Modified from: Larry Scheffler Lincoln High School IB Chemistry 1-2.1
The development of the periodic table brought a system of order to what was otherwise an collection of thousands of pieces of information. The periodic table is a milestone in the development of modern chemistry. It not only brought order to the elements but it also enabled scientists to predict the existence of elements that had not yet been discovered..2
Dobreiner s Triads (1827) Classified elements in sets of three having similar properties. Found that the properties of the middle element were approximately an average of the other two elements in the triad..3
John Newland attempt to classify 62 known elements He observed that when ordered by Atomic Mass, there was a an observable repetition every eighth element Tried to correlate the trends with musical scales, was ridiculed, and eventually awarded for his findings..4
Dmitri Mendeleev is credited with creating the modern periodic table of the elements. He gets the credit because he not only arranged the atoms, but he also made predictions based on his arrangements His predictions were later shown to be quite accurate..5
Mendeleev organized all of the elements into one comprehensive table. Elements were arranged in order of increasing mass. Elements with similar properties were placed in the same row..6
Mendeleev left some blank spaces in his periodic table. At the time the elements gallium and germanium were not known. He predicted their discovery and estimated their properties..7
H PERIODS - Similarities: The number of outer electron shells. Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Se Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds He Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
H GROUPS Similarities: The number of electrons in the outer shell. Common reactivity, bonding, chemical and physical properties. Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Se Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr He Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
H METALIC PROPERTIES Similarities: An elements relative ability to conduct energy in the form of heat or electricity. Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Se Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds the stair Non metals He Metals Metaloids Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties
Atomic Radius: A measure of the distance from the center of the nucleus to the outer-most electron Electronegativity: An atoms ability or affinity to gain another electron. Ionization Energy: The energy required to lose the outer-most electron from an element. Reactivity: An atoms general ability to undergo a chemical reaction.
Atomic Radius (pm) Atomic Radius Trend ic Num ber vs. Atom ic Radius 300 250 200 150 Series2 100 50 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 Atom ic Num ber
Electronegativity 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 Series1 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60-0.5 Atom ic Num ber
Ionization Energy (kj/mol) Ionization Atom ic Num ber Energy vs. Ionization Energy Trend 2500 2000 1500 Series2 1000 500 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 Atom ic Num ber
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Se Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Electrons between the nucleus and the valence electrons repel each other making the atom larger, affecting the atomic radius!.17
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Boosts the effective nuclear charge!.19
Lowers the effective nuclear charge.20
Isoelectronic ions have the same number of electrons. The more negative an ion is the larger it is and vice versa..21
The ions of the d block and the lower p block have unfilled d or p orbitals. These orbitals can accept electrons either an ion or polar molecule, to form a dative bond. This attraction results in the formation of a complex ion. A complex ion is made up of two or more ions or polar molecules joined together. The molecules or ions that surround the metal ion donating the electrons to form the complex ion are called ligands..22
Compounds that are formed with complex ions are called coordination compounds Common ligands Complex ions usually have either 4 or 6 ligands. K 3 Fe(CN) 6 Cu(NH 3 ) 4 2+
The formation of complex ions stabilizes the oxidations states of the metal ion and they also affect the solubility of the complex ion. The formation of a complex ion often has a major effect on the color of the solution of a metal ion..24
In an isolated atom all of the d sublevel electrons have the same energy. When an atom is surrounded by charged ions or polar molecules, the electric field from these ions or molecules has a unequal effect on the energies of the various d orbitals and d electrons. The colors of the ions and complex ions of d block elements depends on a variety of factors including: The particular element The oxidation state The kind of ligands bound to the element Various oxidation states of Nickel (II).25
The presence of a partially filled d sublevels in a transition element results in colored compounds. Elements with completely full or completely empty subshells are colorless, For example Zinc which has a full d subshell. Its compounds are white A transition metal ion exhibits color, if it absorbs light in the visible range (400-700 nanometers) If the compound absorbs a particular wavelengths of light its color is the composite of those wavelengths that it does not absorb. It shows the complimentary color..26
Paramagnetism --- Molecules with one or more unpaired electrons are attracted to a magnetic field. The more unpaired electrons in the molecule the stronger the attraction. This type of behavior is called Diamagnetism --- Substances with no unpaired electrons are weakly repelled by a magnetic field. Transition metal complexes with unpaired electrons exhibit simple paramagnetism. The degree of paramagnetism depends on the number of unpaired electrons.27
Many D block elements are catalysts for various reactions Catalysts speed up the rate of a chemical reaction with out being consumed. The transition metals form complex ions with species that can donate lone pairs of electrons. This results in close contact between the metal ion and the ligand. Transition metals also have a wide variety of oxidation states so they gain and lose electrons in redox reactions.28
Examples of D block elements that are used as catalysts: 1. Platnium or rhodium is used in a catalytic converter 2. MnO 2 catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide 3. V 2 O 5 is a catalyst for the contact process 4. Fe in Haber process 5. Ni in conversion of alkenes to alkanes.29
Although we are most familiar with the periodic table that Seaborg proposed more than 60 years ago, several alternate designs have been proposed..30
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