SECTION 1-1 REVIEW THE WORLD OF BIOLOGY Define the following terms. 1. development 2. reproduction 3. organ 4. tissue Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. Biology is the study of a. animals. b. plants and animals. 2. A short segment of DNA that contains instructions for the development of a single trait of an organism is known as a a. DNA loop. b. gene. c. library. d. membrane. 3. As the cells in a multicellular organism multiply, they become specialized for different functions in a process called a. sexual reproduction. b. descent with modification. 4. Homeostasis refers to the a. organization of cellular structures. b. stable level of internal conditions in organisms. c. organized structure of crystals. d. destruction of tropical rain forests. c. all living things. d. energy transfer. c. photosynthesis. d. cell differentiation. 5. Photosynthesis is part of a plant s a. metabolism. c. development. b. homeostasis. d. response to stimuli. Modern Biology Study Guide 1
Answer the questions in the space provided. 1. Explain why the cell is called the basic unit of life. 2. Give a specific example of homeostasis. 3. Why is it important to study biology? 4. Contrast the reproduction of bacteria with that of frogs. 5. Critical Thinking The organization of a rock is much simpler than that of living things. By what other criteria can a rock be distinguished from living things? Explain how the drawing below illustrates the characteristics of life. 2 Section 1-1 Review
SECTION 1-2 REVIEW THEMES IN BIOLOGY Distinguish between the terms in each of the following groups of terms. 1. domain, kingdom 2. diversity of life, unity of life 3. adaptations, evolution 4. ecosystem, ecology Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. A tree of life explains a. how organisms are related to each other. b. how organisms differ from each other. c. the lineages of various organisms. d. All of the above 2. Which of the following is NOT an important unifying theme in biology? a. the diversity and unity of life b. the relationship between organisms and society c. the interdependence of living organisms d. the evolution of life 3. An example of a domain is a. Animalia. b. Protista. c. Fungi. d. Eukarya. 4. A trait that improves an individual s ability to survive and reproduce is a(n) a. mutation. b. natural selection c. adaptation. d. domain. 5. Which of the following statements is true? a. Destruction of rain forests has no effect on living things. b. Destruction of rain forests increases the rate of evolution of rainforest organisms. c. Humans have had no impact on the world s environment. d. Humans have had a large impact on the world s environment. Modern Biology Study Guide 3
Answer the questions in the space provided. 1. Give an example of how two organisms are interdependent. 2. Why must an adaptation be inheritable if it is to cause a population to evolve? 3. What is natural selection? 4. If two organisms share the same kingdom, must they also share the same domain? Explain. 5. Critical Thinking A female frog has a genetic trait that prevents it from producing eggs. How likely is it that this trait will spread through the frog population? Explain your answer. Briefly describe the interactions among the panther, the deer, and the grass in the drawing below. 4 Section 1-2 Review
SECTION 1-3 REVIEW THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY Define the following terms. 1. prediction 2. control group 3. dependent variable 4. independent variable 5. theory Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. A field biologist who studies the behavior of birds in a rain forest most likely collects data through a. experimenting. b. modeling. c. observing. d. inferring. 2. Constructing a graph is an example of a. measuring. b. organizing data. c. observing. d. predicting. 3. Of the following steps in a scientific investigation, the last to be done is usually a. experimenting. b. observing. c. producing a model. d. hypothesizing. 4. A statement that explains observations and can be tested is called a. a hypothesis. b. an inference. c. a theory. d. a model. 5. A visual, verbal, or mathematical explanation that is supported by data is called a. a hypothesis. b. an inference. c. a theory. d. a model. Modern Biology Study Guide 5
Answer the questions in the space provided. 1. What are quantitative data? Give two examples of quantitative data. 2. What is an advantage of a peer review of a scientific paper? 3. How are a hypothesis, a prediction, and an experiment related? 4. What are some of the things scientists might do to analyze data? 5. Critical Thinking A scientist wanted to study the effect of a drug on the blood pressure of rats. She set up an experiment in which the experimental group consisted of rats that were injected with a salt solution containing the drug. What should the control group have consisted of? What were the dependent and independent variables in her experiment? Examine the drawing of the owl. In each space below, provide an observation that would support the inference given or provide an inference that could be derived from the observation given. Observations Inferences Owls live in trees. Owls feed on mice. Owls kill prey with their talons. The owl has wings. Both of the owl s eyes face forward. It is night. 6 Section 1-3 Review
