Q1. Atoms contain three types of particle. (a) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. The particles in the nucleus of the atom are electrons and neutrons. electrons and protons. neutrons and protons. (b) Complete the table to show the relative charges of the atomic particles. Particle Relative charge Electron 1 Neutron Proton (c) (i) A neutral atom has no overall charge. Explain this in terms of its particles..... (ii) Complete the sentence. An atom that loses an electron is called an... and has an overall... charge. Page 1 of 35
(d) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. Some substances are radioactive. They may emit alpha or beta particles. Describe the characteristics of alpha particles and beta particles in terms of their: structure penetration through air and other materials deflection in an electric field..................... (6) (Total 13 marks) Q2. The diagram shows an a.c. generator. The coil rotates about the axis shown and cuts through the magnetic field produced by the magnets. Page 2 of 35
(a) (i) A potential difference is induced between X and Y. Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence. electric generator motor transformer This effect is called the... effect. (ii) What do the letters a.c. stand for?. (iii) Name an instrument that could be used to measure the potential difference between X and Y.. (b) Graph 1 shows the output from the a.c. generator. Graph 1 (i) One of the axes on Graph 1 has been labelled Potential difference. What should the other axis be labelled?. Page 3 of 35
(ii) The direction of the magnetic field is reversed. On Graph 1, draw the output from the a.c. generator if everything else remains the same. (iii) The output from the a.c generator is changed to be half-wave rectified. Draw the half-wave rectified output on Graph 2. Graph 2 (iv) State the name of a component that may be used for the half-wave rectification of a.c.. (c) The number of turns of wire on the coil is increased. This increases the maximum induced potential difference. State two other ways in which the maximum induced potential difference could be increased. 1.... 2.... (Total 11 marks) Page 4 of 35
Q3. Figure 1 shows a golfer using a runway for testing how far a golf ball travels on grass. One end of the runway is placed on the grass surface. The other end of the runway is lifted up and a golf ball is put at the top. The golf ball goes down the runway and along the grass surface. Figure 1 (a) A test was done three times with the same golf ball. The results are shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 (i) Make measurements on Figure 2 to complete Table 1. Table 1 Test Distance measured in centimetres 1 8.5 2 3 (ii) Calculate the mean distance, in centimetres, between the ball and the edge of the runway in Figure 2.. Mean distance =... cm Page 5 of 35
(iii) Figure 2 is drawn to scale. Scale: 1 cm = 20 cm on the grass. Calculate the mean distance, in centimetres, the golf ball travels on the grass surface.. Mean distance on the grass surface =... cm (iv) The distance the ball travels along the grass surface is used to estimate the speed of the grass surface. The words used to describe the speed of a grass surface are given in Table 2. Table 2 Speed of grass surface Mean distance the golf ball travels in centimetres Fast 250 Medium fast 220 Medium 190 Medium Slow 160 Slow 130 Use Table 2 and your answer in part (iii) to describe the speed of the grass surface.. (b) The shorter the grass, the greater the distance the golf ball will travel. A student uses the runway on the grass in her local park to measure the distance the golf ball travels. (i) Suggest two variables the student should control.... Page 6 of 35
(ii) She carried out the test five times. Her measurements, in centimetres, are shown below. 75 95 84 74 79 What can she conclude about the length of the grass in the park?.. (c) Another student suggests that the speed of a grass surface depends on factors other than grass length. She wants to test the hypothesis that speed depends on relative humidity. Relative humidity is the percentage of water in the air compared to the maximum amount of water the air can hold. Relative humidity can have values between 1% and 100%. The student obtains the data in Table 3 from the Internet. Table 3 Relative humidity expressed as a percentage Mean distance the golf ball travels in centimetres 71 180 79 162 87 147 (i) Describe the pattern shown in Table 3... (ii) The student writes the following hypothesis: The mean distance the golf ball travels is inversely proportional to relative humidity. Use calculations to test this hypothesis and state your conclusion....... (3) Page 7 of 35
(iii) The data in Table 3 does not allow a conclusion to be made with confidence. Give a reason why... (d) In a test, a golf ball hits a flag pole on the golf course and travels back towards the edge of the runway as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 The distance the ball travels and the displacement of the ball are not the same. What is the difference between distance and displacement?.... (Total 15 marks) Q4. (a) The diagram shows a car at position X. The handbrake is released and the car rolls down the slope to Y. The car continues to roll along a horizontal surface before stopping at Z. The brakes have not been used during this time. (i) What type of energy does the car have at X?... Page 8 of 35
