Iowa State University Digital Repository @ Iowa State University Materials Science and Engineering Publications Materials Science and Engineering 2013 Crystal Structure and Electrical Properties of Lead- Free (1-x)BaTiO3 x(bi1/2a1/2)tio3 (A = Ag, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) Ceramics Xiaoming Liu Iowa State University, xiaoming@iastate.edu Xiaoli Tan Iowa State University, xtan@iastate.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/mse_pubs Part of the Ceramic Materials Commons, Electro-Mechanical Systems Commons, and the Metallurgy Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ mse_pubs/179. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Materials Science and Engineering at Digital Repository @ Iowa State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Materials Science and Engineering Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Repository @ Iowa State University. For more information, please contact digirep@iastate.edu.
This is the accepted version of the following article: Journal of the American Ceramic Society 96, 3425-3429 (2013). DOI: 10.1111/jace.12494, which has been published in final form at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jace.12494/full. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 96, 3425-3429 (2013). DOI: 10.1111/jace.12494. Crystal Structure and Electrical Properties of Lead-Free (1-x)BaTiO 3 x(bi 1/2 A 1/2 )TiO 3 (A = Ag, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) Ceramics Xiaoming Liu and Xiaoli Tan*, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA Abstract Ceramics of solid solutions (1-x)BaTiO 3 x(bi 1/2 A 1/2 )TiO 3 (A = Ag, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, x 0.20) were prepared and their crystal structures, dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties were investigated. It was found that (Bi 1/2 A 1/2 )TiO 3 -type doping compounds broadened the temperature range of the tetragonal phase in BaTiO 3 and all the compositions examined displayed a tetragonal structure at room temperature. The Curie temperature (T C ) was observed to increase with respect to pure BaTiO 3 to the range of 140 to 210 o C through solid solution. Remanent polarization (P r ) tended to decrease with increased content of doping compound, while the coercive field (E C ) rose and piezoelectric coefficient (d 33 ) fell. The highest d 33 value in the solid solutions was observed in 0.97BaTiO 3 0.03(Bi 1/2 Ag 1/2 )TiO 3 at 90 pc/n. Keywords: Lead-free piezoelectrics, BaTiO 3, electrical properties This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) through Grant DMR-1037898. *Member, the American Ceramic Society. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: xtan@iastate.edu 1
I. Introduction Lead-based piezoelectric ceramics have been widely used in commercial applications such as actuators, sensors and transducers due to their excellent properties. 1 However, a significant amount of toxic lead is released into the environment during the processing and disposal of these ceramics, seriously threatening the ecological system. Therefore, there has been an intense worldwide effort on developing lead-free compositions to replace those lead-based ceramics. 2 Among the investigated compositions, (K 0.5 Na 0.5 )NbO 3 -based and (Bi 1/2 Na 1/2 )TiO 3 - based solid solutions have received most attention. 3,4 BaTiO 3 (BTO) was the first found piezoelectric ceramic with the perovskite structure. 5,6 Recently, extremely high values of the piezoelectric coefficient d 33 (350 pc/n, 460 pc/n, 788 pc/n) were reported in BTO ceramics consolidated from hydrothermal powders. 7-10 However, its low Curie temperature (T C ) of 130 o C severely limits the working temperature range. It would be ideal that, with minor lead-free chemical modifications, the T C of BTO can be shifted to above 200 o C while the large piezoelectric property is preserved. It is well known that the ABO 3 perovskite compounds form wide range of solid solutions with A-site or B-site cation substitutions. 