Geosystems: An Introduction to Physical Geography, 8e (Christopherson) Chapter 20 Terrestrial Biomes Multiple Choice Questions 1) Invasive species in Tristan de Cunha that arrived on the oil rig Petrobras XXI A) numbered 62 new species. B) did not include fin-fish. C) are expected to not affect the local ecosystem. D) were non-existent since they had all perished in transit. 2) Geographic regions of plants and animals where groups of species evolved are termed A) ecosystems. B) communities. C) evolution places. D) biogeographical realms. 3) Biogeographic realms are A) geographic regions where groups of plant and animal species evolved. B) composed of only the biotic ecosystem components. C) based entirely on climate. D) named after their discoverers. 1
4) Which of the following is incorrect regarding biogeographic realms? A) They are based on only one biome or ecosystem. B) They generally correspond to continents. C) They are composed of both plants and animals. D) There are both zoogeographic and botanic geographic realms. E) They are each composed of many ecosystems. 5) Australia has a unique flora and fauna because A) The aborigines selectively bred many of the plant and animal species now found there. B) Australia has been isolated from other continents for tens of millions of years and, because of this, life has developed along different evolutionary paths. C) as sea levels have risen and fallen it has had a land bridge connecting it to the mainland off and on. D) unlike other continents it has only one climate. Answer: B 6) Ecotones are A) usually wide transition zones. B) zones of shared traits. C) always sharply defined. D) All of these are correct. E) usually wide transition zones and zones of shared traits. Answer: E 7) Which of the following is incorrectly matched? A) community interacting populations of plants and animals B) ecosystems interplay between communities and the physical environment C) life-form outward physical properties of plants D) biome boundary zone between ecosystems 2
8) A biome is A) an ecosystem characterized by related animal populations. B) a large, stable terrestrial ecosystem or aquatic ecosystem. C) the smallest local designation of a community. D) a natural community that is unaffected by human activity. Answer: B 9) Which of the following is incorrect regarding biomes? A) They are characterized by specific plant and animal communities and their related ecosystems. B) They are usually named on the basis of their dominant vegetation. C) The term "biome" applies to both terrestrial and marine associations of plants and animals. D) They are usually named for the specific climatic zone in which they occur. 10) Which of the following is not correct regarding biomes? A) Biomes are subdivisions of ecosystems. B) The term "biome" applies to both terrestrial and marine associations of plants and animals. C) Biomes are named for the dominant vegetation found in them. D) Biomes can be divided into units called formation classes. 11) Which of the following is not correct regarding life-form designations? A) They include trees, shrubs, and herbs. B) They include bryophytes, epiphytes, and thallophytes. C) They are based on the physical characteristics of individual plants. D) They are based on the dominant form of vegetation in an ecosystem. 3
12) A formation class refers to A) soil-forming factors in an ecosystem. B) the dominant class of animals in an ecosystem. C) the structure and appearance of dominant plants in a terrestrial ecosystem. D) the type of rock formations that occur in an area and the associated class of weathering processes which act on them. 13) Which of the following is not correctly matched? A) forest, savanna, grassland, shrubland, desert, tundra biomes B) trees, lianas, shrubs, herbs, epiphytes, thallophytes life-form designations C) several ecosystems one community D) large, stable ecosystem a biome 14) A structural classification of plants based on the outward physical properties of individual plants, or the general form of a vegetation cover (tree, shrub, herb, thallophyte, etc.) is called A) formation class. B) biome. C) plant life-form designation. D) ecosystem. 15) Which of the following is not correctly matched? A) herbs small plants without woody stems B) epiphytes plants growing above the ground on other plants, using them for support C) lianas bacteria, fungi, algae, lichens D) shrubs smaller woody plants with branching stems at the ground 4
16) The concept of Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) is intended to A) focus attention on important terrestrial ecosystems. B) identify abiotic aquatic resources only. C) examine marine life, but not items such as the seafloor. D) foster better management and sustainability of both biotic and abiotic aquatic resources. 17) The largest protected area in a designated marine ecosystem (LME) in the United States is the A) Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. B) Missouri River Habitat. C) Florida Keys Marine Sanctuary. D) Northeast Continental Shelf. 18) The most diverse body of plants and animals in the world are in the biome designated A) equatorial and tropical rain forest. B) midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest. C) tropical savanna. D) midlatitude grasslands. 19) Why do you suppose that tropical rain forests are the richest terrestrial ecosystems in terms of plant and animal diversity? A) Cold is not a limiting factor. B) Water is not a limiting factor. C) Because of the lack of environmental constraints, many evolutionary varieties can survive and reproduce. D) All of these are reasons. E) none of the above the tropical rain forests are not the richest terrestrial ecosystems 5
