Research of analog and digital data sources for landscape development analysis Sebastian Kahlert, May 3 rd 2007 FIT 2005 UASE
Agenda Objective of Research Project Material and Methodology Historic Maps Aerial Imagery Satellite Imagery Online digital Globe Software Conclusion Time for your Questions
Objective of Research Project Acquirement of data from analogue and digital sources. preparatory work providing a valuable collection of sources for the analysis of the moraine landscape development of Gross Ziethen, north-eastern Brandenburg, Germany.
The need for data In a time of omnipresent awareness of climate change issues it is important to:» understand the behaviour and characteristics of landscape dynamics Landscape analysis provides an inevitable tool for the evaluation and detection of ecological changes in a given area» combines numeric data with visual data such as maps, aerial photographs & high-resolution satellite imagery.
Relevant Data Types Analog data MAPS: 1. Agricultural 2. Biotope 3. Climate 4. Geological 5. Historical 6. Hydrogeological 7. Silvicultural 8. Topographic OTHER: 1. Aerial Imagery Digital data 1. Aerial Photography 2. Geological Maps 3. Satellite Imagery 4. Topographic Maps ONLINE DIGITAL GLOBE SOFTWARE 1. Google Earth series 2. MS Virtual Earth 3D 3. Nasa WW
Material used for Research Microsoft Office 2000 Professional Internet Search Engines, especially Google Copernic Agent Basic v.6.11 Build 721 distributed by Inc. Different Computer Systems ESRI ArcGIS 9.1 v.6.11 Build 721 distributed by Copernic Technologies Online Digital Globe Software: Google Earth NASA World Wind v.1.3. MS Virtual Earth 3D
The Process of Data Acquisition Flowchart illustrating the process of data acquisition (According to Kahlert)
Historic Maps Historic maps are outstanding documents of times and great assets for landscape analysis! Aligning similar historic maps in chronological order may lead to astounding and informative discoveries regarding landscape alterations due to anthropogenic impacts.
Historic Maps General Overview Oldest Maps available today (17 th Century) Mainly for guidance and military interests No topographic details Inaccurate and unsuited for comparison with modern data Cartographic Work according to Schmettau Midst of 18 th Century First attempt of cartographing Prussia Application of standardized & uniform principles Prussian Ordnance Maps Issued in 1875 under pressure from Prussian economy Magnitude of Prussian cartography Superior in detail and accuracy
Cartographic Work according to Schmettau Key facts Schmettausches Kartenwerk 1. Scale 1:50.000 2. 3. 4. Created by Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Graf von Schmettau - 1767-1787 Covers the former Prussian Territory east of the Weser Climax of pre-official Prussian cartography depicts land-use patterns of Prussian era Blatt Groß-Ziethen
Prussian Ordnance Maps (Preussische Urmeßtischblätter) Key facts 1. Scale 1:25.000 2. Part of state surveillance programme guided by M. Müffling Prussian Ordnance Map 3. Framework for new nationwide cartographic work 4. Very rich in detail and large-scale resolution. Cropped part of Prussian Ordnance Map
Evaluation of Historic Maps Advantages Detail Visualization of historic land-use Available from several sources Disadvantages Complicated digitalization Missing geo-tag information Obsolete or unknown coordinate systems Troublesome to impossible georeferencing Spatial accuracy Geo-referencing may lead to warped, distorted images!
Aerial Photography Aerial Photography Aerial Photography Aerial Photography Aerial Photography Aerial Imagery may substitute satellite imagery 2 types suited for landscape analysis of north-eastern Brandenburg Russian aerial photographs (analog) Ortophotographs (digital) Aerial photographs are reduced, photographic reflections of a part of the earth surface from the bird s-eye view
US vs. Russian Imagery American Photographs black-and-white US combat troops 1944-45 Scales from 1:9000 1.50 K Focus only on areas of military concern Low quality and high cloud cover Russian Photographs black-and-white Shot in 1953 Scale of 1:50.000 Good coverage of Brandenburg Enhanced visibility (few clouds) Unsuited for landscape analysis! Suited for landscape analysis!
Digital Photographs Digital Ortophotos Recorded in 2001 Federal State Brandenburg State Surveillance Project High-resolution 1:1000 Coloured Superior quality Perfect for landscape analysis! Groß-Ziethen area, Barnim, Brandenburg
Problems related to Aerial Imagery Analog Photographs Scanning of analog Imagery Add embedded information about coordinate system Post-Processing I.e. correction of brigthness and contrast values Digital Photographs Joining of many tiles with ArcGIS is required Pyramid layers are computed for each tile time consuming Calls for extensive hardware resources, especially lots of RAM
Satellite Imagery Overview and Findings Multiple sources with identical imagery Free Imagery is of lower quality New imagery can be ordered, but is costly Reasons for scarcity of satellite imagery: Online data pools controlled by US companies Storage of data that is vital for US: military, political or scientific interests Imagery of north-eastern Brandenburg is not up-to-date
Online Digital Globe Software Overview and Findings Is Online Digital Globe Software suited for scientific purposes? ODG Software features an interactive 3D environment Combination of aerial photography and satellite imagery Additional information can be displayed Easy to work with / uncomplicated GUI The new online digital globe systems have opened up new information display possibilities for scientists, who are otherwise too occupied with their work to learn the intricacies of professional GIS software. Declan Butler - Nature Magazine
Online Digital Globe Software Google Earth Nasa World Wind MS Virtual Earth 3D 3D environment 4 different versions Client software Extra Infos Global Imagery Overlays possible 3D environment Client software Global Imagery Overlays possible Blue Marble Imagery MODIS & GLOBE SRTM data 2D mapping & location servíce Webbased 3D views of cities w. textures Suberb imagery for US No overlay function Commercial Use
Google Earth vs. MS VE 3D MS Virtual Earth 3D on top/ Google Earth below
Online Digital Globe Software - Conclusion Images consisting of several bands cannot be downloaded! No real-time data as advertised! Google Earth and NASA World Wind:» Convert Map to.kml with RoboGeo» Overlay function» Elementary landscape analysis possible ODG software is not really suited for scientific landscape analysis! No pixel-wise image differencing, classification features
NASA World Wind: http://www.worldwindcentral.com/wiki/nasa_world_wind_download Microsoft Virtual Earth 3D:http://local.live.com/ Google Earth: http://earth.google.com
Personal Conclusion Key Findings Learned how to acquire data Arduos process! Adequate amount of analogue and digital data sources for the setup of a data pool Assessment of numerous data kinds and sources Biotope and climate maps are hard to obtain Satellite Imagery is scarce
Time for your Questions & Comments