11 Shifting the T C of BTO to higher temperatures is actually to further stabilize the ferroelectric tetragonal phase. In BaTiO 3, Ti 4+ is key to the ferroelectric distortion in the crystal lattice. 12,13 Meanwhile the ferroelectric distortion in perovskite can also be resulted from Bi 3+ on the A-site. 12,14 Thus, one possible solution is to incorporate Bi 3+ to the A-site and keep Ti 4+ on the B-site of BTO. Indeed, solid solutions of BaTiO 3 with (Bi 1/2 Na 1/2 )TiO 15 3 and (Bi 1/2 K 1/2 )TiO 16 3 display enhanced T C. (Bi 1/2 Na 1/2 )TiO 3 is a relaxor ferroelectric with the perovskite structure. 2 It displays dielectric anomalies at 200 o C and 320 o C. 2,17,18 Solid solution of (Bi 1/2 Na 1/2 )TiO 3 with 6~7 2
mol.% BaTiO 3 has been considered promising lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. 4,19-21 (Bi 1/2 K 1/2 )TiO 3 is a tetragonal ferroelectric compound with a high T C of 370 o C. 2,22 Previous research in the literature on BaTiO 3 -rich compositions in BaTiO 3 (Bi 1/2 Na 1/2 )TiO 3 and BaTiO 3 (Bi 1/2 K 1/2 )TiO 3 binary systems is very limited but these reports did show increased T C. 23-25 In this work, a series of BaTiO 3 (Bi 1/2 A 1/2 )TiO 3 (A = Ag, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) solid solution systems were investigated to clarify that if enhanced T C can also be observed in solid solutions with other similar (Bi 1/2 A 1/2 )TiO 3 type compounds. Furthermore, the dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of these ceramics were evaluated. II. Experimental Procedure Ceramics of (1-x)BaTiO 3 x(bi 1/2 A 1/2 )TiO 3 (abbrev. as BTO-A100x; A = Ag, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) solid solutions were fabricated with the solid reaction method. Powders of oxides or carbonates Bi 2 O 3 ( 99.9%, Aldrich), BaCO 3 ( 99.997%, Alfa Aesar), TiO 2 ( 99.99%, Aldrich), Ag 2 O (99+%, Alfa Aesar), Li 2 CO 3 ( 99.4%, Fisher), Na 2 CO 3 ( 99.9%, Fisher), K 2 CO 3 ( 99.0%, Alfa Aesar), Rb 2 CO 3 ( 99.8%, Alfa Aesar), Cs 2 CO 3 ( 99.9%, Alfa Aesar) were used as the starting raw materials. All the carbonates were baked before weighing according to stoichiometry, the mixtures were vibratory milled in ethanol with zirconia milling media for 6 hours; they were then dried and calcined at 900-1000 o C for 4 hours. The calcined powders were milled for 6 hours and dried one more time. Polyvinyl alcohol binder (10 wt.% solution) was added into the powders before they were pressed into pellets. Buried in the same composition protective powders, the pellets were sintered 3 hours at temperatures of 1250 o C for BTO-Ag and BTO-Li systems, 1225 o C for BTO-Na, BTO-K, BTO-Rb, and BTO-Cs systems, and 1350 o C for pure BTO, respectively. 3
The surfaces of as-sintered pellets were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM, FEI Quanta 250). The grain size was analyzed with the linear intercept method and the density of the ceramics was measured with the Archimedes method. After removal of ~200 μm surface layer of the sintered pellets with grinding, X-ray diffraction (Model-D500, Siemens, Germany) was performed to analyze the purity and crystal structure of the ceramics. For electrical measurements, Ag films were sputtered as electrodes. The dielectric constant, ε r, and loss tangent, tanδ, were measured at frequencies of 1, 10 and 100 khz with a heating rate of 4 o C/min. The above room temperature segment was recorded with an LCR meter (HP-4284A, Hewlett-Packard) in a tube furnace while the below room temperature segment was recorded with an LCZ meter (3330, Keithley) in conjunction with a temperature chamber. The polarization versus electric filed (P vs. E) hysteresis loops were measured using a standardized ferroelectric test system (RT-66A, Radiant Technologies) at 4 Hz at room temperature. Finally, the pellets were poled at 30 kv/cm for 20 minutes at room temperature and after 24 hours the piezoelectric coefficient was measured with a piezo-d 33 meter (Model ZJ-4B, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) at 10 positions across the electrode of the ceramic pellet. III. Results and Discussion (1) Structure of the ceramics Previous researches indicate that (Bi 1/2 Na 1/2 )TiO 3 and (Bi 1/2 K 1/2 )TiO 3 form complete solid solution with BaTiO 3. 2,15,16 However, other (Bi 1/2 A 1/2 )TiO 3 -type compounds investigated in the present work appear to have low solubility in BaTiO 3. X-ray diffraction analysis suggests that the solubility limit (in mol. fraction) is 0.09, 0.12, 0.09, and 0.09 for (Bi 1/2 Ag 1/2 )TiO 3, 4
