4TH GRUAN IMPLEMENTATION-COORDINATION MEETING (ICM-4) JMA Headquarters, Tokyo, Japan, 5th March 9th March 2012

4TH GRUAN IMPLEMENTATION-COORDINATION MEETING (ICM-4) JMA Headquarters, Tokyo, Japan, 5th March 9th March 2012 HMEI was invited to attend this meeting. Hannu Jauhiainen from Vaisala was the HMEI representative attending this meeting and made the following report for HMEI members. The Report of the meeting with agreed decisions will be published by as GCOS report. Links to the meeting documents and presentations can be found from the GRUAN homepage www.gruan.org \ Meetings \ ICM- Meetings \ Tokyo 2012 (link re-routed to dwd web-addresses) The participants of the ICM-4 (Tokyo / Japan) Source: Hironobu YOKOTA (JMA) This meeting was hosted and supported by JMA, GRUAN Lead Centre, U.S. GCOS Program Office at NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) [financial support] and NOAA Office Global Programs [financial support]. Meeting organizers: Greg Bodeker (Chair, GCOS AOPC Working Group of Atmospheric Reference Observations); Peter Thorne (GCOS AOPC Working Group of Atmospheric Reference Observations); Holger Vömel, (Head, GRUAN Lead Centre); Bill Murray, Howard Diamond, Christopher Miller (NOAA); Hironobu Yokota, Yoshinori Shoji, Nobuhiko Kizu (local organizers, JMA) Theme: The focus of this meeting was to define what needs to be done between ICM-4 and January 2014 which is when GRUAN is expected to become fully operational. Background: GRUAN is network for ground-based reference observations for climate in the free atmosphere in the frame of GCOS (GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network), tasked to: Provide long-term high-quality upper-air climate records. Constrain and calibrate data from more spatially comprehensive global observing systems (including satellites and current Radiosonde networks). Fully characterize the properties of the atmospheric column. SESSION 1: UPDATE ON SPECIFIC PROCESS SINCE ICM-3

Akihide Segami, Director-General of the Observations Department of JMA and GRUAN co-chairs welcomed the participants on behalf of meeting organizers. Following the welcome, Adrian Simmons, chair of AOPC and chair of GCOS steering committee, gave an opening address. GRUAN governance and outcomes of CBS expert team review - Greg Bodeker and Adrian Simmons Greg Bodeker and Adrian Simmons presented the outcome of the GCOS/CBS/CIMO/WIGOS Expert Meeting on the GCOS Upper Air Reference Network (GRUAN) that was held in January 2012. Topics of the meeting were: Changes in governance: Having GRUAN better integrated into WMO allows GRUAN to tap the expertise available in WMO technical commissions: CBS, CIMO, CAS, CCl. Updated organizational diagram for GRUAN management and oversight was presented. Update of WMO Manual and Guide on the Global Observing System based on the GRUAN manual. GRUAN sites should be required to provide data of operational quality in NRT wherever possible What does it mean for the GRUAN network to become operational? - Holger Vömel GRUAN entered the 5 years implementation phase in 2008. This phase sets the direction for decades of observations. The GRUAN network is intended to become operational after the end of the implementation phase. Discussion points were related to ensuring how observations can be maintained at a consistently high quality over decades Lead Centre progress report - Holger Vömel Data are currently being received from 11 stations. Frequency of data received will increase. Softare tools for different level data and monitoring have been further developed. Work for expansion is ongoing. GRUAN Network Expansion Work workshop will be held in 13-15 June 2012 in Fürstenwalde, Germany. Development of new GRUAN data products in progress, as: frost point observations, different Radiosondes, Lidar and GPS integrated precipitable water vapor Update on WG activities and check against ICM4 agreed activities - Peter Thorne (on behalf of WG- ARO) Changes in WG-ARO co-chair and membership were reviewed. Status review was presented for 29 work plan items agreed in ICM-3: 11 complete, 13 in progress (many in very advanced stages), 5 not started / seriously delayed / unable to be done. Because of space limitation of this report, it is not possible to present them in detail. One HMEI related subject was: "Work with HMEI to scope possible workshop aims and requirements and discuss whether CIMO involvement makes this redundant. It was suggested there be a side meeting with HMEI at TECO October 2012 in Brussels; this possibility is under review. 