Earth s Layers p.3 Basic Inner Earth Characteristics Temperature increases with depth Pressure increases with depth Thickest layers to thinnest: mantle, outer core, inner core, crust
Earth s Layers p.3 Basic Inner Earth Characteristics Temperature increases with depth Pressure increases with depth Thickest layers to thinnest: mantle, outer core, inner core, crust
Inner Earth Layers (IOMC - I Owe Ms. C.) Inner Core Phase: Solid Elements: Iron & Nickel Temperature: 5000 C & up Outer Core Phase: Liquid Elements: Iron & Nickel Responsible for magnetic field! Temperature: 5000 C -2000 C
Mantle Phase: Solid Elements: silicon, oxygen, iron, magnesium Temperature: 2270 C - 870 C Asthenosphere/Upper Mantle: Acts like a liquid (cornstarch & water)
Crust Phase: Solid Elements: silicon & oxygen Temperature: 870 C daily weather Types of Crust Oceanic (rock beneath ocean)» 8 km thick» Density: 3.2 g/cm 3 Continental (beneath continents)» 30-70 km thick» Density: 2.7 g/cm 3
Kahoot It Review Game https://play.kahoot.it/#/k/51af86f0-8b45-4475-ac4c-6bb911302795
Evidence for Continental Drift Fossil Evidence Glossopteris (fern): found on S. America, Africa, India, Antarctica & Australia Lystrosaurus (reptile): found in Africa, Antarctica, & India Mesosaurus (freshwater reptile): found in Africa & S. America
Rock Evidence Mountain range formation same on S. America & Africa Rocks similar in S. America & Africa Glacial Evidence Glacial movement in India, Africa, & S. America can only be done if the continents were positioned differently
Notice the Glacial Scratch Marks!
Pangea!!! The SUPERCONTINENT!
Plate Tectonics Earth s Plates
Plate Boundaries Basics Seven major plates Plates are continually moving (mean: 5cm/yr) and change shape and size Plates = lithosphere crust & upper upper mantle sitting on top of the asthenosphere (which acts similar to cornstarch and water)
What are the 3 ways the plates can move?
Transform Boundary Plates slide past each other!! This creates earthquakes! Notice how the plates are still touching each other! The drawing on the lefts is a left lateral fault. It is named this way because if you stand on one plate the other is going to the left.
California! No not at a transform boundary Yes all boundaries have EQ
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY PROCESS
Divergent Boundary Plates Split Apart!!! Oceanic plates split apart makes a ridge ex: Mid Atlantic Ridge Atlantic Ocean Continental plates split apart make a rift valley ex: Great Rift Valley Africa
Earthquakes Created Remember these happen every time a plate moves! Volcanic Activity Can Occur- where the crust is splitting apart!
Divergent Boundaries Ridge Creates a Country! Iceland 1980 ERUPTION OF KRAFLA VOLCANO MAP OF ICELAND SHOWING LOCATION OF MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE The Mid-Atlantic Ridge MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE NEAR REYKJAVEK, ICELAND LEFT OF FISSURE IS NORTH AMERICAN PLATE AND EURASIAN PLATE IS ON THE RIGHT
Divergent Boundary Great Rift Valley - Africa
What types of plates are meeting?
Convergent Boundary Oceanic vs. Continental More dense oceanic plate subducts (goes under) the less dense (sponge bob like) continental plate! Creates volcanic mountains!! Example: Andes Mountains (along S. America) & Mt. Rainier (WA)
Convergent Boundary Oceanic vs. Oceanic More dense of oceanic plates subducts (goes under) the other oceanic plate Creates volcanic islands Examples: Japan, Philippines Pacific Ocean Ring of Fire: called this because of VOLCANOES!
Convergent Boundaries Pacific Ocean-Ring of Fire Volcanoes!
Convergent Boundary Continental vs. Continental Plates pushes up on each other Creates mountains Example: India crashed into Asia creating Himalayans
India Plays Bumper Cars! INDIAN PLATE MOVEMENT
India s Bumper Cars - Replay INDIAN - EURASIAN CONVERGENCE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAIN BUILDING INDIAN -EURASIAN CONVERGENCE
Putting Divergent & Convergent Boundaries Together
What Causes All This?????????
CONVECTION IN THE UPPER MANTLE (asthenosphere)
Kahoot It Review Game
Why Volcanoes Erupt! 1. Density Lower density mamga rises (like oil/vinegar) Temperature & Composition of magma affect density 2. Pressure As magma rises, bubbles start to form from the dissolved gas in the magma which exerts pressure Pressure aids in bringing the magma to the surface (like opening a shaken soda bottle)
Pompeii Model of Eruption
Volcano Parts Crater (lips) Pyroclastic Flow Side Vent Vent Lava Pipe Magma Magma Chamber
Volcano Types & Characteristics Shield Volcano Shape: Flat Lava Type: fluid & dark color Ex: Hawaii Made At: hot spots and divergent boundaries
Cinder Volcano Shape: narrow base and steep sides Lava Type: thick & light in color Ex: Paricutin, Mexico Made At: convergent boundary c vs. o Cinder Cone Volcano Layers of Cinders Crater Sunset Crater Central Vent
Sunset Crater a cinder cone near Flagstaff, Arizona
Stratovolcano/Composite Shape: steep sides Lava Type: very thick, little runny Ex: Mt. Fuji (Japan) & Mt. Rainier (WA) RING OF FIRE!! (Pacific) Made At: convergent boundary Central Vent Lava Layers Crater Ash Layers Mt. Hood Composite Volcano
Mt. St. Helens a typical composite volcano
Mt. St. Helens following the 1980 eruption
A size comparison of the three types of volcanoes
Hot Spots: Lady Gaga of convection currents; an area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it! ex: Hawaii & Canary Islands (off coast of Africa)
Hot Spot Video Link
Dots = Hot Spots!
Kahoot It Review Game
Earthquakes! Earthquake: movement of Earth s plates (along a fault or plate boundary) that occurs when rocks suddenly break or release stored energy Can have foreshocks (EQ s before) or aftershocks (EQ s after) Occur mostly at plate boundaries, but also occur along faults
Earthquake Parts Fault Fault Epicenter Focus Seismic Waves Focus: where the EQ starts (in Earth) Epicenter: point above focus on the surface above where the EQ starts Fault: crack within a plate Most EQ happen at plate boundaries, but we are most affected by faults!
Seismic Waves vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake P - Primary Waves/Longitudinal Moves like a Plinky (slinky); compress/expand Fastest wave Goes through solids and liquids How sound travels
S - Secondary Waves/Transverse Moves like a snake Second fastest wave Goes through solids but NOT liquids How light travels L - Surface Waves Moves in loops/circles (combo of P & S) Slowest wave Causes the most damage
Earthquake Hazards Ground Movement (due to seismic waves) Broken gas & power lines -> fire Building destroyed Landslides Liquefaction: shaking of soils that brings water from below ground to the surface and causes buildings to sink LINK
Tsunamis (caused by ground movement) Killer wave EQ pushes land up, which pushes water up When water reaches coastline, water rises very high, very quickly Tsunamis Warning System is NOW international due to SE Asia Tsunamis Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=play er_profilepage&v=tun_uty0gno