20) The active layer in the sea that is analogous to the canopy of the rain forest is called the A) photic layer. B) aquatic ecosystem. C) large marine ecosystem. D) life zone. 21) Which of the following is not correct regarding the tropical rain forest? A) Only about 1 percent of sunlight received at the top of the forest canopy reaches the forest floor. B) Relative to the forest canopy, few life forms live on the forest floor. C) Pollination is usually by wind. D) The wood of many tree species is very hard and dense. E) There are few branches on the lower 2/3 of most trees. 22) Which of the following is not correct regarding the tropical rain forests? A) They are home to half of Earth's forests. B) Half of Earth's original rain forests have been cut. C) Their soils retain fertility long after the forest cover is removed. D) rain forest logging accounts for 60% of Earth's extinctions. E) At the present rate of destruction, Brazilian rain forest will be totally cut, except for preserves, by 2050. 6
23) The canopy of the rain forest A) consists of one solid layer of dense leaves. B) is thickest in an upper canopy and thinnest in a lower canopy. C) includes an upper level that is not continuous, with tall trees rising above a more solid middle canopy. D) typically has only two canopies. 24) Which of the following does not characterize the floor of a tropical rain forest? A) small seedlings, sparse growth in a shadowy environment B) deep shade and somewhat open C) strings of thin roots and vines dropping down from above D) smooth, slender trunks with angular buttresses forming open enclosures E) a concentration of specific tree species that makes logging easy Answer: E 25) Many trees in a tropical rain forest have because. A) buttressed bases; the soils are so wet B) buttressed bases; of the need for structural support necessitated by the shallow root systems they possess C) deep root systems; a large percentage of soil nutrients lies at great depths as a result of having been flushed there by heavy rains D) deep root systems; water near the soil surface is often too acidic for the trees to tolerate Answer: B 7
26) Trees in the tropical rain forest have root systems because. A) deep; most of the nutrients lie at great depths because of leaching by heavy rains B) deep; water near the soil surface is often too acidic for the trees to tolerate C) shallow; most of the nutrients occur in the shallow surface layer that contains rapidly decaying organic matter D) shallow; there is intense competition for moisture, which occurs only near the surface because rapid evaporation prevents water from penetrating the soil to a significant degree 27) Soils in a tropical rain forest are A) heavily leached. B) subject to the laterization process. C) nutrient poor. D) All of these are correct. 28) Which of the following specifically relates to the rain forest biome? A) Oxisols B) Monsoon and steppe climates C) seasonal water-balance deficits D) precipitation of less than 100 cm, with a summer maximum E) average annual temperature of about 25 C (77 F) 29) A transitional biome between rain forests and tropical grasslands is the A) tropical rain forest. B) area of steppe climates. C) tropical seasonal forest and scrub. D) midlatitude grasslands. 8
30) The tropical seasonal forest and scrub biome experiences a wet season when and a dry season when. A) the ITCZ is overhead; the subtropical high is overhead B) the subtropical high is overhead; the ITCZ is overhead C) the subtropical high is overhead; the equatorial low is overhead D) the ITCZ is overhead; the equatorial low is overhead 31) The trees of the tropical seasonal forest and scrub biome lose their leaves during the season. A) deciduous; winter B) deciduous; summer C) semi-deciduous; winter D) semi-deciduous; summer E) coniferous; summer 32) Which climate classifications apply to the tropical seasonal forest and scrub biome? A) Monsoon and savanna B) Rain forest and savanna C) Monsoon and rain forest D) Monsoon and steppe 9
33) Local names for tropical seasonal forest and scrub vary worldwide and include all of the following except A) brigalow scrub. B) chaco. C) caatinga. D) chaparral. 34) Which of the following lists gives the correct sequence of vegetation changes from the tropical rain forest to the tropical savanna? A) monsoonal forests, to scrub woodland, to thorn forests, to open woodlands, to drought-resistant scrub B) scrub woodland, to monsoonal forests, to thorn forest, to open woodland, to drought-resistant scrub C) monsoonal forests, to open woodland, to scrub woodland, to thorn forests, to drought-resistant scrub D) open woodlands, to monsoonal forests, to thorn woodlands, to scrub woodlands to drought-resistant scrub 35) Savannas covered more than of Earth's land surface before human intervention, but have been extensively modified by human-caused fire. A) 5 percent B) 10 percent C) 40 percent D) 90 percent 10
