DBAE)! " # % $ ' ( ( / - PDF Free Download

%$ ' ( ( /.!

#$#

-.+/,/+%*) / #$% * ' ( ( / :1 '( ) Discipline-Based Art Education & 0*)./( 0),, -+, & *.0, 8 9 ' 7, 12 34 56. 94 1, 8 :, 56 ;4 7 13( 18 8 & < 5' * 0) 56 0) ='(. >! 3! ).8*,*! () 1 E (B) 10 D (7) 10 BC () :0 0),: 2 56 < 0) (Dobbs, 1998) 5*)DF 0) 1 5 1 D 0) 1,: 10 ( *F,*: - H ( I& GH(,D 56 <.5.:) J 0) 0)DF 0 8 7* > & (OP$= 1MNN#) J KL 7 9 7, 0 : ) Q* 9:. ' )DF 3( 0 4 0 0 * 3' 0.! QF+ 0!C <..'( J) 0) ' & ".D & < >+. :* >! 0 L 0:) 1H6 5& F S (0 * 8F 2 3D. 8 1: 2 '.8T*, 3 D) 5 & < 0) ) 1;( 3 J2 3Q*D U4 >! /! : 0 >+ =(."3 D! & * * * :' ( ( / *.!

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

-.+/,/+%*) / #$$ 1* 1,/*)2 10)^ ' :8F F4 ' Z. <* :! - 0 2 >! 74 8 ' U*4 8* 8 _D) 5: 0 BC >! 'D 6 0:) 1&.,4,: 18S & 1 3QD 1 94* * `* 3*\ 8F :( 8( 2.` 56' 1B*( >*+ 8( 5! >+ 8,! 8 *2 8. ; 8( >+ B( L 8 9 8 0 2, 5 >! 0 8( 8 8 U4, QF,:+ ' 0 ( + 0) U4 < Q.8( >+ B( B( >+ 8(* ) 56 >! 3 &. 0),! 8,!C 8 :3(.* >*! &,! 8 5& 5&, 3 ]! 8\ 0) ='( 6+ 0*D 0* ] ; >+ > 6 & 5 : 5 0 0 ] >! 5 0 U4,&).: 8D * 3 *6 8*4 *& U4 :, 04 U4 al 8F 1& < 4 5 ; D F4 56 * 5 _(OPPV) (OPP#) D2 1(OPP#) (OPPX) L( * * * 0*) U*4 < & >+ 5 1*)DF * QL 0), >+ L 5 13' * _( QF 8 0 5 D & 5 + 0) U4 & 3 7D 04 U4 3) 5Q * *,!C 8 8( &.0 7 0) :3( 4#, : Z2! C 04 U4 84

#$[ /* /(* : ' & 0 0 C.M b,!+ 0),!+ 0) / /( : ' & +.O b, * * 5*4 ( 0) & +.X b 0 7 0) :( :3( 5 6, : 92 D4 >+ 04 U4 9: / /( : ' & 0 0 C 9.M.,!C 0*) & 5D 5 0 2 5, '.O.,!+ 0*) /* /( : ' & + >! 9.X.& 4,!+ 5*4 *( 0) & YD ',D.# 0 7 0) :( :3( ( 0) U4 & 0 ' 84 >! 04 U4 ' 9*: _,!+ 0) :D + ; * D 5',D.& <! 3',D 0 & <: 2 2 56 QL 0) 54,'., 0) :( :7 " 3( 8 $ : 5QC 5( a+, 1,! 8 & 5 U4 52.M.=( 8,!+ 0) & <: D 5 0*) *& =*( J& 7.O. (O) (M) 5D

-.+/,/+%*) / #$N 8 0) & 5D ' 4+.X. T'.U4 al 54D 5',D Z `.# :3( 9: 0 * *C * 0*) 04 0 ' : U4,( C 5',D 0. : 1 & 0.,!+ 0) & :3( ("; (Discipline-Based Art ** '*( 0* : % *2 34 56 0) 0 8 5:& & 0 Education) *Z 56 >! 0L D 5F 0) 10* BC 18,! 10 D 1 E 0 0) 194* 8*F * */ 5 ;(2 56 >+ )LC >*+ *:,*.F4 1' )DF 1)DF c 0) 0& <6 1& 8F ( 5 3*. *' >! 1,& 0) <6 1c >! 1& ) 4S 1 <* >+ 3C, 9 1;4 84 3\ 1) *! & > YL 0 '(6 &.,6 : ''( F : *& 7* * 3'* ( 8,!+. 'D,D J, : 9:, 82 Q > K' D 0 8,!+ > 5,. L 8 8 ( 0 J& 7 L. (.6 8 0 BC 8,! 10 D E : 5 0) J ( 8, U4 0). 'D,* * * (.*6 0 ='( 0),

#[P 1 56 ^! 1,' 19$ 154 1'. >,. @% :; DBAE?6?# " : > 3(. @ * Q, U4 1 (USA) 2 34 56 * * *! 4 0 & < QL 0) *D 18*,! :0 : ) DF /! 5 Z! 56.0 BC 1 E 10 0*:) _* 8!,:) F >+ & 9: 0* W) 0 1. 4,: ; >+ 9: * F 1! F 1&4/ >! 3 F 9 4 & <:,! 9 F 92 < 8 _ 4 Gibert, Day and (* 1J 15*) * 8 d U4.,: *,: +",:D, 9: Greer, (1989:138) K4',: >! - : " ],! 9 ' *& *:. J,:. 3* * >+ 0 9: W) + 1, 5L 8F 5D. D *! 7 (Eisner, 2000, 1988) ($ 84. 5 0) *& ) 8- U4 1< 0)! 1.& 0) 8- *f!b 3! 8 : 8-1: *: 1Q (Eisner) (\) :& 8-! *)DF 0*).* : 1.+ & 1 ',: 1 (\) < D).. >! 4 ' 1' >! C *& <* Q 9D 0,: 2 0 8( W) & :0 0 B ; 56 0 1 E J,: 10 D 5 J 8S 0 Bf 0 0 ' 1 0S J,4.(M)8 0) KL

