Solar noon on Winter Solstice in Fairbanks, Alaska (64º 50 N). Solar angle is 2 ; day length, 3.7 hours (sunrise 11:00, set 2:42). Planet Classification Schemes Temperature Rings Presence of life Size Composition Moons Distance from Sun Length of day http://www.classzone. com/books/earth_scie nce/terc/content/visua lizations/es2701/es27 01page01.cfm?chapte r_no=visualization http://twentytwowords.com/2013/04/04/how-the-sky-would-look-if-theplanets-were-as-close-as-the-moon-8-pictures/ Full moon in the night sky If Mercury were where the moon is If Venus were where the moon is If Mars were where the moon is 1
If Jupiter were where the moon is If Saturn were where the moon is If Uranus were where the moon is If Neptune were where the moon is 0 S, 88 W 21 S, 14 E 46 N, 116 W 67 N, 51 W 46 N, 116 W 67 N, 51 W 0 S, 88 W 21 S, 14 E 2
What ocean or continent is located at the following coordinates? January 23, 2014: Time and Map Projections 25ºS, 130ºE 50ºN, 100ºW 80ºS, 20ºE 10ºN, 20ºE 30ºN, 40ºW 20ºS, 140ºW 0, 70 E Australia North America Antarctica Africa Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Time originally reckoned by using sun s shadow Time Shortest shadow at solar noon Current zones established in 1884 Need to standardize railroad schedules Direct relationship between time and longitude Takes Earth 24 hours to turn through 360 of longitude 360 / 24 = 15 in one hour Each time zone is 1 hour apart from the adjacent zone Each time zone is 15 of longitude wide (theoretically) Zones are centered on meridians 0, 15, 30, 45, etc. and extend 7.5 to each side of the meridian How to remember which direction is earlier and which direction is later in time? 4 AM Thursday 5 AM 6 AM 7 AM 8 AM 9 AM 10 AM Thursday 11 AM Noon 1 PM 2 PM 3 PM 4 PM 5 PM 6 PM 7 PM 8 PM 9 PM 10 PM 11 PM Midnight 1 AM Friday 2 AM 3 AM 4 AM Friday West is earlier in hourly time East is later in hourly time 3
4 PM 5 PM 6 PM 7 PM 8 PM 9 PM 10 PM 11 PM Midnight 1 AM Friday 2 AM West is earlier in hourly time West side of dateline is day later than east side 3 AM 4 AM Friday 4 AM Thursday 5 AM 6 AM 7 AM 8 AM 9 AM 10 AM Thursday 11 AM Noon 1 PM 2 PM 3 PM 4 PM East is later in hourly time East side of dateline is day earlier than west side International Dateline West side East side day later day earlier Sunday Saturday Monday Sunday Tuesday Monday Wednesday Tuesday Thursday Wednesday Friday Thursday Saturday Friday 180º Use handout of time zones to answer the following If it is noon in Mobile, what time is it in? Seattle (2 zones west) west is earlier, 10 AM London (6 zones east) east is later, 6 PM If it is 3:30 PM in Montreal, what time is it in? Denver (2 zones west) west is earlier, 1:30 PM London (5 zones east) east is later, 8:30 PM If it is noon Monday in New Zealand, what time and day is it in Anchorage, Alaska? What do A.M. and P.M. mean? 165 E 180 165 W 150 W Monday Noon Sunday Anchorage 1 PM 2 PM 135 W ante meridiem: Latin meaning before noon AM starts immediately after midnight post meridiem: Latin meaning after noon PM starts immediately after noon 12:00 AM and 12:00 PM are meaningless terms New Zealand 4
Globes versus maps Example of map problem A A is true shape and size on a globe B A and B are same shape but different in area Advantages of a globe 1. Shapes of things are true 2. Areas are true 3. Scale is constant 4. Directions are true When flatten globe to make a flat map, lose one or more of these advantages C A and C have same area but are different in shape Cylindrical projections Least distortion along line of tangency, where projection surface touches globe Graticule: the pattern of parallels and meridians on a globe VS CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION 1. Parallels are straight east-west lines YES 2. Meridians are straight north-south lines YES 3. Parallels are equally spaced and never intersect one another USUALLY NOT EQUALLY SPACED 4. Meridians are farthest apart at the Equator and come together at the poles NO 5. Parallels and Meridians cross at right angles YES 5