36) The best time for fires in the tropical savanna is because. A) early in the dry season; the fires usually do not burn too hot at this time of the year B) early in the dry season; fewer animals inhabit the region at this time of the year C) late in the dry season; they supply nutrients for the coming spring growing season D) late in the dry season; the fires do a better job of recycling nutrients at this time of the year 37) Compared to rain forest soils, the tropical savanna soils are for agriculture because. A) better; they have more humus B) better; they are better drained C) worse; they are less fertile D) worse; they have a prolonged period of dryness E) better; they have more humus and they are more drained. Answer: E 38) The tropical savanna experiences its wettest period when, and it experiences its driest period when. A) the ITCZ is overhead; the subtropical high is overhead B) the subtropical high is overhead; the ITCZ is overhead C) the subtropical high is overhead; the equatorial low is overhead D) the ITCZ is overhead; the equatorial low is overhead 39) Which of the following is not a characteristic of much of the vegetation in the tropical savanna? A) waxy leaves B) thick bark C) large leaves D) hairy leaves 11
40) The physical adaptations that characterize plants in the tropical savanna biome serve to protect the plants from A) cold. B) moisture surpluses. C) high ph soils. D) dryness. 41) The region of Africa in which zebras, elephants, wildebeests, antelope, and other large animals live is known as the A) taiga. B) tropical savanna. C) tropical rain forest. D) midlatitude steppe. Answer: B 42) Local names for tropical savanna vary worldwide and include all of the following except A) brigalow scrub. B) Campo Cerrado. C) Pantanal. D) Llanos. 43) Longleaf, shortleaf, pitch, loblolly, red pines, and eastern hemlock are characteristic of which biome in North America? A) tropical rain forest B) northern needleleaf forest and montane forest C) temperate rain forest D) midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest 12
44) The pines of the southeastern United States are characteristic of which biome? A) tropical savanna B) Mediterranean shrubland C) temperate rain forest D) midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest 45) Deforestation in the midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest biome has occurred primarily as a result of A) coal mining. B) copper mining. C) agriculture. D) coal mining and copper mining. 46) The principal vegetation of the rain forest and savanna climatic regions were at one time dominated, over various continents, by which biome? A) northern needleleaf forest and montane forest B) temperate rain forest C) tropical seasonal forest and scrub D) midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest 13
47) In the Northern hemispheres, the northern border of the midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest is characterized by A) maple trees. B) conifers. C) tundra. D) teak trees. Answer: B 48) The names taiga and boreal forest apply to the biome designated A) alpine tundra. B) northern needleleaf forest. C) temperate rain forest. D) midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest. Answer: B 49) Which of the following is not correct regarding the northern needleleaf biome? A) It does not occur in the Southern Hemisphere except at high altitudes. B) It is transitional to the subarctic and arctic realms. C) It is used for lumbering. D) It is dominated by deciduous trees. 50) Which of the following is not correct regarding the soils in the northern needleleaf biome? A) They are typically rocky. B) They are usually shallow and poorly developed. C) They contain permafrost in many areas. D) They are basic; i.e., they have a high ph. E) Muskeg (i.e., a moss-covered bog) develops in poorly drained areas. 14
51) Lush forests of middle and high latitudes occurring along narrow margins of the Pacific Northwest, southern China, and limited areas of southern Japan fall within the biome named A) Mediterranean shrubland. B) northern needleleaf forest and montane forest. C) temperate rain forest. D) midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest. 52) The tallest trees in the world are found in the biome. A) Mediterranean shrubland B) northern needleleaf forest and montane forest C) temperate rain forest D) midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest 53) The temperate rain forest develops because of A) the presence of the ITCZ throughout much of the year. B) the presence of the subtropical high throughout much of the year. C) a strong maritime influence combined with orographic uplift. D) air flow from the Bermuda High. 15
