlying pressure frm rcks and sil reduces the size r vlume f sediments Cementatin prcess f binding and hardening sediments int hard rck Sedimentatin the depsitin f slid material frm being suspended in a fluid (water) Rck cycle the cntinual prcess by which rcks can be changed int different types f rck 32 (10A) Sme students use an apple t represent the Earth. What is the best reasn t use an apple fr this cmparisn? F The skin f an apple is very thin, and the crust f the Earth is very thin. G The flesh f an apple is made f the same material all the way thrugh, and the interir f the Earth is the same all the way thrugh. H The seeds f the apple are very light in cmparisn t the rest f the apple, and the cre f the Earth is als made f very light matter. J The stem f the apple cmes frm the cre and the Nrth Ple cmes frm the Earth s cre. 33 (10A) A student wanted t make a mdel f the Earth. The student decided t cut a giant Styrfam ball in half and paint the layers n it t shw their thickness. Which mdel belw best represents the layers f the Earth? F H J G 34 (10B) A student made peanut butter bars by pressing a layer f graham cracker crumbs int a baking pan. Next, the student added a layer f a peanut butter mixture and then added a layer f crushed peanuts. Lastly, the student added a layer f chclate frsting. The prcess f making peanut butter bars is mst like the frmatin f what type f rck? A Igneus C Sedimentary 35 B Metamrphic D Magma What prcess is ccurring at lcatin W? A Pressure and cementatin B Weathering and ersin C Heating and melting D Cling and hardening
6.11A Describe the physical prperties, lcatins, and mvements f the Sun, planets, Galilean mns, meters, asterids, and cmets. 6.11B Understand that gravity is the frce that gverns the mtin f ur slar system. Describe PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, LOCATIONS, AND MOVEMENTS OF OBJECTS THAT COMPRISE THE SOLAR SYSTEM Physical prperties f bjects Temperature Cmparative size / mass Cmpsitin Terrestrials vs. gas giants Atmsphere Lcatin f bjects Relative distance frm Sun Mvement f bjects Orbits Rtatin Revlutin Objects in the slar system Sun Planets Galilean mns Asterids Meters Cmets Understand GRAVITY IS THE FORCE THAT GOVERNS THE MOTION OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM Gravity frce f attractin between tw bjects due t their masses Larger masses have a larger gravitatinal frce than smaller masses Recgnize gravitatinal attractin (frce) between Sun and Mn Sun and planets Planets travel in a curved path (ellipse) instead f a straight line Planets and their mn(s) Sun and ther bjects in ur slar system Mtin f ur slar system Revlutin Orbit 36 (11B) On which planet wuld a persn weigh the least? A Jupiter C Mercury B Venus D Earth 37 (11A) Scientists bserved a rcky, rtating bject rbiting in space. It was 250 km wide. The rcky bject was lcated several times farther away frm the Sun than the Earth. The bject is mst likely F Venus H Mars G the Mn J an asterid 38 (11B) The Sun is the center f ur slar system and creates a large amunt f gravitatinal frce. If this system lst the Sun, what wuld happen t the planets? F The planets wuld explde. G The planets wuld stp mving. H The planets wuld travel in a straight line. 39 (11A) Which f the fllwing represents characteristics f the fur planets farthest frm the Sun? F Smaller planets G Gas giants H Rcky (terrestrial) planets J 3 r less mns 40 (11A) Which graph illustrates the diameter f the inner planets? A B J The planets wuld cntinue n their same path. C
6.11C Describe the histry and future f space explratin, including the types f equipment and transprtatin needed fr space travel. Describe THE HISTORY AND FUTURE OF SPACE EXPLORATION Histry and Future First liquid fueled rcket (Gddard) First rcket t reach space (Vn Braun) First artificial satellite (Sputnik 1) First csmnaut t rbit the Earth (Yuri) Explratin f the mn (Apll prgram) First human t walk n the Mn (Armstrng) U.S. Space Shuttle Prgram Hubble Space Telescpe Internatinal Space Statin Prgram Mars Explratin Prgram Outer planetary unmanned explratin Types f equipment and transprtatin Rckets Satellites Space shuttles Space prbes Space statin 41 (11C) A prbe is a vehicle designed t carry instruments, but nt crew. T which f the fllwing places wuld we mst likely send a prbe? F The Internatinal Space Statin G Inside the Sun H Muntain tp J Saturn 42 (11C) Over time, NASA has develped many different vehicles t carry men and wmen int space. These craft have changed t allw lnger stays in space, carry mre astrnauts, and cnduct mre investigatins. Until recently, the U.S. has used the space shuttle. The space shuttle differed frm previus space vehicles because it 43 (11C) This diagram prvides sme imprtant dates in the histry f space explratin as it relates t the mn. After scientists had a clear picture f the surface f the Mn, they landed an unmanned craft befre risking human life. The Sviets landed the first unmanned craft n the Mn, named Luna 9. Which f the fllwing is the mst reasnable time perid fr this missin t have taken place? A Smetime befre 1959 B Between 1959 and 1965 F was reusable C Between 1965 and 1969 G culd carry mre than ne persn D Smetime after 1969 H culd travel beynd Earth's rbit J was airtight