-.+/,/+%*) / #[M? 1 C E : B ( 6? D & 8( 1(M) 8 ); D 56,:! 8: 8( < 1(M) 8 KL * * */ >! S 7 1& < ) 2 0*) 8 :2 _F 8 /! 0 8 _:') 6 56 * *,D J 4 al 842 8 B* +".*D * (Smith, 1989:ixvii) (U*) -.56 >*+ >* 8.' 2 56 >+ 9: 6 1 * 8*,: B +.:/( 8 8 Y 2 56 8/(,! 4." ]. 5/! 0),,(. 1(g 8 0 5* `* * 56* (MNN#) 0 5QC 5 6! 8/( 5: ) 9,:) >+ J- 8 0) 2 < `!, >! 17. & * * < < (OPMX 1\ ) -! 8( H& H <! >+ 9: 3'.3) <:&,^,

#[O, h & 0) F4 5-7/* ;*,:) D 4 >+ 9: 0 8( DBAE &* 2 ` (OPP#) D2.:!+ : D 0) :'( : h,d : 5F DBAE *. HT Z J a :Q2, DBAE ::,:!,' ( 8/( 9! )2.M.,: '( 8*!2 0*) L )DF ( 8Z :.O..* * _*DD4 0 =/( 9: D 4.X.,:(,:+ >!. >*+ J- 1H'( H6 8F 1 DBAE * ] C. ; 0 ac *& 8* T 5F DBAE * 7 + 1 : 8/( U4 6,.T ] 8( 5 8 >!! H: D >! 0. DBAE \, :0 0 8 (,& <4 8/(!) F 0). 7' ( )) 0 10 D 1 E.,*: 7* K) >!.D _ 2 4 >! DBAE 3.: 0 5: 7 _5!L 0), Y/'C J C DBAE. 8/( 1 ] 8 H F H/( 8F DBAE * >+ )LC 1;(2 =).D., 8 56 '( 5D!

-.+/,/+%*) / #[X (* >*),(6 5: 7 >! DBAE 3 K*) 1*,: >! 7/ 3! 8 _3 Z.(g 5)DF D,: 3 ) >+ 7/ 7 (OVVOV% = 1OPP# 1D2) 56 8/(, (Dobbs, 1998) < D) 1],: 10 ( > ac! 0),: 2 5*)DF 0*) *,*:) 0*) L,: 1 5 10 H ( H&,D 56 8 8 + U4. ( 5, 0 5)DF 8/( D ::) 8!2 - :/( 56* * 8* 8! 3'( 3 0 ).:) 0 8 B+ :& <: 2 2 :? D *, *& ]2 5! 56 4 0 BC < 0) 0 Bf U4 ;.,:) 0! 8 U4 ',( J 8! B+ 0) 8F 82 1 & *! ) 0F >. ;(2 3 ' *(S B*C) 1 8/( =( 0 BC 8/*( *).7* ; >! (g ; >! 82 * 5'*'( * ] ; ] 0) 7/ K' 0 BC 0) 1 0) ( 5D 72 52 :( ( L,: 1 3' D! 7/,. 5 ; 1(Dodds: 1998) ' 8 0)! )2! * / 5 Z2 ` 3F+,,: U4 *) (! 0 BC 5: 7/!,:!.,: =(.*! 9' >+ L (Dodds:1998:4)! 4 0)".D! 0) 0 BC 8 0) *.W) 1C! U4 10 :&+ *... 3 8! B+ >+ 9: J ( D 0) 7/! * *! ' 8 6 5D,( :&

#[# U*4 ;* 1"!' 0) 52 5( ` 5+ ] 8* 0 BC L ; ) 0)! 0 Z2 I! 8* =Z'*(! 5 Y, 8 :8F 0 9 0) 8) *! 9 5 Y, 8 b '( 34 0! 5 Y, ; J >+ b 8!i 0 BC 5/* 8*4 *!,, 8 b 8!i 0,: b 8!2 B+ 8/( ' * *!,*.) af 9 > BC ^ >& 8 8( C 4C 8F 5 * *)4 \+ >+ ;- > BC 1>&,(* 4 8( B\ 32 ( > 8 8/( (M#[ = 1OPMX 1\ ).] > 72 32,*+ U4 '( 0 BC 8 K'* 7 ] 0 BC 8/(. (OPP[) J\) 7 1 B+. 04 J D 0 7 /! >! 9* *6 >! 3D. 0 0 6 j)c!. (MOMMOP =).0 1,:) >+ 9: >! 5 52 5*(,( 84 >! /( 3D F 0 :, :/( >4 0 Z >+.J. 0 8 :/( ( L* *C 5* 8 J6 0 BC 9L *T \ 8/( 8( C 4C *: 0*),: 5 >! 7 ' T & ]*, ; D 4 =( J >+ J- 8 0) 3 8Z 3D Z 5F ] 8! :( <! 0 8 5 ' T, 7 8/(.(MNNV 1>') 6 >! 3D..^'.+ 8 0)

-.+/,/+%*) / #[% 6 HD.+ 3C, 0 BC 7 5*: 7 + U4 1;(2 F/F 56! 8\,,:! 84 8/( 8! 8/(, 6 Q >! F : 5(,( 04.,! 8 : E *F 0* 72 56 54 8 H/ E 54 ] 4 0:).5)DF ( '! : 9'. 8! 8: 9: 8 8 :L! >! \" (Armstrong, 1994:21) 8 E 5*)DF *\ 5D4! 8!2 0) L 5 5 J 0*) * 8!2 :! C 84 E) 13!* ( 5 < W) 1.FS J 54 9& 0!* J'* 0* FS 5 )T 5/! + >!."5)DF ] Q 8! 0 0 ) *! E (Dobbs, 1998:38) 9' ;( 5 )DF!6 ( Z2 3F+ 7 E ".D ) *D 5 & >! \ 0 al L 5 * 8*!2 *D,: 3\ 9: 8!2 D 72."] 0) KL 5* 9* * 5L4 E 4.,D ;,:) 15 5)DF 9( >) >,:+ * 74'* 1 >( 9 1)DF E >),:*+,* >,: 34 9 1>) B+ 7 >! FS 1.) ; ',FS *T Q* >), ; )DF >!! E * 1 8!i 84 D 8/( - QF+ : ' 9/( >! 34 ( 84 - < :W) - >! 3D. > 34 ) : > 5D.)