54) The Mediterranean shrubland biome occurs A) equatorward of the subtropical high pressure cells and is wet when this pressure system shifts over the area. B) equatorward of the subtropical high pressure cells and is dry when this pressure system shifts over the area. C) poleward of the subtropical high pressure cells and is wet when this pressure system shifts over the area. D) poleward of the subtropical high pressure cells and is dry when this pressure system shifts over the area. 55) The characteristic vegetation of the Mediterranean shrubland is a type called A) muskeg. B) sclerophyllous. C) taiga. D) caatinga. Answer: B 56) Sclerophyllous vegetation is characterized by A) stunted growth. B) leathery leaves. C) deep roots. D) All of these are correct. 16
57) The physical characteristics of plants in the Mediterranean shrubland biome are adaptations to A) cold. B) moisture surpluses. C) high ph soils. D) dryness. 58) Local names for Mediterranean vegetation vary worldwide and include all of the following except A) chaparral. B) maquis. C) mattoral. D) dornveld. 59) Which of the following is appropriate in describing the Mediterranean shrubland biome? A) Humid subtropical, hot summer climate classification B) Oxisols and Spodosols as representative soil orders C) large surpluses and runoff in the water balance D) summer water deficits and winter precipitation 60) Artichokes, olives, and almonds are commercially only produced in the biome. A) Mediterranean B) tropical savanna C) tropical rain forest D) midlatitude grassland 17
61) The world's breadbaskets refers to which biome? A) northern needleleaf forest and montane forest B) midlatitude grassland C) alpine tundra D) midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest Answer: B 62) In the Northern hemisphere, Midlatitude grasslands are the transition zone between A) tropical savannas and taiga. B) midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest and desert. C) temperate rain forests and desert. D) temperate rain forests and taiga. Answer: B 63) Which of the following is correct regarding the tall grass prairies in North America, that once rose to heights of 2 m (6.5 ft.)? A) They extended between 15 and 30 north latitude. B) They are now the "world's breadbasket". C) They were easily farmed by early settlers. D) They still cover large tracts of the Midwest to this day. Answer: B 64) In North America, the steel plow, barbed wire, and well-drilling techniques were crucial for the exploitation of the biome. A) temperate rain forest B) Mediterranean C) savanna D) midlatitude grassland 18
65) In which region does the midlatitude grassland not occur? A) North America B) the Pampas of Argentina and Uruguay C) Siberia D) Ukraine 66) Deserts cover approximately percent of Earth's land area. A) 1 B) 7 C) 30 D) 66 E) 74 67) Aridisols, Entisols, and the B climates form the basis of which biome? A) desert B) northern needleleaf forest and montane forest C) midlatitude grassland D) alpine and arctic tundra 68) Desert plants that wait years for a rainfall event to provide moisture for germination of their seeds are specifically called A) chaparral. B) thallophytic. C) sclerophyllous. D) ephemerals. 19
69) Deep tap roots, waxy leaf coatings, and succulence are all adaptations to A) cold. B) moisture surpluses. C) moisture deficits. D) wind. 70) The creosote bush secretes chemical toxins into the soil in order to compete for A) sunlight. B) moisture. C) nutrients. D) warmth. Answer: B 71) Desertification, according to the text, is thought to be principally due to A) poor agricultural practices and overgrazing. B) salinization. C) shifts in Earth's orbit. D) political conflicts. 72) Deserts are subdivided into different types on the basis of A) the presence or absence of xerophytic vegetation. B) temperature. C) whether potential evapotranspiration rates exceed actual evapotranspiration rates, or whether actual evapotranspiration rates equal potential evapotranspiration rates. D) all of the above. E) A and B only. Answer: E 20
73) Earth's warm deserts develop primarily in response to A) their location within the subtropical high pressure zone. B) their location within the ITCZ. C) their location on the leeward side of a mountain range. D) their location on the windward side of a mountain range. 74) Semiarid steppe climates receive precipitation that is A) less than half the potential evapotranspiration rate. B) more than half the potential evapotranspiration rate. C) equal to the potential evapotranspiration rate. D) more than the potential evapotranspiration rate. Answer: B 75) Earth's warm deserts include all of the following except the A) Atacama Desert. B) Great Basin of the United States. C) Western Sahara. D) Great Australian Desert. Answer: B 76) The Great Basin of the United States is arid because A) of its interior position within the continent. B) of its location on the lee side of mountain ranges. C) the subtropical high pressure zone is located overhead all year. D) all of the above are true. E) only A and B are true. Answer: E 21
