Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 4 ( 20 ) 1 WCES 20 Native American students understandings of geologic time scale: 4- th grade students understandings of earth s geologic history Engin Karahan a *, Younkyeong Nam b, Gillian Roehrig c, Tamara Moore d a Graduate Research Assistant, University of Minnesota, 20 Learning&Environmental Sciences Buford Ave, St Paul 10, USA b Post-doctoral Associate, University of Minnesota, 20 Learning&Environmental Sciences Buford Ave, St Paul 10, USA c Associate Professor, University of Minnesota, 20 Learning&Environmental Sciences Buford Ave, St Paul 10, USA d Assistant Professor, University of Minnesota, 20 Learning&Environmental Sciences Buford Ave, St Paul 10, USA Abstract Geologic time scales is very important concept for understanding earth system events such as global climate change. However, understanding of geologic time scale in a relationship with human history is very difficult because of relatively short period of human existence in earth history. This study shows that Native American elementary students understand geological and historical event based on relative order of earth history. They understand Earth s geological event as a sequential series. More importantly, they understand human history based on their own culture and history. 20 20 Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Uzunboylu Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Keywords: Geologic time scale, absolute time, relative time; 1. Introduction Under the increasing pressure of public concerns about environmental issues such as global warming and destruction of ecosystems, understandings of earth as a system have become essential for a scientifically literate citizenry. Understanding earth as an integrated system requires not only correct conceptions about earth science but also a holistic view to see how systems and systems elements interact with other parts of our planet. The concept of time scales is repeatedly mentioned in the earth system science literature. Understandings of geologic time scale in earth history is one of important sub-concepts to understand time scale of earth system such as time scale of global climate change in earth geologic history. The understandings of geologic time scale of fundamental to deal with important climate change debate about whether the global climate change is due to human or natural cycle. Students understandings of geologic time scales have been studies by earth science educators (e.g. Dahl, Anderson, & Libarkin, 200; Libarkin, Anderson, & Science, 200; Libarkin, Kurdzie, & Anderson, 200; Trend, 2000, 2001). It is also studies by science education researchers alongside with other earth science concepts (Trend, 1). They all found that students lack of understandings of absolute time of earth geologic event. Students were also could not put the earth geologic event in correct relative order (Trend, 2001; Libarkin et al., 200; Schoon, ). Unfortunately, most of the researchers in the literature argues that student s geologic time understandings is not significantly important than any other concepts in earth science. Compare to other researchers, Trend (1) suggested that the concept of geologic time scale (or the concept of deep time) is unique in providing the * Engin Karahan. Tel.: +1--41-4 E-mail address: kara0210@umn.edu 1-042 20 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Uzunboylu Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. doi:10.101/j.sbspro.20.0.02
10 Engin Karahan et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 4 ( 20 ) 1 funda This study presents an out-of-school lesson module designed for Native American students (Ojibwa), using a topic of global climate change using tree ring analysis. Based on the implementation of the module at an American Indian reservation during a summer program, this study explores how students understand geologic events in both relative ordering and absolute time (chronology) of earth geologic event. More importantl understandings of human history and its relation with geologic time scales understandings. The specific research ale in both understandings of geologic time scale? 2. Methodology 2.1. Context The Tree Ring and Geologic Time lesson was designed to improve students for reconstructing climate conditions (global temperature change and precipitation) and understandings of the concept of geologic time in earth history. The main task for the students was ological. Based on the found that upper elementary students have a general awareness of major events of earth geologic history but do not understand a cl understandings of geologic time scales in relation with global climate change, we designed our lesson as two different activities; 1) understanding earth geologic event in entire earth history time scale and 2) understanding relatively recent geologic event (last 1,000 years). In the first activity, we prepared different earth historical event cards and ask the students put the card in earth history line, which is 4.m machine paper (1mm represents 1 million ice age, End of Dinosaurs, First continent, First photosynthesis, First plant, Modern Human, etc. In the second activity, students were asked to make a graph using real climate data (precipitation data) and Tree ring chronology data from a place near the reservation. Then we put the graph on 10m paper, in which 1cm represents 1year). The second lessons also included putting important human events in last 1000 years on the 10m paper. The human event included historic event for the Native students (Ojibwa) history. NSF ITEST funded summer and after school program for American Indian youth at White Earth American Indian reservation in Minnesota during June 2011. 2.2. Participants Fifty-six, 4 th to th grade American Indian students participated in the Tree Ring and Geologic Time lesson for five days, one and half hour per day. Students were grouped based on their grades they finished and worked cooperatively to solve the task. The data for this study was from forty three students ( groups) who submitted their journal entry and answered the questions about geologic time scales. About half of the participant was male. 2.. Data Collection about their underst machine paper using the given earth geologic event cards; ) classroom observations and field notes students discussions and their group working were described by a researcher, audio, and photo images were also collected. five