2012 and 2013 action items were reviewed SESSION 2: TASK TEAM UPDATES Task Team Radiosonde: Progress Report for April 2011 - March 2012 Masatomo Fujiwara Scope and the tasks of the team were reviewed. Tasks covering: Review of the WMO Intercomparison report, current data product and launch issues, sounding configurations, descent data, RH time-lag correction issues and chilled-mirror hygrometer data product GRUAN GNSS Precipitable Water (GNSS-PW) Task Team: Accomplishment, Progress and Plan June Wang / Kalev Rannat Status was reviewed for eight specific Tasks related to goal, "To develop explicit guidance on hardware, software and data management practices to obtain GNSS PW measurements of consistent quality at all GRUAN sites", with accomplishments as GRUAN GNSS Product Requirements, Site Survey Table and Site Guidelines. Task Team of Site Representatives: Overview Belay Demoz / Dale Hurst

Tasks related to network design, data policy, manual of operations, data usage protocol, assessment, task team representation in WG-ARO & TT3, current product launch basics and site inventory were reviewed. Site inventory as of Feb 2012 was presented. GRUAN Task Team on Ancillary Measurements (TTAM) ICM-4 Report Thierry Leblanc / Tony Reale Task-by-task progress update was given for: ISSI Expert Team on Lidar Algorithms, MWRnet, JPSS, NPROVS, MUSICA, GEWEX Water Vapor and Temperature Assessment, Best Measurement Practices - GRUAN Lidar Guidelines Doc Update for new tasks was given for: GRUAN Microwave Guidelines Doc, GRUAN FTIR Guidelines Doc, Inventory of Instruments - AERI, Interface with other Expert Teams - EARLINET, Best Measurement Practices - Site Atmospheric State Best Estimate (SASBE) List of publications Relevant to GRUAN/TTAM was reviewed and GRUAN Products Validation System (GPROVS) was presented. Update on Task Team 3: Measurement Scheduling and Related Activities Tom Gardiner / Dave Whiteman This presentation covered: water vapor trends, uncertainty definitions, measurement scheduling for trend detection and other GRUAN related issues, as satellite validation and process studies. Uncertainty related definitions linked to GUM approach (Guide to Uncertainty in Measurement) were clarified. GATNDOR - GRUAN Analysis Team for Network Design and Operations Research: status and progress Fabio Madonna Status of topics Co-location of Observations, Management of Change and Quantifying the Value of Complementary Observations was presented. Deliverables for the latter one by ICM-4 were handled in more detail. Potential new topics were discussed. SESSION 3: REPORTING Chair: Holger Vömel, Rapporteur: Karin Kreher and Thierry Leblanc Discussion of changes to GRUAN manual following CBS expert team review Greg Bodeker At the CBS expert team review meeting it was decided to divide previous manual material to two: GRUAN manual and larger GRUAN guide. First official version of the GRUAN manual is converging. ICM-4 was the last opportunity to discuss issues that require achieving consensus. There will be further opportunities to make minor changes. Once version 1.1.0.0 has been completed, it will remain untouched until predefined conditions trigger the change, by stakeholders GCOS AOPC, WG-ARO, Lead Centre or WMO commissions associated with GRUAN. Or by aging: More than 10 years in the case of the manual and 5 years in the case of the guide since last revision GRUAN as an Integral Component of WIGOS Bertrand Calpini For future evolution of GRUAN: Existing stations need to attract ongoing funding for the long term future. There is a need to attract additional participants to grow the network to 30-40 stations. By actions as strengthening WMO connection to GRUAN, introducing an independent NRT operational data stream and including GRUAN as an integral part of WIGOS. Status of GRUAN data flow Michael Sommer All parts of GRUAN data-flow are running: Data collecting, preprocessing, processing, data archiving, metadata archiving and dissemination. Currently data-flow includes only radio sounding. Release version of first GRUAN data product, RS92 is available. Next step is broaden to other instruments and sondes (GNSS- PW, Lidar, CFH, etc.). Monitoring is running at LC. Next step is the automated creation and sending of reports to stations. Input is needed for extending and optimizing the reports Recap of implementation plan ICM-4 to ICM-5 actions Greg Bodeker Greg Bodeker had ground work presentation/discussion as for implementation plan meeting to be held in last day of the meeting.