77) Temperatures in deserts are usually at night because. A) hot; of the large amount of insolation absorbed during the day B) hot; deserts are generally hot places C) cool; clear skies and lack of vegetation result in rapid radiative heat loss D) cool; the ground is so highly reflective that no energy is absorbed by surfaces during the day, so none is available for release at night 78) The arctic and alpine tundra is appropriately described by which of the following? A) Humid continental, warm summer climate classification B) generally south of the 20 C (68 F) isotherm for the warmest month C) Tundra climate classification, treeless with dwarf shrubs D) large tracts of boreal forest 79) The tundra is A) treeless because of a year-round moisture deficit. B) treeless because temperatures are too cold for trees to tolerate. C) covered with trees because the trees have adapted to the low moisture conditions in the tundra. D) covered with trees because tress have developed special biochemical "antifreezes" that enable them to survive under the cold conditions in the tundra. Answer: B 80) Plants in the tundra are A) tall because of the relatively long growing season. B) tall because of competition for light. C) short because of the short growing season. D) short because not enough moisture is available for normal growth. 22
81) Alpine tundra, as compared to arctic tundra, A) is similar in many ways and can occur at lower latitudes due to high elevations. B) is very dissimilar and is only grouped with arctic tundra because they are both cold. C) occurs at extremely high latitudes. D) occurs below the timberline. 82) Alpine tundra is characterized by productivity and A) low; fragility B) low; resilience C) high; fragility D) high; resilience 83) Invasive non-native plants and animals A) are called exotic species. B) are a major problem worldwide. C) include kudzu, purple loosestrife, brown tree snakes, and zebra mussels. D) have damaged as much as 1/5 of the ecosystems they invade. E) All of these are correct. Answer: E 84) Exotic species are A) non-native plants and animals. B) plants that are prized for their uniqueness. C) have caused only a few, minor disturbances. D) only a problem of the past, and are not a problem today. E) native species that are special and endangered. 23
85) Establishing protected areas for the preservation of ecosystems, based on the principles of island biogeography, is part of a program to set up A) biogeographical realms. B) biosphere reserves. C) zoogeographic sites. D) new countries. Answer: B 86) The biosphere-reserve effort specifically involves principles of A) geography. B) biology. C) geology. D) island biogeography. 87) At continued rates of species extinction, it is possible that half of the species currently on Earth could be extinct in years. A) 50 B) 100 C) 900 D) 1400 Answer: B 24
88) Humans have identified species; while the working estimate is estimated species on Earth. A) 1,750,000; 13,600,000 B) 950,000; 13,600,000 C) 270,000; 320,000 D) 950,000; 8,000,000 E) 1,750,000; 100,000,000 89) The Arctic National Wildlife Reserve (ANWR) A) is the only portion of Alaska's Arctic coast not open to oil drilling. B) is home to the Porcupine caribou herd, who use it to calve in early June. C) includes the 1002 Area, 1.5 million acres of critical animal habitat and possible oil and gas resources. D) is home to over 200,000 caribou, polar and grizzly bears, musk oxen, and wolves. E) All of these are correct. Answer: E True/False Questions 1) In 1874, the American diplomat George Perkins Marsh declared that the forest resources of the United Sates were virtually inexhaustible and that there was no need to be concerned over the rate of forest removal then occurring. Answer: FALSE 2) According to the best scientific evidence currently available, there is no reason to be hopeful that the planet's ecosystems will readily and positively adapt to projected changes in climate brought about by anthropogenic CO2 emissions. 25
3) Alfred Wallace was the first scholar of zoogeography whose studies were the basis of zoogeographical realms. 4) Biogeographical realms usually correspond to continents. 5) Ecotones are usually narrow in width and sharply defined. Answer: FALSE 6) Climatic ecotones are usually broader than physical ecotones. 7) Large, stable, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are called biomes. 8) Biomes are subdivided into vegetation units known as formation classes. 26
9) An epiphyte is an example of a formation class. 10) Very few natural communities of plants and animals remain. 11) The text identifies and maps some 30 major global terrestrial biomes. Answer: FALSE 12) Tropical rain forest land that is cleared for agriculture remains fertile for decades because of the high nutrient content of the tropical soils. Answer: FALSE 13) If rain forest destruction continues at its present rate, these forests will be completely gone by the year 2050. 14) The destruction of Earth's equatorial rain forests cannot be discerned from orbit. Answer: FALSE 27
15) The middle level of the rain forest canopy ranges from 20 to 40 m (65 to 130 ft.). 16) The white rhino (northern) is showing a remarkable recovery and is more numerous compared to the black rhino. Answer: FALSE 17) Large expanses of grasslands interrupted by trees and shrubs with Am and Aw climatic designations describes the tropical savanna biome. 18) The tropical savanna experiences a dry period during the season of low Sun when the subtropical high dominates the area. 19) Coniferous trees dominate the northern needleleaf forest biome. 20) The soils of the northern needleleaf forest biome are rocky, infertile and acidic. 28