Conic projections Least distortion along line of tangency, where projection surface touches globe along standard parallel. Graticule: the pattern of parallels and meridians on a globe VS CONIC PROJECTION 1. Parallels are straight east-west lines NO, GENTLY CURVED 2. Meridians are straight north-south lines NO 3. Parallels are equally spaced and never intersect one another USUALLY YES 4. Meridians are farthest apart at the Equator and come together at the poles RARELY ON MAP 5. Parallels and Meridians cross at right angles YES Albers conic projection Mercator cylindrical projection Graticule: the pattern of parallels and meridians on a globe VS PLANAR PROJECTION Least distortion at point of tangency, where projection surface touches globe Planar projection In a polar projection, the point of tangency is the pole. 1. Parallels are straight east-west lines NO 2. Meridians are straight north-south lines NO 3. Parallels are equally spaced and never intersect one another USUALLY NOT EQUALLY SPACED 4. Meridians are farthest apart at the Equator and come together at the poles YES (if polar) 5. Parallels and Meridians cross at right angles YES (if polar) 6
Boreal Forest Planar with light in center Cylindrical projection Compromise projections Compromise projections Robinson Projection of the World Try to get least distortion for map theme Try to get least distortion for map theme Interrupted projection Interrupted for oceans 7
Peters Projection: an equal area map Shape and size of Greenland changes with map projection used (all have same equatorial scale) 36 W 36 W 75 N 36 W 75 N 75 N Components (essentials) of a good map 1. Title: tells what theme is Components (essentials) of a good map 2. Date: tells when map was made 1935 McGregor Wragg Swamp Airport Sage Is this a cylindrical projection? 3. Legend: tells what the symbols, colors, & patterns used on map mean Average January Precipitation Points lines areas 8
4. Directional arrow 5. Location (if needed) latitude + longitude, or other system 6. Scale: ratio of map distance to ground distance verbal (word scale) 1 = 1 mi 1 on map = 1 mile on ground representative fraction (ratio) 1:63,360 or 1/63,360 1 on map = 63,360 inches on the ground numerator and denominator must be in same units so cancel each other out RF has no units linear or bar scale (graphic scale) Small scale versus large scale maps As number in denominator of the representative fraction gets smaller, fraction itself gets bigger 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 Small fraction Small scale Shows large area Large fraction Large scale Shows small area 0 1 mile Types of maps Most maps are thematic maps Show information about specific topic (theme) Information shown on a map can be qualitative That means the THEME has NO VALUES 9
Quantitative means the THEME has VALUES Daily Average Solar Radiation Isolines: lines that connect points of equal value and enclose areas of equal value. Isoline interval: difference between value of successive isolines 30 20 10 Isolines that show elevation are contour lines Isolines that show elevation are contour lines Isolines that show elevation are contour lines Isoline rules: 1. All locations on a given isoline have the same value 2. Closed isolines represent a high or a low set of values 80 60 40 20 0 Everything inside is less than 20 20 Isolines for GEO 101 Precipitation : isohyets Temperature : isotherms Atmospheric pressure : isobars 10
Isoline rules: 3. Widely spaced isolines represent gradual changes in values 4. Closely spaced isolines represent abrupt changes in values Isoline rules: 5. All isolines eventually close either on or off the map 6. Isolines never cross one another 7. Isolines never split or have branches 10 20 30 Assignment for Tuesday: Review material we have covered so far in class Earth-Sun relationships Latitude / Longitude Our solar system Time Map projections Map essentials Qualitative versus quantitative maps Isolines 11