#[V, 8! >! E - U4 1: ::) 8!2 (M#$M#V = 1OPMX 1\ ).U ]*,*& *S Q*+ E 02 9: W).* 56 54! D 5)DF 0) 8 9 0) E L ;,:) >!! Z U4 ; `*!,D, 8 b! 5 Y,D, 8 :8F, 0(* 8*4,*D, 8 b3 5)DF ' ) 8! + b5d! ( 5 D) Q 6,, 8!2 L ;4 0)., ; =( 0 9,kD ^ Z2 <.& < 5!! E :? 1 *FF &,4,D 1 184 19' 0 D,\ 9 +.] 0) D,: 3\ 9: 8!i *!C * 1(* T) T,( 0 D 8 0) (l * *D 8L),:) D4! U4 ) 13.* J 1(0D :) > 1 (.] )DF 0),*: 1*:! C 4 1 8!2 >+ & D + 1 8!2 k& 4 ' 1 14 1 ' S*,*:) _ D 8,( J T 5) *4C),*! 8* 0 8 4 0) :! Z b(,*4) 0 8 D b( 84) 0 b(9' b*,*6 8 (&) L,:.(Dodds: 1998) U*4 3*: 8/*( *, ; > > D)",*D 9 > 8 84,4 '+ >! 3D Q'D6 >*! 3* *D 72 2 <& :,! ].'Z'(,* * *+ >) : 8!2 8S 6 C )

-.+/,/+%*) / #[$,!* >* * 8' 8( > 8 ;4 > (Greer,1986, 62-64).">!6 0!. *D!! ;- 5& L 0 D + J J 9 ; 8F 8 >! 1 8! 8 0* *D 2. 8!2 4C 3!+ D Z*2 3*F+ 8/( 0 9,kD., U4 ; 8 : 7/ B+ ) 8! 3, 8 : * 9/(6..2 5D D!, 8 b0 D ' * Z Y, 8 b0 9 0) L 8!2 *' *4+, 8 ( b7/ ; D 3D '( : 0(* 84.D 84 9' 0 D 84 b,4 1 0 8 0( : *.* 8 > J 1 a) 4 8,! 82 *D * 0S 0F 0) D (l > 0 D D,! 8*4 8 Z d 8,). 9 0 D 9 1 0),D 10 1 / 0) 8,! U4.( *!.(Dobbs,1998) 0 & ;(2 Q2 7 >+ <*^! \,:) >!!.W) & 8,! *4 >+ ] a 0 < 8F L 1;(2 & al!.+ 8' J 0,4! =(.0 8 '* 0 :) 5^ 5 > 8,) * 7D ).! 8: 0-1* *(! 8,!.8,: *, 1;(2 56 ` 7 >+ 0(- D Y* 8/*( 0) 0) 8 L ; D \, 8 :8F 10 9 0) > 84 56- *& 0! :4 0 56 0) 8... *Z * *) 8 5& Y, 8 b;(2

#[[ 8F b 0) 0 9 0) (8,! 5& ^ * 0*) 8 L ; D 0) F! 56- < =*( 8* 0*, 8/( ( 9 0),! 8.(OPP% 1J),D 7' U4 ;D 6 > > >* >* ) 1> >) T D 3& 1> U >),D >! - 1*'( ' Z 84 1! ' 84, 1H H.+ 4 D 5: >+ 9: <*F 84 3 5F4 >! 7/ ] >+ 9: 4 Z ' =Z'( >!,4,D 134 >) 1*\ *).*:! >+ 8' : 84 :&4/ 1. (M#$ = 1OPMX : $ 9 :?F 3( (Alison and Hausman, 1998) * * * 8* - ]* 0) 0, 5-0 BC 0) F4 56 5: 0) D) 5! >! \, Q4 1J' 8'6,: 8/( L 0 BC,*42 0*D 0 104 8D6 1 4 W) ].3! 5)DF & ( 5!L 4 D 8.:/( 0) \ '! >! &)4 7 0* * + >+ (Salmon & Gritzer, 1990) Z\ 7* 56 0) D >! \ ^!C 0) 5* ;* 0) >!,\ 8F 0),:F 1 0 * H/* mi :& &4/. ^ 15,*! W*) :., >!,: \ D 5D * *,* >*! F- 9 5D <:,.0

-.+/,/+%*) / #[N *2 56* 4 0 BC W) 1U4 & : 0) L! 1,:) 0) 0 8,: J & 5 ] 0) 0,& ^ _8D 0),: 4 14, ] 0 BC 5: >! \ 84.(8,! 10 D 1 E) </! 3 ;(2 56, 0:*.+" D LD < (Kindler, 1992:345) d 5) 56 D 0,& 8 2 5!+ ac 9: 13 3( 0) \ 1( 5 0 54, ' =,D 8/( * 7* * 0) <6 1 3.",!+ 7,!+ W) (Kindler, 1992) < D) 8( & Z 2 56 >! \ +.0* Bf 5 8( 7,!C 8 E 8F 0 Q'D/ ;( 56 >! \ 7 8( (Day, 1987: J Z W) 1 >+ )LC.0 D! 8L) 8 JD 0( ;4 " >+ 235) *D D D ( 5) 0 BC 0) :,."KZ `! D 3L4,( 8/(! \ >+ 8 8( : - Q W) 18,! 10 1 E) Z 2 56 8/( 15* 5 0) (! (0 BC *! :+ > 0 92, W*).!. 8 0) Z ) K' >4 0( 0) D 4 : 8( 4 &.,!+ 0) ''(, &4 D (2 D W) 1 0) D 8( + 8 & <: 2 34 56 0),* 5-0) 5D 8, 8D 1F!C >*+ a 8/( (MacGregor,1985: 24) -.0