Engin Karahan et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 4 ( 20 ) 1 11 2.4. Data Analysis Because of the qualitative and interpretive nature of the task, we use inductive approach for analyzing the data. nstead of searching for predetermined patterns, themes were allowed to read the data then tried to find common patterns from the data and developed core concepts about stude understandings of geologic time scale. Finally, we were looking for main themes around the core concepts to answer our research questions. Two researchers participated in the data analysis process in order to enhance the authenticity of the interpretations and the credibility of the findings (Patton, 2002).. Findings.1. Most of the students put the earth geologic events in three distinctive time zones; near the earth beginning (approximately one fourth of the entire earth history), near the present (approximately one fourth of the entire earth history), and between these two. In the first time zone, most of students put the earth events that are more related to the formation of global earth environment for living things such as oxygen rich atmosphere, 1 st continent, and photosynthesis. Especially most of the students (10/ groups) put formation of the moon at the very beginning of the earth history and the oxygen rich atmosphere was followed by that. They had misconceptions of the order of the event of photosynthesis and first plant (See Figure ). They thought that photosynthesis happened after the earth environment has oxygen rich atmosphere. These events is put together right after the oxygen rich atmosphere and 1 st continent and breaking up of Pangaea were appeared similar time zone with these event. (See Table 1) Interestingly, 10 of groups of students put first continents right after breaking up of Pangaea (See Table 2). In the second time zone, most of students put the earth event that is related to the living things became extinct such as dinosaur and 1 st land animal. Most of the students put extinction of dinosaur after 1 st plant and before 1 st land animals (See Table 2). End of last ice age were also scattered around the second time zone but most of the students (/ groups) put the end of last ice age after dinosaur extinction (See Figure 2). The last time zone (relatively recent) includes events related to human and mammals. For example most of the students put dogs and bears just before modern human. In summary, students put the earth event in a relative order based on their understandings of Earth history and they do not have understandings of absolute time of these events..2. scale The students put human related history at the last time zone (close to present) but they did not consider absolute understandings of rel agriculture start (See Table 1) agriculture started after European came in America because of their own culture and history of harvesting wild rice from lakes around their reservation. (see Figure 1) that is a series of several events on earth such as formation of the environment for living things, dinosaur extinction, last ice age, and human history. More important, they understand human history based on their own culture and history.
Engin Karahan et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 4 ( 20 ) 1 Table 1. Individual Title Number of Mean (Relative Mode SD Final Rank Students order) Formation of the moon 2.4 1 2.0 1 Dinosaur 2.4 2 1.42 2 First Flower First Photosynthesis First Mammal First Bird Ice Age End of Dinosaur Human appeared End of Ice Age 40 40 4. 4.4.2.44..4.0.2 2 0.1 2.4 1.1 0.4 2.02 2.2 1. 4 10 Table 2. geologic time scale Title Number of Mean (Absolute Mode SD Final Rank Groups time:0.1 billion) Formation of the moon 1. 1 0. 1 Oxygen Rich Atmosphere 2.4 2 1.4 2 First Plant Development of Photosynthesis First Snow Ball Earth First Continent Break up of Pangaea Pr/Tr extinction Extinction of Dinosaur First Animal on Land First vertebrate Animal Cambrian Explosion End of First Ice Age Dogs and Bears Appeared Agriculture Started Fires Prophecy Modern Man Columbus Arrived Anishinabe Nations..1. 1.4..0.4 1.4 1. 20 2. 0.1 1 1.1 4.. - 1-1-1 X 1 2 2-41 4 4.2.2.4. 10. 10.42... 10. 10.4. 10.22. 10... 4 10 11 1 1 1 1 1 4. Figures Figure 1. Students understandings of the order of two historic events (Columbus Arrived vs. Agriculture Started)
Engin Karahan et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 4 ( 20 ) 1 1 Figure understandings of the order of two historic events (Extinction of Dinosaur vs. End of Last Ice Age) References Figure (Oxygen rich atmosphere vs. First photosynthesis) Dahl, J., Anderson, S.; Libarkin, J. (200). Digging into earth science: alternative conceptions held by K- teachers. Journal of Science Education (2), - Libarkin, J., Anderson, S. & Science, J. (200). Qualitative analysis of college students' ideas about the earth: Interviews and open-ended questionnaires. Journal of Geoscience Education, (1), 1-2. Libarkin, J., Kurdzie, P., and Anderson, S. (200). College student conceptions of geological time and the disconnect between ordering and scale. Journal of Geoscience Education, (), 41-422. Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. conceptions of Earth and space. Journal of Geological Education, 40, 20-2. Trend, R. (1). An investigation into understanding of geological time among 10 and 11 year old children, International Journal of Science Education. 20(), -. Trend, R. (2000).Conceptions of geological time among primary teacher trainees, with reference to their engagement with geoscience, history, and science. International Journal of Science Education, 22(), -. