Chapter Test A CHAPTER 15 Evolution Part A: Multiple Choice In the space at the left, write the letter of the phrase or sentence that best answers each question. Part B: Matching 1. Which did Charles Darwin personally observe while visiting the different Galápagos Islands? A. finches of the same species B. fossils of closely related mollusks C. mockingbirds with different traits D. tortoises with varying shell sizes 2. Which is true because of comparative embryology? A. A frog embryo resembles an adult frog. B. Male and female eagle embryos have wings. C. The embryos of all animals appear different. D. Turtle and human embryos have a tail. 3. Which is an example of an adaptation? A. All African cheetahs have a similar DNA and genetic make up. B. Both a human and a gorilla have opposable thumbs for grasping objects. C. Polar bear fur is better camouflage on ice flows than brown bear fur. D. Sparrow and finch wings allow for quick bursts of speed during flight. Matching Set 1 Place a check in the correct box to identify the type of structure each statement describes. Statement 1. Scientists believe human arms and whale flippers were inherited from a common ancestor. 2. The tailbone of a human is a structure that serves no practical purpose. 3. Hawk wings and grasshopper wings allow for sustained flight, but these structures evolved separately. 4. Humans can have their appendixes removed with few, if any harmful effects. Analogous Homologous Matching Set 2 Write the letter of the correct evolutionary mechanism on the line next to its description. Answers may be used only once. 5. constant allele frequencies in a population A. bottleneck Vestigial 6. reduction in number of alleles, resulting in a population that is genetically similar 7. a small, separated population with a unique genetic make up B. founder effect C. genetic equilibrium 58 Evolution CHAPTER 15 Unit 4
Chapter Test A CONTINUED Part C: Interpreting Graphs 1. Study Figure 1. Identify the type of natural selection illustrated by the graph. Explain. Figure 1 Figure 2 2. Study Figure 2. Identify the type of natural selection illustrated by the graph. Explain. Part D: Short Answer 1. Summarize the four basic principles of natural selection. 2. Define evolution. Unit 4 CHAPTER 15 Evolution 59
Chapter Test A CONTINUED 3. The bull fur seal and the emperor penguin both have streamlined, fishlike bodies and a layer of insulation underneath the skin. Both animals use webbed forelimbs to swim in an aquatic environment. Analyze the traits of the bull fur seal and emperor penguin and explain why these animals are an example of convergent evolution. Part E: Concept Application 1. All varieties of the common aquarium fish known as guppies can breed with each other, but these fish display a wide variation of sizes, tail colors, and tail shapes. Explain how Darwin would have explained the many different variations of guppies. Include the term artificial selection in your discussion. 2. A syrphid fly is a type of fly with yellow and black bands on its body that resembles the markings of the yellow jacket wasp. Yellow jackets produce a painful sting, but syrphid flies have no sting. Identify the type of adaptation the syrphid fly has evolved. Provide reasons for your identification. Infer how the syrphid fly benefits from this adaptation. 60 Evolution CHAPTER 15 Unit 4
Chapter Test B CHAPTER 15 Evolution Part A: Multiple Choice In the space at the left, write the letter of the term, phrase, or sentence that best completes each statement or answers each question. 1. After returning from his voyage on the HMS Beagle, which did Darwin assume? A. Fossil evidence shows that species have changed over millions of years. B. Galapagos tortoises had reached a genetic equilibrium on the islands. C. South American finches changed after coming to the Galápagos Islands. D. Tropical mockingbirds of the same species had different traits. 2. Which is the definition of evolution? A. genetic differences in a species B. parents passing traits to offspring C. the appearance of new life forms D. the change of species over time 3. Which is an example of camouflage? A. A group of macaws isolated on an island have uniquely shaped beaks. B. The leafy sea dragon looks more like a plant than an animal. C. The thick feathers of the great horned owl make it a nearly silent flier. D. The viceroy butterfly s colors match the monarch butterfly s colors. 4. African cheetahs, which suffered a dramatic drop in population, rebounded in number to create a population of unusually similar genetic animals. This is called A. a bottleneck. B. genetic equilibrium. C. speciation. D. the founder effect. Part B: Matching and Completion Matching Place a check in the correct box to identify the type of structure each statement describes. Statement 1. Scientists believe human arms and whale flippers were inherited from a common ancestor. 2. The tailbone of a human is a structure that serves no practical purpose. 3. Hawk wings and grasshopper wings allow for sustained flight, but these structures evolved separately. 4. Humans can have their appendixes removed with few, if any harmful effects. Analogous Homologous Vestigial Unit 4 CHAPTER 15 Evolution 61
Chapter Test B CONTINUED Completion Write the correct term in the blank to complete each sentence below. 5. Darwin referred to the selective breeding of domesticated animals as. 6. The evolution of an elongated beak by most woodpecker species is called a(n). 7. Comparing the three white-furred offspring of one polar bear mother to the one white-furred offspring of a second polar bear mother is called. 8. Peacocks developing large tails, as a result of large-tailed males being selected more frequently by females, is called. Part C: Interpreting Graphs 1. Study Figure 1. Identify the type of natural selection illustrated by the graph. Hypothesize why this type of selection is occurring in the snail population. 2. Study Figure 2. Hypothesize why this type of selection is occurring in the squirrel population. Part D: Short Answer Write your response to each statement in the space provided. 1. Apply the four basic principles of natural selection to explain why dark-colored peppered moths replaced light-colored moths during England s initial years of industrialization. Figure 1 Figure 2 62 Evolution CHAPTER 15 Unit 4
Chapter Test B CONTINUED 2. Infer the evolutionary significance of the presence of a tail in both a chimpanzee embryo and trout embryo. 3. The bull fur seal and the emperor penguin both have streamlined, fishlike bodies and a layer of insulation underneath the skin. Both animals use webbed forelimbs to swim in an aquatic environment. Identify the evolutionary principle that applies to the evolution of these two animals. Explain. Part E: Concept Application 1. Yellow jackets are wasps with yellow and black stripes that produce a painful sting. The evolutionary adaptation of the syrphid fly is to mimic the yellow jacket. Infer the physical appearance of the syrphid fly and the advantage of its adaptation in its environment. 2. A small population of 250 Saint Lucian parrots lives in the small rain forests of the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia. The parrots never leave the island, and parrots from neighboring islands do not come to Saint Lucia. The parrots live in three rain forest areas, but parrots from all the regions freely mate with parrots from other regions. The appearance and characteristics of the parrots have remained the same for generations without variation. Analyze the description of Saint Lucian parrots and identify the conditions and violations of the Hardy-Weinberg principle that apply to the parrot population. Unit 4 CHAPTER 15 Evolution 63
Chapter Test C CHAPTER 15 Evolution Part A: Multiple Choice In the space at the left, write the letter of the term, phrase, or sentence that best completes each statement or answers each question. 1. Which was the first conclusion Darwin made soon after returning from the Galápagos Islands? A. Natural selection was the evolutionary mechanism for species change. B. New species of finches could emerge through small ancestral changes. C. Variety among Galápagos birds resulted from evolutionary changes. D. Wild finch diversity explained the breeding of domesticated animals. 2. Which bird trait is an example of a derived trait? A. claw B. feather C. tail D. wing 3. Which explains why cytochrome c provides a broad-ranged comparison of evolutionary relationships? A. Amino acids prevent significant molecule change in the enzyme. B. ATP molecules steadily change cytochrome c structure over time. C. The compound evolves during times of accelerated evolution. D. The molecule experienced little change over long periods of history. Part B: Completion 4. If a hypothetical colony of 100 humans isolated themselves on an island, their genetic make up after several generations would be determined by A. a bottleneck. B. genetic drift. C. sexual selection. D. the founder effect. 5. The evolution of a second jaw in the cichlid fish is called A. adaptive radiation. B. allopatric speciation. C. coevolution. D. gradualism. Write the correct term in the blank to complete each sentence below. 1. Darwin would have called the breeding of larger tomato plants by farmers. 2. The speciation of five modern tiger species from one ancestral species is called. 64 Evolution CHAPTER 15 Unit 4
Chapter Test C CONTINUED 3. Studying the structures of organisms during early stages of development is called. 4. An organism feature that is not an adaptation is called a(n). 5. The DNA similarities within a population of wild animals that appears as though they have been inbred is called a(n). 6. The theory of punctuated equilibrium seeks to replace the speciation model known as. Part C: Interpreting Graphs 1. Study Figure 1. Identify the type of natural selection illustrated by the graph. Hypothesize environmental conditions that could lead to a shift in the coloration of the snail population. 2. Study Figure 2. Hypothesize why the natural selection of the squirrel population would change from disruptive selection to directional selection. Part D: Short Answer Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Compare and contrast the adaptations of mimicry and camouflage. Unit 4 CHAPTER 15 Evolution 65
Chapter Test C CONTINUED 2. Contrast the three basic types of organism structures. Provide an example for each structure. 3. A population of animals has a dominant allele for dark-colored fur and a recessive allele for light-colored fur. Sixty percent of the animals are homozygous dominant, 25 percent are heterozygous dominant, and 15 percent are homozygous recessive. Calculate the equilibrium frequencies for each segment of the population. Part E: Concept Application 1. Currently, scientists believe polar bears evolved from brown bears between 100,000 and 250,000 years ago because glaciers isolated a population of brown bears. Apply the four basic principles of natural selection to explain how polar bears evolved from this brown bear population. 2. Human eye color varies from nearly black to light blue. Dark eye color evolved to protect the eye from intense tropical sunlight, but present-day humans do not gain a survival advantage from eye color. Discuss the eye color of present-day humans from an evolutionary perspective. 3. The black-capped chickadee and the Carolina chickadee are two North American bird species that appear nearly identical. The black-capped chickadee remains north of an imaginary line that bisects the United States, and the Carolina chickadee stays to the south of the line. Infer the type of speciation these two species exhibit. Explain. 66 Evolution CHAPTER 15 Unit 4