#NP 8 7 5 4" 4 J (Duke, 1984),*! 0* D E 10 BC 56 4 *) 0).,!+ 0) "\+ 0 8 *!C DBAE *& 5D"! 54 0 (Lovano-Kerr, 1985) >! - 1,!+ 0) T 3L d 1"0, * *: 5 5D! \ >+ 4 *:,!+ 0) 8,! 10 D 1 E 5D 7* 0, 5-0) & - 1;(. 5T *) 3* 5D )L+ LD < U4 ; 8*4 6 * ` + U4 1 ( 0) 2 56 =( 3* 5 54/*'+ >+ B4 :W) :! 5! )L+ 0*) *Z 56* ] : 0)!.0, 84 0) & 52 5 ` 0' 8* 1D) J& ; 0) 0T 6,!+ 5* J*& 7* 8/( 0) :T L 7 Z), (Benzer, 2000) \ Z.!C C 0*) Y* F \ 7 7 : & < Z 84 1 5 5D (! 0) 8D 0) U4 0T & <,( *Z/ ;* S :' & D4 ; ( 9:.: ] ) 56 3) (Cohen, 1988:85) - *D) h 6! 7". U4 5 18,! 10 D 1 E L,: 7 8 18D 0 ] 8 5 0) L! 7 1T D,: 6 0) 5D! )L+ 4 & 1"<S, )DF 8/( YD (Cohen, 1988) W) _0, 0!+

-.+/,/+%*) / #NM 8(* <*-,!C,D 0 >!.,!+ 0) 8 (Maitland-Gholson, 1986:27) 9L. : 0) >*! 9*F \!! 4 7,!+ 8." *- ",!+ 0) 4. U4 5 0T 0),!+".D (Grauer, 1998:350) Z 3& <."'( 5: 9 ` >! 7 F * 0) 4 ^ 5 52 ` * *'( ',:) 0) 9L ] 5D 5 * * * (Cohen, 1988) * 5 D) 15D.7* 8* 8D*,!+ 8 H F I 7 *D 0*,:''(,:),:! 7 0 W) 0 ) L >+ (Grauer, 1998: 350) Z. 8 : 8* >! ;! )" ; 1 0 '(."*,, ; - U4 6 8F Z ) 8D 0 / JL. U4 ; *& *:! * ( * 56 0)!. *! U4 W) ( ) 5D Y/'+ 8 5*& & 1L K' 8( - 1!) F!L F 8 =h,d 0,!C /( : ' &,( 5! (Day, 1997), :* 8* * 5* <* 1 0) 8D (Zimmerman, 1997), (Galbraith, 1997), (DiBlasio, 1997), (Goodwin, *: 8* * (Hutchens, 1997) 11997), (Champlin, 1997) *& (Day, 1997) J 1,!+ 0) 4 54 * 8(* * ";*4 84 \ 8(" :!.,!+ 0) J Y/'f FS L >+. 0) (Hutchens, 1997:139) 1T 54 + H6,:! 7 0-5 8

#NO 0, 0) 4".D 1 L 54 4,F,D 0 5T 1Q2 Q 0) ( 0) g Q! 7 L* 8/*( * *:) \, 7,!+ : 8 8.W) (Hutchens, 1997) < D) 1"Y/'C * * * 7.W) 1 J4 D 0) 5!*L ( 7. 1 Z: 3+ 94 * L* 1F4 5 6 8 54 ) U4 (National * *: * 0 & *! Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS), 1994) >*+ *.,!+ 0) T! 0) 4 ;(2 ) 56 8 >! 8 \ L 0*) '* >!. 5 0) - 18 \ 5( ) Q, U4 &! 3! (NBPTS).& *,!+,D (Goodwin, 1997) 84 >*! *.) 0T J : Z2 8/( 0*T J b J4 D 0)! 8 8.Z! 8 7/!+ 8.Z >!.) * ] '* 7/ >! 0T b J4 D 0) *.+ 8', b.z >!.) [ *'( *L 5*. 0) (Goodwin, 1997:106) :8F :! 5 0T ) 5: W*) * 182 >! 4 ='( 8 0) F 5 8! *'(, 0) \ 0 D 5 m9 m5 >+ B4 7. 8S '( 7 >! L \ 1D 8'*4 :/ 0T ) 5 5D a F/F :8F 0) ;\T ; >!. 8!2 `! 10 BC ).:D 8!2 72 '( )

-.+/,/+%*) / #NX. ( 5)DF 5) 8!2 ) *& >* (Goodwin, 1997:106) * * *: 0) ;4 " - 1,!+ H/ H/( : ' >! :Z >! 7/ :) 0T 0 5:.*+,:) 1! ) L & J& Q."U42 ;(2 5!L ] Q 4 >! H. <D *& * >*+ =( D 5 ` 8/( 0) 1=( 8 0),! 8,!+ 0) ]* *,*!+ 0) & < L ` 0.aL : D LD ` *& QL 0) 0, 5-0) 8D 5 4 9 +, Q0 7* >+ 8,! 0 D E 84,:) : 7 0 LD ` W) 2 < ]. 8 L*D <* 8. 0) & <! 0),* *!+ 0) & 56 8 8 0 \.(83) *+ >*! h Z & < :! 0 2 3 + * 8 8 ) 56 ) "9p" "\" * 3*) (Smith, 1989:ixvii) U* -.8 8( 8/( ]* * >+ 9: 6 B +".D & < 56 *,:. 1 al.! L! ' 56 56* *2 8/*( *,! 4 8 5*/! 0),,(. 1(g 8 0 8 8 Y."7/ ]. <* * /,:) JL. (OPP[) J ; * * W) _`! :L 8') 6 0 2 56 >! S 7 15 0) H /! 0 / 0* 6 \* 1, 7 Q0 56 \ + ^ 0 D ^ 8,!, q > 1J 3L

#N# 7* *!,D, 0 6 1 E 56* * 8* 8* %O% ]\ 8F 8 >! F Z * (OPP[) J* *- 1 8/(! 0) 56 8 8 & ) >2 4 L 9 8(.56 0 BC ) 7 >+ L (Delacruz and Dunn, 1996:75-76) \ 8 U4 3L* 0* 6 "\*" *4D & 0) \ * D4 ac 0 BC 15 0) J * >* 56 0 ;4, >! 3 (Eisner, 1988:191) *\ 1"0 BC 8/( D : 8 0 2 56 4 >+ * 8* ]* 0 BC" - U4 1) D 8 ] 0 D 1 E 8,,6 & 2 56 +.0 BC 8,,6 * 5 1J\ 18D 8 :L,* * / 4,' 0 2 8/( 1Z 34."2 56 0) 5 5: & >! 3 ='4 0Z 8: W) 1\ < D) *, + 56 ] 3L 0 6 56 Q 9, 0. 8D 1: ) /! 8* ]* /! + 9, 7 & 0) ) * *:. D 8!2 8 ] & 56 8 0) ' "8\" D "" D 56 < ] 8.(OPP[ 1J)! 5D 0) / 5 ) 56 8. U4 ; 56* * * >! \ 4 W) 1!,:) + 1 QF+ 8 ] )DF 1) * ^ 5( >+ J- F/F, < * 0* >*! 0T.W) 1 >! 3/!. 8/(!

-.+/,/+%*) / #N% 0*) *F/F 56* 0) ) >2 4 L. 0.,:/ ; ) 4 8 5D ''( 1 0" (Price, 1988: ix) \ *4 0) 1<D,:) 8,:/ 5 8 3D 5*,*D + 0) ( D4 8 0*) S 8! 5D >+ 4,:W) 0 _5D L4 \,! 10 D 1 E : & 0) F/F 56 8* 5: >+ L 4 +.8 * 5* >*+ *:4 ]2 56 < ;4 <S, ;4.2 8(.:/(." 3 9: 5Z F 8/( *& * * (Feldman, 1988) ) ; 8/*( * 8*4 1 ( 8 0 0) (M) : 04 U4 /! 6- :Z! C <. * 8* (O) b,!+ 0) 5D )L+ 0T 8 3* ) + 5 1b & ) 7^ 8,* * S* ).7C.+ 5 U4 82 8-! "* *)", 84 D!C 0) :)L+ 0 5D 8* '( 5".S D (Feldman, 1988:91) 9.* 5* 0) 1"C 5 0) '(,D 5( /*4 * ( D : U4 8,! ) \ W*).8 0F 8- ). ( 5 0 5D B(! S (Feldman, 1988) ),*! >*+ 1 E >+ 0 D HQ 4 0T ( ) 7 >! 7 5D < 8. 1 ) >+,F 18 D4 8.D F 5( 5D, * 8D 8 ' 8!2 7. ) ; 8. E 0 D 8/( Y*D U4 0D ) 8 8 U4 ; * 6 * 0)! 5( F 8

#NV,F E >+ 0 D 8 +. ^ 1 0) * * D D U4 8 _.) & 3!+ 7 8,! * 8/(.,: 5,: 6 7 7 *D >! 8 _0 Bf E D >+ 4 0T,F 10 D 4,F 4 *) 0*) ]*!,:) 7 J 8,!. 0 D ) >+,F 34 0) 9 5^ 5 4C.) >! Q :?F ^,! 0) :Z : & & 4 3 5Q :D & D Y/'C 4 0*'2 8* *D & <: '4 5. D 8).5F 5 0) 0. 8 :'+ 5 4 & 6 & + (Al-Amri, 1999) J ; J*, >+ & 56 ]2 >! D) \ 8/( 6,* & ^ ). 0) \ 4 0*) * 6 56 ^ _ 56 0) 7.*W), 4 546 ] B,& ^ _ *' 5 3*! 56 (Al-Amri, 1999)., 6 *F4 5D )DF ' )DF : 8 0) Y 0) 8,: 0 56 ^. * *F 5)*L *& <* +" (Greer, 1997:25) - : 0) 0: 4 : 54/'C <* >*! :)*L+, 0 5 4 +."2 0) 0Z *Z 2 56 7 >W) ; ] / /( : &. 0 0T ;( ) 56 B+, & *)DF 1)DF :8F 0!+ 0) 8!) 8 5)LC <:. 94 1F4 5D 1' F4 56 & 0F 8! /!C, 0) 8 8( 8' 9: 3 8

-.+/,/+%*) / #N$ ] 7 ".2 8(" (Dobbs, 1998).!.<S, ] 5!+ ) *,. 0) (Eisner, 2002:41) \ 7 >W) 1, 8( 4 0 & (8D 8*4 7* >*! ac 1' )DF 8( & < Q 8( 10 >! ac 8( 15/ ] /! 0),( 8( 10) C 1, *.02 Q2 4 0./( J ;(2, *! 9Z& \\ ;( 8( ] :(, 8( " \ <* * 0*) L 3 7 0 15*D 1*'( 5: >+ 9: 8(.) (OPPN 1a 3 0'.)! /D (OPMX) \ 3*) >*! 5\ 0) F4 D *4S * * & :! 5 0 ")2 >! 3F " 0 Z (Eisner, 2002 )"*\+" K*L U4 1 & ) *F * *!,*^ & ) 4S & * 0! 0, :) 0! ] 6,^ H! 5& 0*) *(S 6 9*2 <* D4 ( 72 6+ 1! * * 9 0! \ U4 ] 3'!6 D 1 5:!,( :0) '4.*) * 84,42 '+ 1)DF 1.(.\ B*4 9*2 * 0+ )LC. >! (Eisner, 2002) - 0*! 0* Qi*,\/ 8( >+ D 5: 7/ 0* *: D 5D >! 8(.3 <* ]*,*^.* 0) 84 ac >! \ *& 6+ 1* * 8 0) 0) : 92 9Z& DL & : ),D & ) 4S (M$ = OPMO >' \! ).' ] 0) * 6 0* 3*' * 0) 54/'f D) 0*) *F,*! 8 :+ 3C ^ U4 0) '4

#N[ 4 18D U4 1) ] 1, ( 1 1 0* 3' 56 ^ J4 D 5: 0( 0 F2 5D 0 0). 5 K*) 8/( &.! 5 J,: *! ;(2, : 56 8 7.;( : (Al-Amri, 2011) (OPMP 1J*)5 >+ a YD ' 0) * 0) ) 56 & B 5'+ :), J L* 0 8/( 8 >! I! *,*'. (OPMP) J -.3' 3F 0F 82 8 >! 0 8 B * 0*) 3' F4 56 >! 1: &.(O) 8 0) ]L ;( : YD ' (O) 8 0) ) 56 B

-.+/,/+%*) / #NN >*! *- YD B (Al-Amri, 2011) J * 8*' *4 ;* 0 3' 2.) <( ) 56 " 0) ) 56 B 0) J - 5 0. 0T B 0) < 8 * 8 8 W) 1 ] 0) S 13' 56 < ` 8S., 8 0) 3 \ 5*6 * 56 < /. 0) 4 3*' 5 5D, 8 0) 4 F4 * 0) B! 0' U4,.3' 0) *\ *) (Al-Amri, 2011) a : U4. ' 2.) >+ 3C ] B ` U4 0 9.3' 0) a 3 84 B >*! * Y*D B* &4/ (O) 8 8/( ) I*! & 0F 8 82 8 0) ) 56 *) >*! 3 Q >! L.. * Q 0 ', >+ )LC 7 ] QC 0) B YD B +. 0) :8*F 3* 0* 4 Z ) 56 ;( a 1)6 1Z'D6 1F4 * * 1& 1 1 3*C U4 0) U4 > 1 1 9*: 8 >! 8F a2 ` >+ % 8F.3' 0) 56 KL *( *4 >*! * 8/( a 4 0 :#( * *4C! 0) 1 1, 1] 1' :f 8/( 5F +,: 8( 4 8F 1.Z. 0(* 0*(,*.D! 4! 3' 8Z ^ 8 8 ; '( 4 F.)i.;(2, /( 0 3 5

%PP ( 0 : 'D 8F 8 >! * 0*) *2 0* H/(, L a 0) :& 1:! T 42! >+ 9: E+... 1 1 :8F 3, >*+ *I! H. 0 5: 5D 7 7+ * * W) 9. 0) I4 H. 7 ]* :' L 0 D 0 :(2 3! ) :S 9.+ &..., 0 5 >! Q K' 5Q6.( 4 (g 8 Q6 :) % % % $ 9? G" $ : * W) 1(Al-Amri, 2005, 2010). 0) J < D) *& 5*( 0*) =D 0 5*( 0* >+ )LC 18,! 10 D 1 E D =D >+ 5.0 BC 56 0) 5: S 5D 0) ) 56 L 0) 4 & 0. U4 0), 0 5 -..*! 1, ]) ( 3 4 8,!+ 0) * <* 0), (Al-Amri, 2005, 2010) J 0' * E 56 8/(, 4L ) 0 0*) L* 7* ;(2 ) 56 8,! 0 D *) L* 7*.-,D. ;4 5D 0) ' 3' Q 56 < 8/( 0*) *& 56* 0Z ' 0 ).,* ( ),!+.(X8 &).OPMPOPPN 02

-.+/,/+%*) / %PM (-) I(+) ;? D? 1 E (-) I(+) 5J? D? 1 E "? D? 1 E ##> 9 (H),!+ ( 0) 8S 8/( *D E 56 ' 5D 0) 4 ]* ( 5D 0) 0 BC 8,! 0 + U*4 1'*'( & (6 ''( C 5D 0* ;*4 *! 0) 34 ) >! 82 ] B*C >+ )LC 8,! 0 D E 56 F 0) 8F 8 >) 15D D 8 ''( 8 J 0 0 D 5Q ' E H L 0T (M) ' D Q*! 5Q >! 8 0T 1D ;4 ' 0) 0* * \ < ) >! \ ' 8!2 8 5*D * 5*: >*+ )LC 18!2 :L 0T *& 5*D ]* >!.' 5.,!+ ( 0) 5D

%PO # ( ""? G" $ :3F 3( :? : # & QL 0) 54 (! + Y* HL ( 0 2 D H! 7 * Z `! 8.0 8( ) 9 1 54,' 0) 5.*& < ) ( H 0 D ` >+ 3C, *( *! 0) ) 9 " (OPP%:# 1J) U4 *: *) 9*2 >! \ 0 54 0*) 0L 8 L, 54' (, 9S )) *'( 9 >! \ & D) ).& < QL 8*,* '( ;( 9 10 D '( 9 1 E 3 0)!+ ( W).! _0 BC 4 8! D 8, K' *'( * ( 0)! )DF D ) 7 1 8/( ; ;,D ] B.! 0 0 2."!C 56 0) * 8 8 ) ( 0),,: *.0* B*C 18,! 10 D 1 E :2 56 * 156 8 8 '( 92,: 8 ) * QF,. 0 5' 14D 8(.) 56 : /5 6> *,,*! 8* 34.' 5( a 4, >! 0),' +.=( 8 8 '( 5( 8* *), 9 >! 8 6 & QL, >! 18F 8 >) 1(! 0) H H/ ( L! ) & 56 8 8 '( 5( 92 4 4, :. 4 5 7/, )2 D 0 ).)C 9i D ) (

-.+/,/+%*) / %PX U4 56 8 8 54 92! B+,* *'( 9 10 D '( 9 1 E '( 9 *4 F D <: 10 BC '( 9 ( 18 * *.) 56 8 8 ^ 5(.(M) 8 0) KL I''( I 5( 92 &4/ 1(M) 8 ` 8/( E 9 0 ) 1 & 56 HDF H * QF 0) :L! 7 0 8!2 ` I4 : ::, 0 5D6 9 0) 7 1 \ D4 8*4 9' :4 0 D 9.8!2 a 04* >! - 8,! 9 W) 184 ^,*4 8L*, ` >! S ],D 5 5D >! \ 0 BC 9. QF 0 7 0) < 7 4 8! 0) (.0 Bf (M) 8 )C D & QL 0) 92 ^' KL? D 5 6, 5 *D * * 5 "\*" 8! 0) ** **.0) 7** ** ( 0 D 4 *D :, 3 72.3 0) * '** **4 8**,(** "\*" 02 7S.) 4 * * *D * 8* :..0 5 6, 8* 9 "\" 4 * 0*).* 8*4 8/( **D)2 **4.,** ** "0* 8L " *! 0*,4" 0 8 :.-.* 8/*( *. al *,D,D 0) \ 0 8 ;**4 ** * L > 8/( 8 ** **2 **4 ** "\"? 1 5 6, ' 9' * 4 ( 8! 0) **,* 0) *:/! "\ *"". 4 ( D)2 4 84 0) 3. "\ **" **4 5 >+ 8' *6 *.8 0) LT *'(.T 7 8! D 3D) >*+ a* 0* *D 0(- 5.*- >! - * *D 0) =(.0 8 E 5 6, U*4 * 4 84 ( * "\*" ** 0**.0) **! **4 * 72 :+ 0 0 0 "\ *" 8 *! ** **.0) 5*D6 * *: *: 0* 8/*( * 8 E* 0*) 3QD. 4

%P# 92 H! ^', ) (O 8) D 56* * 8* FS > U4 4 9: 0) 9*: 3! 1'2 :' 0) &.+! & 56! / 74 \ 56 \ \6 T 94 0 (AH, AC, AE, AP) 2 :8F 8 >! 12 & 1 8! " "% # # ( K" (, (AH & AC).? M6 J F ] :) H) < 9: ;4 D4! 0 0 D 84 4S "84" ) 1& 56 8 : 0( 0( 84! 7,D "84" 4 >*!,*4 9*: 3! 0F Q\ 0) ^ 8 W*) 0* 0* 8 al 84 E 0) 3QD 7 3QD 8/( 7 :+ 8' 9 \ U4 E 8F "".0 8 84 (O) 8, 5( /92 ^' KL. D & QL 0) 8 N?? 9 1" 3Q* ""* 4 7 84.(AH & AC) 0 8! 3\ 3D) 0*) \,D D4 ; >! H H 4 ' 84 9' 0 D 84 () 8! (AC & AE) 0 8 >! 4 7 0) 5 5D (AP.. =( (d) 0Z ( 0) D 84""* & AH) 7* 5* *! * LD H \ ' ' (AP & AE).66 \ 5! 0 *4 ; >+ ] 34 8 0) 92 D + 0 1 0) 4D 2 8 0). 9 8 >+

-.+/,/+%*) / %P% 5*4 * * ]* :) 9i 0 \ 4 6. ): Z 4D :DBAE 8 N? # (? O ( 7* >+ 3F ' & <: 0Z 8: + * /! 5 ' :) 1 2 56 ;4 " (Lindstrom, 1994:196), F4 5 U4 1D 1 L ' ] ; >4 Z 1T ^ T 5)DF 1 '* :8*F *F4 '* Z* L.3' 0*) '( 5 '. 1 1,/)2 10)^ < 1 B ' : 0 56 9( ***." E 0)! 4 ) 5 ' 0'* 1* 0(-* 1D 1 " L (Dodds, 1992:38)." ' 94 *4 *& < ) 54 (OPP[ 1<) \* 1* 0) H4 HQ\ 8 U4 8!2 84 Z ] 7 1 Z + L al 84 1 (, ' 1 >! 34 8 8 1): * 8* *: 0 52 5(! 4, :).,D 5 7 4 ] 54 *:4 0T 0 ' HZ H/4 (OPP[ 1<),D >+ J! (M) :8F & ) 54 8D 6 0T 0 92 (O) 1): Z. < *4, & Z 56 8F 0 8 9! *D * E* 8 >+ 0. U4 9 8 ;4! *F >! 4 9: 8 10 BC 8,! 10 152 5*( *4 (#)1,\/ \ 4, (X) 18 8!S 7 0, ' 8Z 4 (%) ($) 154'* *4 (V) 1.*) 9S ' 5 (MP) 1 5 4 (N) 13FC ([) 1!C ( 74 0 Bf ='( 5 4,.) 0 Q2 4 *4, (MO) ( 1,D 5 4 (MM) 15( al

%PV *(l '*! (OPP[) <. )LC 2 '( )LC 5 :/(,,D ) 5.34 0),:! ` & 0) J& C,D, 4 QL 0) * (M) 5D 0) <*: '( T' 8 0) 0 C, (O).5D :3( 0),: : & >+ 04 U4 Z 3*D * 0 7/ ; 0 :+ 1,: ; 3 4!+. F2 4C 0! &4/ >! 5: 0) D) 5! >! \ 7, 8'*6 *,: 8/( L 0 BC 0*D * 0 104 8D6 1 4 1J'.3* 5)DF & ( 5!L >! D,42 '+ & + J& ; >! U4 Z 5:&,* 1,!+ 0) / /( : '.& < QL 0) 54,' D F U4 :3( (1 ; D 0) \+ 5' 4 5( H( : 0) HZ H/ :,!+ 0) & < 0 3L.:6 5, ;-,' >! ( QF 7/ 7 3L *2 56* & ),:+ & < ) <* 0F 8 0) L ) 56 >! 3/! Z.& ; >!,4 J 8D4 0) 4D 54 7 3L 5/* *' * 4 & +.. 0 5D

-.+/,/+%*) / %P$ :) : ) *, % :% G" 96 :(OPP[) 1J\) > 1,+.' 2 :3D. G" %> % % 8% P1 DM :(OPMX)' QF 1\.% O( 1 : 8 N K".4 13 ^ < Q*L 0*),*,:, :(OPP#) 04 4 1D2 % 1(*QF ( 8) : 0! /! 3 5)DF * 1( 1 I? 3 (.(XXXO%P) = = 1( 0 0) i!) :(OPPV) 04 4 1D2,*,* 5* ; 4 56 0 * % )# Q U4 1!.,OPPV 0) 14 * 0) 0& <6 >! 5D :(OPP[) 4! 3\4 1< * 1* 1? 3 ( 1.(MOVNN) = = = 1( 1( * *& * _4D Q :(OPPX) Y/' 1L( *D ;* * 1F4,: :QL 0) : 4,: 10 :( 4,:D) * 1* 1? 3 ( 1! (MV#MPN) ( 1( * * 8*,*: ) D :(OPP#) Y/' 1L( 0 ; : 4 56. N%, %$ (? Q 0) 3 F4.! XM * 3* 0). 11#.OPXM%[ = 1OPP# 0) 3 ^ 5L4 :(MNNV) 10'.4 1

%P[ *) 54D ) :(OPP%) 4 1J 1# OQ : D 8! 1 5 QL 0) ( O# * 3* 0*) 1% "#% 96 ".! D 1OPP%/MO/OV 0*) *, U4 8( :(OPP[) 4 1J 4?? Q,D U4 13' 56 QL * :* * OO MN 3 0) 13D 0) D 1.' 2 0) 1OPP[ *& Q*L 0), 8!C :(OPMP) 4 1J % %,D U4. :D * *.% : #1 >.OPMP 8+ MXMM 3 0) 1! 1 * >! " < " :(OPPX),+ 9 1J % % 1 8D4 0) <F "DBAE 3. ' 1*! ( 1 1@# #.XX#ON$ := = 0*) 0) 3 - :(MNN#) \\! 1J %# % %.,, OMPM[N = = 1 1(M) @# % % F ( 9: ; :(MNN#),! > 1 * 13 ^ 1 ; 6 8 N.4 :> ) *F Al-Amri, M. H. (2005): An Evaluation of the Art Teacher Preparation Programme within Art Studio Courses at Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. Unpublished PhD Thesis. The University of Manchester. Al-Amri, M. (2010): Evaluating art studio courses at Sultan Qaboos University in light of the discipline based art education theory. Journal of Instructional Pedagogies (USA) 2, 103-123.