(ii) What type of energy does the car have at Y?... (b) The graph shows how the velocity of the car changes with time between Y and Z. (i) Which feature of the graph represents the negative acceleration between Y and Z?. (ii) Which feature of the graph represents the distance travelled between Y and Z?. (iii) The car starts again at position X and rolls down the slope as before. This time the brakes are applied lightly at Y until the car stops. Draw on the graph another straight line to show the motion of the car between Y and Z. (c) Three students carry out an investigation. The students put trolley D at position P on a slope. They release the trolley. The trolley rolls down the slope and along the floor as shown in the diagram. The students measure the distance from R at the bottom of the slope to S where the trolley stops. They also measure the time taken for the trolley to travel the distance RS. They repeat the investigation with another trolley, E. Page 9 of 35
Their results are shown in the table. Trolley Distance RS in centimetres Time taken in seconds Average velocity in centimetres per second D 65 2.1 E 80 2.6 (i) Calculate the average velocity, in centimetres per second, between R and S for trolleys D and E. Write your answers in the table. Use the correct equation from Section A of the Physics Equations Sheet.... (3) (ii) Before the investigation, each student made a prediction. Student 1 predicted that the two trolleys would travel the same distance. Student 2 predicted that the average velocity of the two trolleys would be the same. Student 3 predicted that the negative acceleration of the two trolleys would be the same. Is each prediction correct? Justify your answers....... (3) (Total 12 marks) Page 10 of 35
Q5. The diagram shows the structure of a cable. The cable is part of an undersoil heating circuit inside a large greenhouse. (a) The cable is connected to the mains electricity supply through a residual current circuit breaker (RCCB). If the cable is accidentally cut the RCCB automatically switches the circuit off. (i) What is the frequency of the mains electricity supply in the UK? (ii) What happens, as the cable is cut, to cause the RCCB to switch the circuit off? (iii) A circuit can also be switched off by the action of a fuse. Give one advantage of using a RCCB to switch off a circuit rather than a fuse. (b) The 230 volt mains electricity supply causes a current of 11 amps to flow through the cable. (i) Calculate the amount of charge that flows through the cable when the cable is switched on for 2 hours and give the unit. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet. Charge =... (3) Page 11 of 35
(ii) Calculate the energy transferred from the cable to the soil in 2 hours. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet. Energy transferred =... J (c) The heating circuit includes a thermistor. The thermistor is buried in the soil and acts as a thermostat to control the increase in the temperature of the soil. Describe how an increase in the temperature of the soil affects the thermistor. (Total 11 marks) Page 12 of 35
Q6. Part of a bus route is along a high street. The distance-time graph shows how far the bus travelled along the high street and how long it took. Time in seconds (a) Between which two points was the bus travelling the slowest? Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer. Points Tick ( ) A B C D D E Give a reason for your answer. Page 13 of 35
(b) The bus travels at 5 m/s between points A and B. The bus and passengers have a total mass of 16 000 kg. Use the equation in the box to calculate the momentum of the bus and passengers between points A and B. momentum = mass x velocity Show clearly how you work out your answer. Momentum =... kg m/s (c) A cyclist made the same journey along the high street. The cyclist started at the same time as the bus and completed the journey in 220 seconds. The cyclist travelled the whole distance at a constant speed. (i) (ii) Draw a line on the graph to show the cyclist s journey. After how many seconds did the cyclist overtake the bus? The cyclist overtook the bus after... seconds. (Total 7 marks) Q7. (a) The diagram shows the information plate on an electric kettle. The kettle is plugged into the a.c. mains electricity supply. 230 V 2760 W 50 Hz Use the information from the plate to answer the following questions. (i) What is the frequency of the a.c. mains electricity supply? (ii) What is the power of the electric kettle? Page 14 of 35
(b) To boil the water in the kettle, 2400 coulombs of charge pass through the heating element in 200 seconds. Calculate the current flowing through the heating element and give the unit. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet. Choose the unit from the list below. amps volts watts Current =... (3) Page 15 of 35
