Lesson 1 Student Labs and Activities Page Launch Lab 8 Content Vocabulary 9 Lesson Outline 10 MiniLab 12 Content Practice A 13 Content Practice B 14 School to Home 15 Key Concept Builders 16 Enrichment 20 Challenge 21 Rocks 7
Launch Lab LESSON 1: 20 minutes What s in a rock? You ve probably seen different types of rock, either outside or in photographs. Rocks have different colors and textures, and they can contain a combination of minerals, shells, or grains. In this activity, you will observe differences among rock samples. Procedure 1. Read and complete a lab safety form. 2. Obtain a few rock samples from your teacher. 3. Examine each rock, both with and without a magnifying lens. 4. Describe each rock sample in detail. Record the color and texture and describe the minerals or grains in the rock for each sample in the Data and Observations section below. Data and Observations Think About This 1. Write a brief description of each rock sample. Identify the ways in which your samples are similar and different. 2. Key Concept Do you think all rocks form in the same way? Explain. 8 Rocks
Content Vocabulary LESSON 1 Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided. You must include the terms below in your answer. deposit grain lava magma mineral rock rock cycle sediment texture 1. What is the difference between lava and magma? 2. How are grains related to texture? 3. What is the relationship between minerals and rocks? 4. What is sediment, and how is it deposited? 5. What are the three types of rock that are related through the rock cycle? Rocks 9
Lesson Outline LESSON 1 A. Rocks 1. A(n) is a natural, solid mixture of minerals or particles. 2. are the fragments that make up rocks. 3. A rock can be classified according to the size,, and chemical composition of its grains. 4. Geologists rocks according to their composition and their texture. a. The size of grains in a rock and the way the grains fit together are called the of the rock. b. Texture also can be used to determine the in which a rock formed. 5. The material that makes up a rock is called the rock s. a. The composition of a rock can be used to determine where the rock. b. Composition can also determine the that existed when the rock formed. B. Three Major Rock Types 1. rocks form when magma or lava cools and crystallizes. a. Molten or liquid rock material below Earth s surface is called. b. When molten rock erupts on Earth s surface, it is called. 2. Sedimentary rocks form where is deposited. a. Forces such as wind, running water, ice, and cause rocks to break down. b. Sediment is rock material that forms where rocks are broken down into smaller pieces or in water as rocks erode. c. Sediment can be to new environments where they are deposited and form sedimentary rock. 10 Rocks
Lesson Outline continued 3. When rocks are exposed to extreme temperatures and pressure or the addition of chemical fluids, rocks result. a. The minerals that make up the rock s composition can change as well as the, or arrangement of the individual mineral grains. b. In many cases, the change is so intense that the arrangement of the grains appears as bent or layers. c. Metamorphic rocks form from igneous, sedimentary, or other rocks. 4. The series of processes that change one type of rock into another type of rock is called the. C. Rocks in Action 1. Some processes of the rock cycle occur only beneath Earth s, such as those associated with temperature, and pressure, and melting. 2. is a tectonic process that forces rocks onto Earth s surface. Rocks 11
MiniLab LESSON 1: 20 minutes Can you model the rock cycle? The rock cycle includes all the changes that can occur in rocks. You can use a crayon model of a rock to learn about some of these changes. Procedure 1. Read and complete a lab safety form. 2. Scrape a coin against the side of two or three different colors of crayons. Layer your scrapings on a piece of aluminum foil. 3. Fold the foil around the scrapings and press down hard on it with your hands. Open the package. Record your observations of the crayon rock in your Science Journal. Try to fold your crayon rock in half. It might break. Repackage your crayon rock. 4. Get a beaker of hot water from your teacher. Using tongs, put the foil package in the water for about 10 s. Remove it and dry it on a paper towel. Press your textbook down on top of the foil package. Open it and record your observations in your Science Journal. 5. Repackage your crayon rock. Give it to your teacher to iron. Allow your package to cool, and then open it. Record your observations in your Science Journal. Analyze and Conclude 1. Recognize Cause and Effect What part of the rock cycle did ironing your crayon rock represent? 2. Model What type of rock did you model in steps 3, 4, and 5? 3. Key Concept How could you continue the rock cycle using the crayon rock you created in step 4? 12 Rocks