-.+/,/+%*) / %PN Al-Amri, M. (2011). Multidiscipline-Based Art Education Model: A possible way for improving the quality of teaching Art. The International Journal of the Arts in Society (USA). 6 (4), 77-92 Allison, B. & Hausman, J. (1998). The limits of Theory in Art Education. Journal of Art & Design Education, 17 (2), pp.121-127. Benzer, F. (2000) Three Art: Teachers' Understanding and Implementation of Discipline-Based Art Education. Unpublished EdD dissertation. Arizona State University. Champlin, K. (1997) Effects of School Culture on Art Teaching Practices: Implications for Teacher Preparation. In Day, M (ed) Preparing Teachers of Art. Reston, Virginia: The National Art Education Association (NAEA), pp.117-137 Cohen, K. (1988) Implication of Discipline-Based Education for Preservice Art Education. In: Preservice Challenge: Discipline-Based Art Education and Resent Resports on Higher Education. Seminar Proceedings August 8-15, 1987. Snowbird, Utah: The Getty Center for Education in the Arts. Day, M. (1987) Discipline-Based Art Education in Secondary Classrooms. the studies in Art Education: A Journal of issues and research, Vol.28, No.4. Delacruz, E. and Dunn, P. (1996) The Evolution of Discipline- Based Art Education, Journal of Aesthetic Education. 30 (3), pp.67-82. DiBlasio, M. (1997) Certification and Licensure Requirements for Art Education: Comparison of State Systems. In: Day, M (ed.) Preparing Teachers of Art. Reston, Virginia: National Art Education Association (NAEA), pp.73-100 Dobbs, M. (1998). Learning in and through Art: a Guide to Discipline-Based Art Education. Los Angeles: The Getty education Institute of the Arts. Duke, L. (1984) The Getty Center for Education in the Arts. Phi Delta Kappan, 65 (9), pp.612-614.

%MP Eisner, E. (1988). Structure and Magic in Discipline-based Art Education. Journal of Art and Design Education.7 (2), pp.185-196. Eisner, E. (2000). What is Discipline-based Art Education? In: Smith, R. (ed.) Reading in Discipline-Based Art Education: A Literature of Educational Reform. Reston, Virginia: The National Art Education Association (NAEA), pp.35-45 Feldman, E. (1988) Implication of Discipline-Based Education for Preservice Art Education. In Seminar Proceedings. The Preservice Challenge: Discipline-Based Art Education and Recent Reports on Higher Education. August 8-15, 1987, Snowbird, Utah: The Getty Center for Education in the Arts, pp.85-93. Galbraith, L. (1997) What Are Teachers Taught? An Analysis of Curriculum Components for Art Teacher Preparation Programs. In: Day, M (ed.) Preparing Teachers of Art. Reston, Virginia: The National Art Education Association (NAEA), pp.45-72. Gibbert, A., Day, M. & Greer, W. (1989). Discipline-Based Art Education: Becoming Students of Art. In: Smith, R. (ed.) Discipline-Based Art Education: origins, Meaning and Development. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. pp.129-193 Goodwin, M. (1997). The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards: Implication for Art Teacher Preparation. In: Day, M (ed.) Preparing Teachers of Art. Reston, Virginia: National Art Education Association (NAEA), pp.101-116. Grauer, K. (1998) Beliefs of Preservice Teachers Toward Art Education. Studies in Art Education. 39 (4), 350-370. Greer, W. (1997) DBAE and Art Education Reform. Visual Arts Research. 23 (3), pp.25-33. Hutchens, J. (1997) Accomplishing Change in the University: strategies for Improving Art Teacher Preparation. In: Day,

-.+/,/+%*) / %MM M (ed.) Preparing Teachers of Art. Reston, Virginia: National Art Education Association (NAEA), pp.139-154. Kindler, A. (1992) Discipline Based Art Education in Secondary School: a possible Approach, Journal of Art and Design Education, Vol.11, No.3. pp.60-71 Lindstrom, L. (1994) Art Education for Understanding: Goodman, Arts PROPEL, and DBAE. Journal of Art and Design Education. 13 (2), pp.189-201. Lovano-Kerr, J. (1985) Implication of DBAE for University Education of Teachers. Studies in Art Education: A Journal of issues and research, 26 (1), pp.216-22. MacGregor, R. (1985), An Outside View of Discipline-Based Art Education. Studies in Art Education. 26 (4), pp.241-246. Maitland-Gholson, J. (1986). Theory, Practice, Teacher Preparation, and Discipline-Base Art Education. Visual Arts Research. P26-33. Price, M. (1988) Preservice Challenge: Discipline-Based Art Education and Resent Resports on Higher Education. The Getty Center for Education in the Arts. Salmon, M. and Gritzer, G. (1990) Liberal Arts in the Studio Classroom: A Survey of Art Faculty. Visual Arts Research, 16 (2), Issue 32. pp.59-87. Smith, R. (ed.) (1989) Discipline-Based Art Education: Origins, Meaning, and Development, Chicago: University of Illinois Press. Zimmerman, E. (1997) Whence Come? What are We? Whither Go We? Demographic Analysis of Art Teacher Preparation Programs in the United States. In: Day, M (ed.) Preparing Teachers of Art. Reston, Virginia: National Art Education Association (NAEA), pp.27-44.