(c) The amount of charge passing through the heating element of an electric kettle depends on the time the kettle is switched on. What pattern links the amount of charge passing through the heating element and the time the kettle is switched on? (Total 7 marks) Page 16 of 35
Q8. The pie chart shows the average proportions of background radiation from various sources in the UK. (a) Three sources of background radiation are given in List A. Statements about sources of background radiation are given in List B. Draw one line to link each source of background radiation in List A to the statement about that source given in List B. Draw only three lines. List A List B Are used to show broken bones. X-rays The radiation comes from outer space. Cosmic rays Comes from soil containing a radioactive isotope of potassium. Radon gas On average gives 50% of all background radiation. (3) Page 17 of 35
(b) The level of background radiation from cosmic rays is not the same everywhere. For every 30 metres above sea level, the amount of background radiation increases by one unit. The diagram shows the position of two villages, A and B, built on a hill. How is the amount of background radiation from cosmic rays different in village A compared to village B? To obtain full marks, you must include a calculation in your answer. (3) (Total 6 marks) Page 18 of 35
Q9. In the early part of the 20th century, scientists used the plum pudding model to explain the structure of the atom. Following work by Rutherford and Marsden, a new model of the atom, called the nuclear model, was suggested. Describe the differences between the two models of the atom......................... (Total 4 marks) Page 19 of 35
Q10. An investigation was carried out to show how thinking distance, braking distance and stopping distance are affected by the speed of a car. The results are shown in the table. Speed in metres per second Thinking distance in metres Braking distance in metres Stopping distance in metres 10 6 6 12 15 9 14 43 20 12 24 36 25 15 38 53 30 18 55 73 (a) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence. As speed increases, thinking distance decreases. increases. stays the same. As speed increases, braking distance decreases. increases. stays the same. (b) One of the values of stopping distance is incorrect. Draw a ring around the incorrect value in the table. Calculate the correct value of this stopping distance.. Stopping distance =... m Page 20 of 35
(c) (i) Using the results from the table, plot a graph of braking distance against speed. Draw a line of best fit through your points. Speed in metres per second (3) (ii) Use your graph to determine the braking distance, in metres, at a speed of 22 m / s. Braking distance =... m (d) The speed time graph for a car is shown below. While travelling at a speed of 35 m / s, the driver sees an obstacle in the road at time t = 0. The driver reacts and brakes to a stop. Time in seconds Page 21 of 35
(i) Determine the braking distance..... Braking distance =... m (3) (ii) If the driver was driving at 35 m / s on an icy road, the speed time graph would be different. Add another line to the speed time graph above to show the effect of travelling at 35 m / s on an icy road and reacting to an obstacle in the road at time t = 0. (3) (e) A car of mass 1200 kg is travelling with a velocity of 35 m / s. (i) Calculate the momentum of the car. Use the correct equation from Section A of the Physics Equations Sheet. Give the unit.... Momentum =... (3) (ii) The car stops in 4 seconds. Calculate the average braking force acting on the car during the 4 seconds. Use the correct equation from Section A of the Physics Equations Sheet... Force =... N (Total 19 marks) Page 22 of 35
Q11. The diagram shows a boat pulling a water skier. (a) The arrow represents the force on the water produced by the engine propeller. This force causes the boat to move. Explain why. (b) The boat accelerates at a constant rate in a straight line. This causes the velocity of the water skier to increase from 4.0 m/s to 16.0 m/s in 8.0 seconds. (i) Calculate the acceleration of the water skier and give the unit. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet. Acceleration =... (3) Page 23 of 35
(ii) The water skier has a mass of 68 kg. Calculate the resultant force acting on the water skier while accelerating. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet. Resultant force =... N (iii) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. The force from the boat pulling the water skier forwards less than will be the same as the answer to part (b)(ii). greater than Give the reason for your answer. (Total 9 marks) Page 24 of 35
Q12. A doctor uses the radioactive isotope technetium-99 to find out if a patient s kidneys are working correctly. The doctor injects a small amount of technetium-99 into the patient s bloodstream. Technetium- 99 emits gamma radiation. If the patient s kidneys are working correctly, the technetium-99 will pass from the bloodstream into the kidneys and then into the patient s urine. Detectors are used to measure the radiation emitted from the kidneys. The level of radiation emitted from each kidney is recorded on a graph. (a) How do the graphs show that technetium-99 is passing from the bloodstream into each kidney? Page 25 of 35