21) The midlatitude rain forest has almost as much species diversity as a tropical rain forest. Answer: FALSE 22) Boreal forests represent a form of the northern needleleaf forest biome. 23) The world's tallest trees can exceed 90 m (300 ft.) in height, 1500 years in age, and occur in the temperate rain forest. 24) The ecology of the biome in which the giant redwoods trees occur is failing. 25) The tropical savanna is the biome most modified by human activity. Answer: FALSE 26) Most of the world's grain and livestock production occurs in the midlatitude grassland biome. 29
27) Arctic tundra is generally free of permafrost and gelifluction (solifluction) processes. Answer: FALSE 28) Due to the cold conditions and limited vegetation, no large animals live in the tundra environment. Answer: FALSE 29) The tundra environment is a hardy environment that can rapidly recover from disturbance. Answer: FALSE 30) Natural ecosystems are sources of new foods and medicines. 31) Brazil has taken steps that have greatly slowed the rate of deforestation in that country. Answer: FALSE 32) At continued rates of species extinction, it is possible that half of the species currently on Earth could be extinct in 100 years. 30
33) Chile has banned logging in its temperate rain forests. Answer: FALSE 34) The name of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is misleading since it is a barren wasteland, devoid of animal life. Answer: FALSE 35) Climate change is occurring in polar regions at twice the rate of lower latitudes. 36) There are currently 7500 polar bears alive. 37) Due to climate change, 1/3 of the world's Polar Bears may die off by 2050. Answer: FALSE 31
Essay Questions 1) What are the important factors used in defining a biogeographical realm? Bloom's Taxonomy: 5/6 Synthesis/Evaluation 2) Discuss the concept of the biome, including the various factors used to characterize one. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5/6 Synthesis/Evaluation 3) Pick six of the major terrestrial biomes and provide the following information for each: locations, vegetation characteristics, characteristic soil orders, climate designation, temperature patterns, and water balance. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5/6 Synthesis/Evaluation 4) Discuss the vegetation characteristics, characteristic soil orders, temperature patterns, water balance, and state of the environment for the equatorial and tropical rain forest. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5/6 Synthesis/Evaluation 5) Discuss the vegetation characteristics, characteristic soil orders, temperature patterns, water balance, and state of the environment for the tropical seasonal forest and scrub. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5/6 Synthesis/Evaluation 6) Discuss the vegetation characteristics, characteristic soil orders, temperature patterns, water balance, and state of the environment for the tropical savanna. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5/6 Synthesis/Evaluation 32
7) Discuss the vegetation characteristics, characteristic soil orders, temperature patterns, water balance, and state of the environment for the midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5/6 Synthesis/Evaluation 8) Discuss the vegetation characteristics, characteristic soil orders, temperature patterns, water balance, and state of the environment for the needleleaf and montane forest. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5/6 Synthesis/Evaluation 9) Discuss the vegetation characteristics, characteristic soil orders, temperature patterns, water balance, and state of the environment for the temperate rain forest. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5/6 Synthesis/Evaluation 10) Discuss the vegetation characteristics, characteristic soil orders, temperature patterns, water balance, and state of the environment for the Mediterranean shrubland. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5/6 Synthesis/Evaluation 11) Discuss the vegetation characteristics, characteristic soil orders, temperature patterns, water balance, and state of the environment for the midlatitude grasslands. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5/6 Synthesis/Evaluation 12) Discuss the vegetation characteristics, characteristic soil orders, temperature patterns, water balance, and state of the environment for the deserts, both warm and cold. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5/6 Synthesis/Evaluation 33
13) Discuss the vegetation characteristics, characteristic soil orders, temperature patterns, water balance, and state of the environment for the arctic and alpine tundra. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5/6 Synthesis/Evaluation 14) Discuss the extent of deforestation in the tropics and why it is such an important environmental issue. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5/6 Synthesis/Evaluation 15) Describe and analyze the use of biosphere reserves to slow the decline of biodiversity. Bloom's Taxonomy: 5/6 Synthesis/Evaluation 16) Discuss the main concepts of island biogeography. How has it been applied to the formation of biosphere reserves? Bloom's Taxonomy: 5/6 Synthesis/Evaluation 34