(Bi 1/2 Li 1/2 )TiO 3, (Bi 1/2 Rb 1/2 )TiO 3, and (Bi 1/2 Cs 1/2 )TiO 3, respectively. Figure 1(a) displays the XRD spectra of BTO-Ag9, BTO-Li12, BTO-Na20, BTO-K20, BTO-Rb9 and BTO-Cs9. The data of BTO ceramic is also included for comparison. All samples are single-phase with the perovskite structure. A close examination of the doublet around 2θ = 45 o (Figure 1(b)) suggests that all the compositions are of tetragonal symmetry at room temperature, which is characterized by the peak splitting of (200) T and (002) T. Compared with pure BTO, the lattice parameter of the solid solution ceramics becomes smaller since the effective cation radius (0.5r Bi3+ + 0.5r A+ ) is smaller than r Ba2+. 26 As the c/a ratio an important parameter representing the lattice distortion of the tetragonal crystal, Fig. 2 displays this parameter at room temperature for all the ceramics investigated in this study. It is seen that c/a of (1-x)BaTiO 3 x(bi 1/2 Na 1/2 )TiO 3 (BTO-Na) and (1- x)batio 3 x(bi 1/2 K 1/2 )TiO 3 (BTO-K) increases with increasing content of the doping compound, while in the (1-x)BaTiO 3 x(bi 1/2 Li 1/2 )TiO 3 (BTO-Li) system it decreases. For (1-x)BaTiO 3 x(bi 1/2 Ag 1/2 )TiO 3 (BTO-Ag) and (1-x)BaTiO 3 x(bi 1/2 Cs 1/2 )TiO 3 (BTO-Cs) compositions, the c/a ratio declines first and then, rises up to the similar level with pure BaTiO 3. The value for (1- x)batio 3 x(bi 1/2 Rb 1/2 )TiO 3 (BTO-Rb) system does not change with the molar fraction x. The surface of as-sintered pellets was examined with SEM and the results for some selected compositions are shown in Fig. 3. The grain morphology is different for the ceramics with different doping compounds. It is obvious that BTO-Li4 displays the largest grain size, while the BTO-Cs3 composition shows the smallest. The average grain sizes are 1.06μm, 3.00μm, 0.97μm, 1.11μm, 1.17μm and 0.63μm for BTO-Ag3, BTO-Li4, BTO-Na4, BTO-K4, BTO-Rb3 and BTO-Cs3, respectively. Density measurements on all the compositions with the Archimedes method indicate that compositions in the BTO-Ag system have relative densities ~98%, those in the BTO-Li, BTO-Na, and BTO-Rb systems are ~93%, and those in the BTO-K, 5
and BTO-Cs systems are ~90%. The low density of the BTO-K and BTO-Cs ceramics may adversely impact their electrical properties. (2) Dielectric properties and phase transitions Figure 4 shows the temperature dependence of ε r and tanδ at 100 khz of the ceramics with different doping compounds. The data for BTO are also presented in Fig. 4(a) and 4(b) for direct comparison. In general, the dielectric constant of all solid solution ceramics in the measurement temperature range is lower than that of BTO, especially at the Curie temperature. In contrast, the loss tangent of the solid solutions is higher than BTO. With respect to pure BaTiO 3, Curie temperature for all the samples (except BTO-Li12) shifts to above 130 o C. The dielectric peaks at T C in BTO-Ag, BTO-Li, BTO-Rb, and BTO-Cs compositions are relatively sharp, suggesting an abrupt phase transition. However, the peaks in the curves for BTO-Na and BTO-K systems are broad and diffuse. In addition, there is a shoulder in the dielectric constant curves around 130 o C for BTO-Na4, BTO-Na8, BTO-Na12, BTO-Na16, BTO-K4 and BTO-K8. This anomaly is likely to be caused by composition heterogeneity in the form of a core-shell grain structure 27 in these compositions. It is also noticed