plant life cycles ANNUAL BIENNIAL PERENNIAL ANNUALS herbaceous ~ ephemeral rapid growth light & nutrient demanding summer vs.

plant life cycles ANNUAL BIENNIAL PERENNIAL ANNUALS herbaceous ~ ephemeral rapid growth light & nutrient demanding summer vs. winter BIENNIALS ~ ANNUALS 1

PERENNIALS herbaceous or woody persistent wide range of growth rates, light & nutrient requirements => highly diverse lifestyles MORPHOLOGY - the form of things most images to follow from: James L. Castner s (2004) Photographic Atlas of Botany and Guide to Plant Identification Feline Press, Inc., Gainesville, FL, USA 2

EMBRYOPHYTES, the LAND PLANTS BRYOPHYTES, non- (or proto-) vascular (liverworts, hornworts, mosses) TRACHEOPHYTES = vascular LYCOPHYTES (club mosses) = seedless MONILOPHYTES (ferns) = seedless GYMNOSPERMS (conifers) = naked seeds ANGIOSPERMS (flowering) = enclosed seeds Raven et al. (2012), Fig. 18-7 3

VASCULAR plants are plants with a vascular system for conducting essential fluids: water & mineral nutrients from the soil UP sugars & other self-made products from the leaves DOWN and AROUND SEED PLANTS GYMNOSPERMS ~1000 species Conifers = 70 genera & ~630 species Cycads = 11 genera & ~300 species Gingko = 1 genus & 1 species Gnetophytes = 3 genera & 75 species ANGIOSPERMS ~250,000 to 400,000 species dicots vs. monocots 4

MONOCOTS Haywood (1993), p. 11 1/10/17 DICOTS SHOOT = stem + leaves Vicia faba, Fabaceae broadbean ROOTS Raven et al. (2005), p. 7 5

Bowes & Mauseth (2008) ROOT functions anchorage / support water & nutrient uptake food (carbohydrate) storage nitrogen fixation asexual reproduction 6

ROOT forms fibrous roots vs. taproot + lateral roots MONOCOTS Allium cepa, Typha domingensis, Amaryllidaceae Typhaceae onion cat-tail 7

DICOTS Conyza canadensis, Daucus carota, Asteraceae Apiaceae horseweed carrot Bell (2008), p. 140 tuberous roots = swollen for CH 2 O storage Bell (2008), p. 141 8

adventitious stilt roots Zea mays, Socratea exorrhiza, Poaceae Arecaceae corn paxiba Populus deltoides, Salicaceae cottonwood CT river, Northampton 9

plank roots aka buttresses Ficus sp., Moraceae SE Pará, Brazil ROOT schematic secondary growth region of maturation = primary growth region of elongation Raven et al. (2012), Fig. 24-3 region of cell division rootcap 10

rootcap protects the growing root tip, penetrates soil secretes mucilage for lubrication root hairs trichomes = extensions of epidermal cells live 2-10 days increase absorbing surface, penetrate small soil spaces rootcap mucilage & border cells Zea mays, Poaceae Raven et al. (2012), Fig. 24-4a & 4b 11

root hairs Raphanus sativus, Brassicaceae - radish Raven et al. (2012), Fig. 24-9 MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS => symbiosis between fine roots & fungus ectomycorrhizae fungus remains external to root tissues, facilitates nutrient & maybe water uptake most conifers, ~90% of northern temperate broadleafed tree species many common mushrooms & toadstools in late summer/early fall are their fruiting bodies 12

Amanita muscaria (fly agaric), ectomycorrhizal fungus associated with Betula spp. (birches) MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS => symbiosis between fine roots & fungus endomycorrhizae within the root, the fungus penetrates cell walls of outer root tissues especially good for phosphorus & water uptake 13

STEM functions support for leaves & flowers water & nutrient transport food & water storage host symbionic organisms, e.g. ants asexual reproduction Peperomia obtusifolia, Camellia japonica, Piperaceae Theaceae 14

COMPRESSED Haworthia decipiens, Xanthorrhoeaceae 15

RHIZOME Iris sp., Iridaceae CORM Narcissus sp., Gladiolus sp., Amaryllidaceae Iridaceae daffodil 16

BULB Allium cepa Hippeastrum sp. onion amaryllis both Amaryllidaceae TUBER Solanum tuberosum, Solanaceae - potato 17

stems as tubers = roots swollen for CH 2 O storage Bell (2008), p. 169 STOLON Fragaria x ananassa, Rosaceae strawberry 18

LEAF functions photosynthesis storage protection support asexual reproduction simple leaf: alternate petiole + blade whorled opposite 19

SIMPLE LEAVES: SHAPES 20

COMPOUND LEAVES MORE COM- POUND LEAVES 21

LEAF APICES LEAF BASES 22

LEAF MARGINS LEAF VENATION Ulmus parvifolia, Ulmaceae 23

LEAF VENATION BUDS terminal or axillary may be protected by specialized leaf scales contain pre-formed leaves, flowers, and/or stems 24