SESSION 4: REPORTING ON CONTACTS WITH THE EXTERNAL COMMUNITY Chair: Holger Vömel, Rapporteur: Karin Kreher and Thierry Leblanc Outcomes of WCRP open science conference, NDACC steering committee meeting and GRUAN representation at forthcoming meetings Peter Throne and Holger Vömel Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change 2011 NDACC Symposium An International Symposium Celebrating 20 Years of Global Atmospheric Research Fostered by NDACC/NDSC Observations 7-10 November 2011 was held in Reunion Island, France. NDACC is a good network to learn from. It is driven by a large spectrum of science questions and observes a large palette of atmospheric constituents A New Challenge for Meteorological Measurements: METEOMET Metrology for Meteorology Andrea Merlone MeteoMet is an EMRP Project funded by European Community and EURAMET. It is the biggest EMRP consortium ever.the project is focused on the traceability of measurements involved in the climate change evaluation: surface and upper air measurements of temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed and direction, and reciprocal influences between measurands. Opportunities for new projects exist. The GRUAN Workshop to Develop Network Design and Expansion Criteria Greg Bodeker The GRUAN Workshop to Develop Network Design and Expansion Criteria meeting will be held in Fürstenwalde, Germany 13-15 June 2012. Purpose of the meeting is to understand the network design requirements to meet the needs of four primary users of GRUAN data: climate detection and attribution community, the satellite community, the atmospheric process studies community and the numerical weather prediction (NWP) community. SESSION 5: SITE UPDATES Chair: Peter Thorne; Rapporteur: Belay Demoz and Dale Hurst Site reports were presented by sites: ARM sites (Doug Sisterson by webex), Lindenberg (Ruud Dirksen), Sodankylä (Rigel Kivi), Tateno (Hironobu Yokota), Payerne (Rolf Philipona), Xilinhot (Li Wei), Cabauw (Arnoud Apituley), Lauder (Karin Kreher), Boulder (Dale Hurst), Potenza (Fabio Madonna) and Beltsville Belay Demoz). These reports can be found from the meeting link. Prospective GRUAN Site: Ny-Ålesund Marion Maturili Work is ongoing for preparing Ny-Ålesund as GRUAN site. Ny-Ålesund research base is located on the island of Spitsbergen providing observations from 78.9 N latitude. Site is operated by Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (Germany) and Institut Polaire Français Paul Emile Victor (France) French Observatories for Atmospheric Research potential candidates for GRUAN contribution Martial Haeffelin A French contribution to GRUAN would be based on collaborative efforts from CNRS-INSU and METEO- FRANCE who have a long history of working together for climate studies. Mission and operations in SIRTA Observatory and the OPAR Observatory (La Réunion) were reviewed. Bringing priority 2 variables into GRUAN Greg Bodeker Emphasis to date has been on priority 1 variables. A fully functioning GRUAN, serving all envisaged purposes, will require measurements of all ECVs listed in GCOS-112. To achieve consistency and homogeneity of data products both at individual GRUAN sites and across the network as a whole, it is essential that the procedures developed to bring new ECVs online within GRUAN provide an end-to-end solution that details the collection of raw data and associated metadata, the processing and quality assurance of those measurements, and the provision of the data products to the GRUAN user community. Related requirements for task teams and central processing facility as well as for the technical documentation, procedures, roles and responsibilities in general were presented and discussed.