SECTION 1-4 REVIEW TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groups, and briefly explain why it does not belong. 1. compound light, transmission electron, light electron, scanning electron 2. base unit, stage, nosepiece, objective lens 3. magnification, power of magnification, resolution, mass density 4. second, minute, meter, kilogram 5. meter, square meter, cubic meter, kilogram per cubic meter Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. The ability of a microscope to show details clearly is called a. enlargement. b. magnification. c. reduction. d. resolution. 2. One limitation of the scanning electron microscope is that it cannot be used to a. examine specimens smaller than cells. b. view living specimens. c. produce an enlarged image of a specimen. d. produce an image of the surface of a specimen. 3. A microscope with a 10 ocular lens and a 25 objective lens has a total power of magnification equal to a. 2.5. b. 35. c. 250. d. 2,500. 4. The SI base unit for time is the a. second. b. minute. c. hour. d. day. 5. The SI prefix that represents 1,000 times the base unit is a. deci. b. centi. c. kilo. d. micro. Modern Biology Study Guide 7
Answer the questions in the space provided. 1. Arrange the following parts in the order that matches the light path through a light microscope: specimen, ocular lens, objective lens, light source. 2. What are the maximum magnifications of the LM, TEM, and SEM? 3. Write the abbreviation for each of the following units: meter, kilometer, centimeter, millimeter, micrometer. What is the mathematical relationship between these units? 4. Critical Thinking A group of scientists want to determine whether the bacteria they are studying have viruses inside them. Which type of microscope should they use? Explain your answer. Label each part of the figure in the spaces provided. a b c d e 8 Section 1-4 Review
Section 1-1 1. Development is the process involving cell division and cell differentiation by which an organism becomes a mature adult. 2. Reproduction is the process by which an organism produces new organisms like itself. 3. An organ is a structure that carries out a specialized job inside an organ system. 4. A tissue is a group of cells in an organ that have similar abilities and that allow the organ to function. 1. c 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. a 1. A cell is the smallest unit that can perform all of life s processes. 2. Sample answer: An owl maintains its body temperature by burning fuel to produce body heat and by fluffing up its feathers to trap an insulating layer of air next to its body. 3. Sample answer: By studying biology, you can make informed decisions on issues that impact you and society, such as environmental issues, health, and technology. 4. Bacteria reproduce asexually by splitting in two. Frogs reproduce sexually by producing sperm and eggs. One sperm and one egg combine to form a single cell that divides many times to produce a new frog. 5. Rocks are not composed of cells, do not have internal systems for maintaining homeostasis, and do not contain hereditary information in the form of DNA. The buffaloes and grass are all composed of cells (cells). Different types of cells compose the different tissues in the buffaloes (organization). The grass uses energy from the sun to manufacture food, and the buffaloes consume the grass for their food (energy use). The buffaloes have hair to help maintain their internal environment (homeostasis). The calf will eventually grow into a full-grown buffalo (growth). Buffalo increase their herds through reproduction. Section 1-2 1. A domain is one of three major subdivisions of organisms that can be divided into one or more kingdoms. 2. Diversity of life describes the variety of different kinds of living things. Unity of life describes the features that living things have in common. 3. Adaptations are traits that improve an individual s ability to survive and reproduce. Evolution is the process in which a population changes over time due to increased reproduction of organisms with certain adaptations. 4. An ecosystem is a community of living things and their physical environment. Ecology is the branch of biology that studies how organisms interact with each other and with their environments. 1. d 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. d 1. Animals produce carbon dioxide and water, which is needed by plants. Accept all reasonable answers. 2. If an adaptation is not inherited, future generations of organisms will not have the favorable trait and evolution cannot occur. 3. Natural selection is the process by which organisms that have certain favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce successfully than organisms that lack these traits. 4. Two organisms that share the same kingdom must also share the same domain because kingdoms are subdivisions of domains. 5. This trait will not spread through the population. Since the frog produces no eggs, it will have no offspring to inherit the trait. The deer eat the grass and get energy and nutrients from the grass. The panther kills and eats the deer, getting energy and nutrients from the deer and the grass. Section 1-3 1. A prediction is what is expected to happen if a hypothesis were true. 2. A control group is a normal standard against which to compare an experimental group. 3. A dependent variable is a factor that is measured in a controlled experiment. 4. An independent variable is a factor that distinguishes the control and experimental groups in a controlled experiment. 5. A theory is a set of related hypotheses that have been confirmed and that explain a great amount of data. 1. c 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. d 1. Quantitative data are data that can be measured in numbers. Examples include the dimensions of an object, the number of objects in a group, and the duration of an event. 