Content Practice A LESSON 1 Directions: Complete this chart by choosing phrases from the list and writing them in the correct spaces. classified by texture and chemical composition example basalt example granite example marble form from compacted sediment form from dissolved minerals that crystallize form as magma cools underground form when extreme temperatures and pressure change rock include erosion and deposition involve preexisting rock can form when chemical fluids change rock produce layering Rock Groups 1. 2. 3. 4. Igneous Rock 5. 6. 7. 8. Sedimentary Rock 9. 10. 11. 12. Metamorphic Rock Rocks 13
Content Practice B LESSON 1 Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false. If the statement is false, change the underlined word(s) to make it true. Write your changes on the lines provided. 1. Sedimentary rock can form from metamorphic rock that has been uplifted. 2. Igneous rock is classified by its color and chemical composition. 3. Changes in temperature, erosion, and chemical fluids are part of the formation of metamorphic rock from preexisting rock. 4. The banding on igneous rock results from dark and light mineral grains. 5. Sediment results from the forces of wind, water, ice, and gravity. 6. Granite is an example of sedimentary rock. 7. One difference between granite and basalt is mineral composition. 8. Magma can cool on Earth s surface. 9. The layering in sedimentary rock forms from sediment deposits. 10. Volcanic glass forms when lava cools slowly. 11. Foliation is present in metamorphic rock. 12. Igneous rock formation begins with surface processes that break down rocks. 13. Lava cools quickly because it is exposed to air below Earth s surface. 14. Compressed sediment and soil becomes metamorphic rock. 14 Rocks
School to Home LESSON 1 Directions: Use your textbook to answer each question. 1. A rock is a natural, solid mixture of minerals or grains. What are grains, and what are they commonly made of? 2. All igneous rocks are formed by magma or lava. How do igneous rocks differ from each other? 3. Sedimentary rocks form from many types of sediment. What is sediment? 4. Metamorphic rocks form when existing rock is exposed to extreme temperature and pressure or the addition of chemical fluids. What happens to the minerals that make up the rock as a result? Rocks 15
Key Concept Builder LESSON 1 Key Concept How are rocks classified? Directions: Use the clues and the terms listed below to complete the puzzle. basalt conglomerate foliation igneous rocks lava sedimentary rocks texture volcanic glass 1 2 3 4 5 8 Across 5. banding in metamorphic rock 6. size and fit of grains in rocks 7. magma that erupts on Earth s surface 8. form as sediments are compressed and compacted 6 7 Clues Down 1. type of igneous rock that cools above Earth s surface 2. formed by lava that cools very quickly 3. form from magma 4. sedimentary rock made up of rounded rock fragments 16 Rocks
Key Concept Builder LESSON 1 Key Concept How are rocks classified? Directions: Complete these paragraphs by choosing terms from the word bank and writing them in the correct spaces. Some words may be used more than once. dissolved foliation igneous lava layers magma metamorphic minerals natural preexisting pressure rock sedimentary is (2.) A(n) (1.) is a solid mixture of minerals or particles that. The three major groups of rock are (3.), (4.), and (5.). A molten rock material called (6.) makes up igneous rock. When this material erupts on Earth s surface, it is called (7.). Sediment forms (8.) rock when it is compressed and compacted by weight. Sediment is rock material that is broken down into pieces or (9.) in water as rock erodes. The sediment is deposited in low-lying areas, producing (10.) and compacting over time. Sedimentary rock also forms when (11.) crystallize after water evaporates. Solid rock that is exposed to extreme temperature, pressure, or chemical fluids becomes (12.) rock. The rock that changes during this process is called the (13.) rock. Some metamorphic rock contains parallel bands of dark and light mineral grains that result from uneven (14.), called (15.). Rocks 17
Key Concept Builder LESSON 1 Key Concept How are rocks classified? Directions: On the line before each description, write the letter of the type of rock that matches it correctly. 1. has parallel bands of dark and light mineral grains 2. forms when sediment is compressed 3. has foliation A. igneous rock B. sedimentary rock C. metamorphic rock 4. contains low-density minerals such as quartz 5. contains high-density minerals such as olivine 6. forms from the layering of eroded rock 7. Gneiss is an example. 8. Limestone is an example. 9. formed from magma 10. results from cementation of sediment 11. forms when molten rock cools and crystallizes 12. what preexisting rock becomes 13. forms from dissolved minerals that crystallize between grains 14. Marble is an example. 15. forms from lava 16. forms when sediment is transported and then compressed 17. shows a pattern of layering 18. forms when tiny crystals in magma form 18 Rocks