that incorporating (Bi 1/2 A 1/2 )TiO 3 -type compounds in BaTiO 3 significantly smoothens the two ferroelectric-ferroelectric transitions, leading to a remarkably wide temperature window (-120 o C 100 o C) with an almost constant dielectric constant and loss tangent, which suggests these compositions are promising for dielectric applications in electrical capacitors. The origin for the anomaly around 0 o C in the tanδ curve of BTO-Rb9 and BTO-Cs9 is not clear. The Curie temperature T C determined from the dielectric measurement is summarized in Fig. 5. Of the six binary solid solution systems, BTO-Na and BTO-K systems stand out for their 6
apparently enhanced Curie temperatures. The other four systems (BTO-Ag, BTO-Li, BTO-Rb, BTO-Cs) exhibit very moderate increase in T C. It is interesting to notice that the variation of T C with respect to the composition (Fig. 5) shows a similar trend as to the variation of c/a ratio (Fig. 2). It is assumed that in perovskite structure, when the crystal displays a larger lattice distortion, the phase transition from tetragonal to cubic will require more energy, which means a higher T C. 28 (3) Ferroelectric properties The P vs. E hysteresis loops were measured at room temperature with a peak field of 30kV/cm. Representative loops for compositions with the lowest dopant content in each system are displayed in Fig. 6(a). The remanent polarization P r and coercive field E C derived from the hysteresis loops for all compositions are plotted in Fig. 6(b) and (c). Again, Pure BTO is included as a reference. It appears no clear trend in P r with respect to composition x in BTO-Ag, BTO-Li, BTO-Rb and BTO-Cs systems. In BTO-Na and BTO-K, P r apparently gets suppressed with increasing x. Figure 6(c) displays the trend for E C with respect to composition x in all the investigated binary systems. It is evident that E C increases with increasing x initially and then saturates when x reaches 0.10. Also, E C is quite comparable for all the binary solid solution systems at the same value of x. (4) Piezoelectric properties The piezoelectric coefficient d 33 of the ceramics is shown in Fig. 7. For all binary solid solution systems investigated here, a dramatic decrease in d 33 is found at the lowest doping level 7
(0.03 or 0.04 mol. fraction). Specifically, d 33 was measured to be 151 pc/n for BTO, 90 pc/n for BTO-Ag3, 68 pc/n for BTO-Li4, 43 pc/n for BTO-Na4, 77 pc/n for BTO-K4, 67 pc/n for BTO-Rb3, and 42 pc/n for BTO-Cs3. Further increase in the molar fraction of (Bi 1/2 A 1/2 )TiO 3 - type doping compounds results in further reductions in d 33, but at a much reduced pace. Several factors may have contributed to the inferior piezoelectric property in these solid solution ceramics. First, there is an orthorhombic-tetragonal phase transition in BTO around room temperature. In solid solutions, this transition appears to be shifted to lower temperatures. Usually d 33 is enhanced at the temperature of a ferroelectric-ferroelectric transition. 29 Second, the decrease in d 33 in BTO-Na and BTO-K systems could also be associated with the increased T C and c/a ratio. Empirical rules indicate that superior d 33 often occurs in compositions with low T 30 C and a larger c/a ratio makes domain switching harder. 31 Third, all the ceramics were poled at a fixed DC field of 30 kv/cm. However, the coercive field E C in the solid solution ceramics increases dramatically compared to BTO (Fig. 6). Therefore, these solid solution ceramics may not have been poled as fully as BTO. Fourth, the density of these ceramics, except pure BTO and BTO-Ag, should be improved. The relative density of the pure BTO ceramic is ~98%. The increased porosity in the BTO-Li, BTO-Na, BTO-K, BTO-Rb, and BTO-Cs systems is expected to have detrimental effect on their piezoelectric d 33 coefficients. IV. Conclusions BaTiO 3 is chemically modified by making binary solid solutions with (Bi 1/2 A 1/2 )TiO 3 (A = Ag, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) for the development of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with increased Curie temperature. The experimental results indicate that (Bi 1/2 Ag 1/2 )TiO 3, (Bi 1/2 Li 1/2 )TiO 3, (Bi 1/2 Rb 1/2 )TiO 3, and (Bi 1/2 Cs 1/2 )TiO 3 have low solubility in BaTiO 3 and their impact on Curie 8