SESSION 6: GRUAN DATA FROM OTHER INSTRUMENTS Chair: Peter Thorne; Rapporteur: Arnoud Apituley Bringing Lidar Data Online as a GRUAN Data Product Thierry Leblanc Thierry Leblanc's presentation covered lidar applications targeting three of the GRUAN ECV: Water Vapor (0-20 km), Ozone (0-50 km) and Temperature (0-90 km). Presentation topics were Lidar technique refresher, Application 1 - Backscatter temperature, Application 2 - DIAL ozone, Application 3 - Raman water vapor, Application 4 - Rot-Raman temperature, Lidar Measurement Uncertainties Overview, Photon Counting Noise and resulting uncertainty, Lidar-specific corrections and resulting uncertainties, Mimimizing Uncertainty and Pathway towards implementation Bringing GPS integrated precipitable water as a data stream into GRUAN Kalev Rannat GPS integrated precipitable water presentation topics were amongst others: Data stream at the site, Input variables for IPW calculations, Uncertainties and the sources of uncertainties for IPW, IPW data stream from the site, Surface met. data stream and data quality verification Bringing other radiosonde types online as GRUAN data products Rolf Philipona / Li Wei Bringing frostpoint soundings online as GRUAN data products Dale Hurst and Holger Vömel The presentation topics were frost point sensor technology and issues when quantifying Frost Point Hygrometer measurement uncertainties. What are the requirements for implementation of FPH and CFH at GRUAN sites? Open actions: Establish comprehensive uncertainty analysis, Validation under all conditions including lab, Document uncertainty analysis and Establish feasible ground check Defining GRUAN operations and GRUAN protocols Holger Vömel For achieving GRUAN goals defined protocols are needed: Observations consistency over long time periods -> require observational protocols; Observations consistency across the network -> require observational protocols that apply to all sites; Transparency of observations -> require detailed documentation of procedures so that changes in staff will not impact procedures; Provide tools to be used in site assessment and certification; Required protocols should not conflict with existing protocols of sponsors -> require consideration of adapting existing protocols; Required protocols should not duplicate existing work, but rather build on it. Missing protocols were discussed. TATENO SITE VISIT Great, well organized whole day visit, sponsored by JMA was made to Tateno Aerological Observatory and NIES (National Institute for EnvironmentalStudies). Tateno GRUAN site operations and facilites were presented to the meeting attendees. In addition presentations were given at GRUAN site Tateno (JMA) and at NIES (National Institute for Enviromental Studies for the following subjects: (Presentation material available in the meeting web page, please visit) Upper-air observations at Tateno Aerological Observatory Masahito ISHIHARA (Director of Aerological Observatory, JMA) Importance of Upper-Air Sonde Observation for Data Assimilation Kazumasa AONASHI (Chief of Typhoon Research Division, Meteorological Research Institute) Services of Meteorological Instruments Center (MIC) Kenshi UMEHARA (Senior Insprector, MIC) Comparison observation in Tateno Masami IWABUCHI (Tateno) What is MTR? Kensaku SHIMIZU (HMEI Meisei) Introduction of GRUAN Greg Bodeker Introduction of Center for Global Enviromental Research (CGER) Yasuhiro SASANO Measuring Greenhouse Gases by Commercial Airlines Toshinobu MACHIDA

The GOSAT Project Tatsuya YOKOTA Global Enviromental Database for Ozone Hideaki NAKAJIMA SESSION 7: SCIENCE ISSUES Chair: Greg Bodeker; Rapporteur: Bertrand Calpini and Arnoud Apituley An Overview of the US Climate Reference Network (USCRN) Adrian Simmons / Howard Diamond NOAA s Benchmark USA Climate Observing Network is designed to answer questions about National Temperature & Precipitation changes with the highest confidence. USCRN is specifically designed for climate observing. It provides the long-term, surface-based, and science-quality observations of air temperature, precipitation, as well as soil temperature and moisture, and relative humidity required for the detection and attribution of present and future climate change. There are 114 CONUS stations at pristine sites that should not change in > 50 years. 