Key Concept Builder LESSON 1 Key Concept What is the rock cycle? Sediments Deposition, compaction, cementation Weathering and erosion Sedimentary rock Uplift Uplift Uplift Heat and pressure Igneous rock Heat and pressure Metamorphic rock Cooling and crystallization Melting Magma Directions: Use the diagram to complete each statement. 1. When temperature and pressure are applied to sedimentary and igneous rock,. 2. When magma cools and crystallizes,. 3. When sediment is deposited and compacted,. 4. When metamorphic rocks are uplifted,. 5. When metamorphic rock melts,. 6. Rocks become sediments by the processes of. Rocks 19
Enrichment LESSON 1 Awesome Rocks After rocks erupt onto Earth s surface in a volcanic eruption, forces work to change the rock, reshape it, and perhaps give it a completely different chemical composition. Erosion by wind and water, deposition, and lots of time allow some rocks to take on strange shapes or assume incredible positions. Volcanic Necks Shiprock is an igneous rock formation in New Mexico that is known as a volcanic neck. This formation is a remnant of a volcanic eruption more than 30 mya. The surface was more than 1,000 m higher, when a volcano erupted, producing a cone. Lava also flowed through fissures in the surface, producing flood basalt that radiated from the central cone. After the volcano became dormant, it cooled; the magma on the inside of the fissures and the cone solidified and formed dikes of lava. Millions of years later, erosion has carried away the earthen cone and exposed the solidified magma within the fissures and the cone. Devil s Tower is a volcanic neck in Wyoming that reaches 386 m above the present surface. The top of the igneous rock, as well as the earthen cone around the central magma pipe, have eroded over time leaving evidence of what must have been an awesome volcanic eruption. Applying Critical-Thinking Skills Directions: Respond to each statement. Granite Formations Yosemite National Park covers a huge area of the western Sierra Nevada in central California. Yosemite Valley is a 915-m depression carved by glaciers and rivers through solid granite. This granite was once part of Earth s crust that cooled under the surface. Erosion has now exposed some of the world s largest granite monoliths. The largest is El Capitan, a granite peak that rises 915 m above the valley floor. Arches and Balancing Rocks Throughout the world, delicate and seemingly impossible rock formations exist. One of the most impressive is Wave Rock in Western Australia. This solid rock, which is 15 m high and 110 m long, appears to be a massive ocean wave frozen in place. The wave in Coyote Buttes, Arizona, is carved by the wind. It can be reached only on foot on a rugged hike. Rocks that seem to have rolled into place or that are balanced precariously on a smaller rock exist where wind and water have eroded any apparent support. Two of the most unusual are Devil s Marbles in the Northern Territory, Australia, which look like two massive stone balls rolled into place, and Brimham Rock in England, which is a massive stack of rock layers balanced on a tiny rock. 1. Compare how the formations in this article were revealed with the way other formations, artifacts, and fossils have been discovered and revealed. 2. Predict what these stone formations might be like in another million years. Explain your prediction. 20 Rocks
Challenge LESSON 1 Riddles and Rocks Every rock has a story to tell. Think about how many places a rock might have been. Maybe it traveled from deep inside Earth s crust to be thrown high in the sky in a volcanic eruption. Maybe the ocean s weight squeezed it under sediment deposits. Every rock has a past and certain characteristics that you can use to puzzle your friends. Write a Riddle Look for information about different types of rocks, such as granite, obsidian, pumice, sandstone, limestone, and marble. Find out how they form, how they change, what they are made of, and how they can be described. Here is a rock riddle: I came from magma, and I was hot for a very long time. I spent all that time within Earth s crust cooling a little. Finally, erosion exposed me to Earth s surface. I have big crystals, and I am beautiful and hard. People build monuments with me. What am I? Answer: I am an intrusive igneous rock called granite. Select three kinds of rocks and write a riddle about each. Riddle 1 Riddle 2 Riddle 3 Rocks 21