2. The validity of the research is checked by experts in the field. 3. A prediction is a statement made in advance that declares the results that will be obtained from testing a hypothesis in an experiment, if the hypothesis is true. 4. They might use statistics to determine relationships between variables, compare the data with those obtained in other studies, and determine possible sources of experimental error. 5. The control group should have consisted of rats that were injected with the same type of salt solution but without the drug. The dependent variable was blood pressure, and the independent variable was the drug. Observations: Inferences: The owl is sitting Owls can fly. in a tree. The owl has a mouse Owls have binocular in its beak. vision. The owl has Owls hunt at night. sharp talons. Modern Biology Study Guide Answer Key 1
Section 1-4 1. Light electron does not belong; the other three are types of microscopes. 2. Base unit does not belong; the other three are parts of a light microscope. 3. Mass density does not belong; the other three are characteristics of microscopes. 4. Minute does not belong; the other three are SI base units. 5. Meter does not belong; the other three are SI derived units. 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. c 1. light source, specimen, objective lens, ocular lens 2. LM, about 2,000 ; TEM, 200,000 ; SEM, 100,000 3. m, km, cm, mm, µm. 1 km = 1,000 m; 1 cm = 0.01 m; 1 mm = 0.001 m; 1 µm = 0.000001 m 4. They should use a TEM, since it has the magnification necessary to view viruses and, unlike an SEM, can reveal structures that are inside cells. a, ocular lens (eyepiece); b, nosepiece; c, objective lenses; d, stage; e, light source Section 2-1 1. An atom is the simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element. 2. A neutron is a nuclear particle that has no electrical charge. 3. A compound is a substance that is made up of atoms of two or more elements in fixed proportions. 4. A covalent bond is an attachment between two atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons. 5. An ion is an atom or molecule with an electrical charge. 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. a 1. Mass is the quantity of matter an object has, while weight is a measure of the pull of gravity on mass. 2. BO 2, 1 boron and 2 oxygen atoms; C 6 H 12 O 6, 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms; KCl, 1 potassium and 1 chlorine atom; NH 3, 1 nitrogen and 3 hydrogen atoms 3. The oxygen atoms share two pairs of electrons, since each atom needs two more electrons to fill the orbitals of its outermost energy level. 4. Argon will not tend to form bonds with other elements. With an atomic number of 18, argon must have 18 electrons: 2 in the first energy level, 8 in the second, and 8 in the third. Since the orbitals of its outermost energy level is filled, argon is chemically stable. 1. A covalent bond is formed between hydrogen and chlorine atoms. 2. A hydrogen atom and a chlorine atom share one electron. This process gives the hydrogen atom a full orbital of 2 electrons. The chlorine atom will have full orbitals corresponding to its three energy levels of 2, 8, and 8 electrons. Section 2-2 1. In a chemical reaction, a reactant is the starting substance and a product is the ending substance. Reactants are shown on the left side of an equation and products are shown on the right side. 2. A catalyst reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a reaction. An enzyme serves as a catalyst in the reactions of living things. 3. In an oxidation reaction, a reactant loses one or more electrons; in a reduction reaction, a reactant gains one or more electrons. 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. b 1. Reactants: C 12 H 22 O 11, H 2 O, Products: C 6 H 12 O 6, C 6 H 12 O 6 2. By reducing the activation energy that is needed for a reaction, a catalyst allows the reaction to proceed spontaneously or with the addition of a small amount of energy. 3. It indicates that the reaction can proceed in either the forward or the reverse direction. 4. Cl is reduced; Na is oxidized. 5. The reaction proceeds slowly because the activation energy is high. An enzyme or other catalyst is needed to lower the activation energy and speed up the reaction. 1. energy needed without a catalyst 2. energy needed with a catalyst 3. There is a net release of energy. Energy of the products is less than energy of the reactants. Section 2-3 1. A solvent is a substance in which a solute is dissolved. 2. An aqueous solution is a solution in which water is the solvent. 3. A hydroxide ion is a negatively charged ion consisting of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom, OH. 4. A base is a solution that contains more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions. 5. A buffer is a chemical substance that neutralizes small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution. 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. d 1. Adhesion allows water to stick to a dry surface. 2. Solutions can be mixtures of liquids, solids, or gases. 3. The solution contains 10 g of sugar, and the solvent is water. 4. Acidic: more H 3 O ions than OH ions. Alkaline: more OH ions than H 3 O ions. Neutral: equal number of H 3 O and OH ions. 5. The solution with a ph of 9 has 10 6, or 1,000,000, times more hydroxide ions. 2 Modern Biology Study Guide Answer Key