10 stations in Alaska and 2 stations in Hawaii; plan for a total of 29 sites in Alaska by 2018. There are also international stations Measurement scheduling discussion Tom Gardiner / Dave Whiteman Detailed presentation and discussion on aspects for scheduling (See. Session 2, Task Team 3). Results for UT water vapor trend detection and preliminary results for LS water vapor trend detection were presented. Some of the results: High natural variability in UT water vapor implies trend detection in UT relatively insensitive to random errors in measurements. To decrease time to detect trend in the UT, it is much more efficient to increase the frequency of measurement than reduce the noise of measurement. Quality profile extending into UT every 3-4 days is a good compromise between efficiency of detection and level of effort. In LS much lower natural variability implies need for much lower noise measurements to reveal trends accurately. Increase in measurement frequency still pays large benefit to decreasing time to detect trend. Vertical resolution of <1km optimum for LS water vapor time series. Meeting the needs of the reanalysis community David Tan Current reanalysis activities - Expanding the ERA-Interim reanalysis - Developing the ERA-CLIM reanalyses. European Reanalysis of Global Climate Observations - 3-year collaborative research project, start date 01/01/2011 - MACC-II for atmospheric composition operational + reanalysis - Ocean reanalyses ESA s Climate Change Initiative - ESA s CCI & Climate Modelling User Group, 6 year program, 2010-2016, Recap, outlook, ways to work together - Reference-quality observational data are essential for many aspects of reanalysis, Useful for validation and/or assimilation, but also via their contribution to improving satellite-based products. Priority 1 and 2 ECVs all highly relevant Management of Changes in GRUAN: Number of dual-sonde flights required for Radiosonde changes June Wang Question: How many dual-sonde flights are needed to accurately assess the bias between old and new sondes? To estimate numbers required for the standard error to be less than the GRUAN accuracy requirement (long term stability: 0.05 C & 0.3%), i n this case study the number of flights varied between160-400. The topic of Homogenization of Daily Global Radiosonde Humidity Data was also considered with the result that homogenization leads to temporally more homogenous humidity data and smaller, spatially-morecoherent long term trends. GATNDOR topic: Collocation uncertainty in vertical profiles Allesandro Fasso

Answers to the following questions were sought: Is the collocation uncertainty related to environmental factors, related to the paired trajectories distance, and related to height? Are above point valid for all ECV? Is uncertainty a static or dynamic concept? In this presentation an empirical approach to uncertainty analysis is considered with no reference to a priori metadata, but relying on data by means of a statistical modeling approach. Analysis outline: Stochastic spatio temporal models, Spatio temporal functional data analysis FDA, Collocation model, Application to pressure and temperature from Beltsville-Sterling Radiosonde, Toolbox scheme. Managing distributed sites discussion Arnoud Apituley / Belay Demoz As demonstrated at Table Mountain-Boulder-Marshall, Cabauw, Beltsville, different types of instrumentation can be distributed in nearby sites; this thus sets requirements for management. Discussion topics amongst others were: Who owns the distributed sites? Can you impose GRUAN standards on the partner? What is in it for them and for GRUAN? How do you insure data quality? Are they aware of GRUAN red tape, Continuity? Do you have a formal agreement? Possible action items: Handbook of sites? Mapping of instrument locations. JAXA Earth Observation Satellites and the Validation Keiji Imaoka, EORC/JAXA Satellite community needs upper air network observations for validation, model construction, and so forth. Many satellite missions are being planned worldwide and variety of geophysical parameters will be delivered. Extensive efforts are being made for calibration and validation of satellite products, resulting in increasing demands for accurate ground-based measurements. Current and Future JAXA EO Missions were reviewed, astropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E), GOSAT (CO2), SMILES on ISS/JEM, Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), EarthCARE/CPR, GCOM 1st Generation Satellites Linking GRUAN to the Satellite Community John Dykema Presentation major themes were: Fundamental satellite calibration will come through satellite-satellite methods - GSICS; Predominant interests of satellite community in GRUAN-like measurements are: Product (retrieval) validation and Radiative transfer improvement; Multiple high-quality measurements to estimate atmospheric state at satellite overpass and Site Atmospheric State Best Estimate (SASBE) SESSION 7: FINAL DISCUSSIONS - Chair: Holger Vömel; Rapporteur: Masatomo Fujiwara and David Tan Review of the GRUAN implementation plan - any amendments Greg Bodeker Task list of what needs to be done between now and 1 January 2014 was reviewed and discussed Summary of ICM-4 to ICM-5 proposed actions Peter Thorne lead Due to limited space in this report, summary of ICM-4 actions will be presented in the official meeting memo. Version during the meeting is available on the ICM-4 web page. The ICM-4 meeting was closed on Friday 9 March, 2012