(b) By looking at the graphs, the doctor is able to tell if there is a problem with the patient s kidneys. Which one of the following statements is correct? Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer. Only the right kidney is working correctly. Only the left kidney is working correctly. Both kidneys are working correctly. Explain the reason for your answer. (3) (Total 4 marks) Q13. The diagram shows part of the lifecycle of a very large star. Use words or phrases from the box to complete the sentences contained in the diagram. black hole red supergiant supernova white dwarf (3) Page 26 of 35
The star is stable. The star expands forming a.... The star collapses, the outer layers explode as a.... The centre collapses further and further until it finally forms a.... (Total 3 marks) Page 27 of 35
Q14. The diagram, drawn below, places stars in one of four groups. Where a star is placed on the diagram is determined by the surface temperature and relative luminosity of the star. A star with a relative luminosity of 1, emits the same amount of energy every second as the Sun. (a) The Sun will spend most of its life cycle as a main sequence star. This is the stable period of the Sun s life cycle. What happens to cause the stable period in the life cycle of a star to end? Page 28 of 35
(b) Use the information in the diagram to describe what will happen to the Sun after the stable period ends. (3) (Total 4 marks) Q15. The diagram shows an electric circuit used in a dolls house. The switches are 2-way switches; this means that each switch has a connecting wire that can be in one of two positions. (a) (i) With the connecting wire in each switch in the position shown in the diagram, the lamp is off. Why? Page 29 of 35
(ii) When switched on, the lamp has a resistance of 18 Ω and draws a current of 0.5 A from the power supply. Use the equation in the box to calculate the potential difference of the power supply used in the circuit. potential difference = current resistance Show clearly how you work out your answer. Potential difference =... V (iii) A second, identical lamp is added to the circuit. The two lamps are joined in series. Calculate the total resistance of the two lamps. Total resistance =... Ω (b) This type of circuit is also used in real houses. One of the switches is at the top of the stairs, and the other switch is at the bottom of the stairs. What is the advantage of using this circuit to switch a lamp on or off, rather than using a more simple circuit that has only one switch? Page 30 of 35
(c) The diagram shows an old type of metal lamp fitting. The cable has been connected to the lamp fitting in a way that makes the lamp fitting unsafe. (i) What is the possible risk to someone touching the lamp fitting while the lamp is switched on? (ii) What should be done to make this lamp fitting safe to use? (Total 7 marks) Q16. (a) The diagram shows the circuit used to obtain the data needed to plot the current potential difference graph for a filament bulb. (i) Why is the component labelled J included in the circuit? Page 31 of 35
(ii) The resistance of the bulb increases as the potential difference across the bulb increases. Why? (iii) The bulb is at full brightness when the potential difference across the bulb is 12 V. The current through the bulb is then 3 A. Calculate the power of the bulb when it is at full brightness and give the unit. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet. Power =... (3) Page 32 of 35
(b) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. The table gives data about two types of light bulb people may use in their homes. Type of light bulb Energy efficiency Cost of one light bulb Average lifetime in hours Halogen 10% 1.95 2 000 Light Emitting Diode (LED) 32% 11.70 36 000 Both types of light bulb produce the same amount of light. Evaluate, in terms of cost and energy efficiency, the use of the two types of light bulb. To gain full marks you must compare both types of light bulb and conclude which light bulb would be the best to use. (6) (Total 11 marks) Q17. (a) Atoms of the isotope bismuth-212 decay by emitting either an alpha particle or a beta particle. The equation represents what happens when an atom of bismuth-212 decays by beta emission into an atom of polonium-212. (i) The bismuth atom and the polonium atom have the same mass number (212). What is the mass number of an atom? Page 33 of 35
(ii) Beta decay does not cause the mass number of an atom to change. Explain why not. (b) When an atom of bismuth-212 emits an alpha particle, the atom decays into an atom of thallium. An alpha particle is the same as a helium nucleus. The symbol below represents an alpha particle. (i) The equation below represents the alpha decay of bismuth-212. Complete the equation by writing the correct number in each of the two boxes. (ii) It is impossible for the alpha decay of bismuth-212 to produce the same element as the beta decay of bismuth-212. Explain why. (Total 7 marks) Page 34 of 35
Page 35 of 35