temperature is moderate. All the binary systems studied display a stabilized tetragonal phase, an increased coercive field and unfortunately a decreased piezoelectric coefficient d 33. However, the stabilized tetragonal phase provides a weak temperature dependence of its dielectric constant in a widely broadened temperature range (-120 o C 100 o C), which suggests for potential capacitor applications. 9
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Fig. 1. Room temperature X-ray diffraction spectra for selected compositions of sintered ceramics of (1-x)BaTiO 3 x(bi 1/2 A 1/2 )TiO 3 (A = Ag, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) binary solid solution systems. The peaks are indexed based on a tetragonal unit cell. Fig. 2. The c/a ratio of the tetragonal phase as a function of molar fraction x in the studied binary systems. Fig. 3. SEM micrographs of the as-sintered ceramics. (a) BTO-Ag3, (b) BTO-Li4, (c) BTO-Na4, (d) BTO-K4, (e) BTO-Rb3, (f) BTO-Cs3. Fig. 4. Temperature dependence of the dielectric constant r and loss tangent tan measured at 100 khz during heating. (a) BTO-Ag, (b) BTO-Li, (c) BTO-Na, (d) BTO-K, (e) BTO-Rb, (f) BTO-Cs. The data for BTO are included in (a) and (b) as a reference. Fig. 5. Curie temperatures T C as a function of molar fraction x in the studied binary systems. Fig. 6. (a) The polarization (P) vs. electric field (E) hysteresis loops for compositions with the lowest dopant content in each binary system. (b) The remanent polarization P r and (c) coercive field E C as a function of molar fraction x in the studied binary systems. The values, with accuracy at about 1%, were read from the P vs. E hysteresis loops under 30 kv/cm and 4 Hz at room temperature. Fig. 7. The piezoelectric coefficient d 33 as a function of molar fraction x in the studied binary systems. The measurements were taken 24 hours after electrical poling, which was under 30 kv/cm at room temperature. The error bars are displayed and are smaller than the data point symbols. 14
c/a ratio Intensity (a.u.) B Fig.1 BTO-Cs9 (a) (b) BTO-Rb9 BTO-K20 BTO-Na20 BTO-Li12 BTO-Ag9 BTO (002) T (200) T 20 30 40 50 60 44 45 46 2 (deg.) Fig.2 1.018 1.016 1.014 BTO-Ag BTO-Li BTO-Na BTO-K BTO-Rb BTO-Cs 1.012 1.010 1.008 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 x (mol. fraction)
Fig.3 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
tan tan tan tan tan tan Fig.4 r (x10 3 ) r (x10 3 ) 10 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 BTO BTO-Ag3 BTO-Ag6 BTO-Ag9 BTO-Na4 BTO-Na8 BTO-Na12 BTO-Na16 BTO-Na20 BTO-Rb3 BTO-Rb6 BTO-Rb9 (a) (c) (e) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.5 r (x10 3 ) r (x10 3 ) 10 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 4 3 2 1 0 4 BTO BTO-Li4 BTO-Li8 BTO-Li12 BTO-K4 BTO-K8 BTO-K12 BTO-K16 BTO-K20 BTO-Cs3 BTO-Cs6 BTO-Cs9 (b) (d) (f) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 1.5 4 0.4 3 r (x10 3 ) 3 2 1 0-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Temperature ( 0 C) 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 r (x10 3 ) 2 1 0-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Temperature ( 0 C) 1.0 0.5 0.0
E c (kv/cm) P r ( C/cm 2 ) T c ( o C) Fig.5 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 BTO-Ag BTO-Li BTO-Na BTO-K BTO-Rb BTO-Cs 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 x (mol. fraction) Fig.6 12 (a) BTO-Ag BTO-Li 10 BTO-Na BTO-K 8 BTO-Rb BTO-Cs 6 4 18 15 (b) 12 9 6 3 BTO-Ag BTO-Li BTO-Na BTO-K BTO-Rb BTO-Cs 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 x (mol. fraction)
d 33 (pc/n) Fig.7 160 140 120 100 BTO-Ag BTO-Li BTO-Na BTO-K BTO-Rb BTO-Cs 80 60 40 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 x (mol. fraction)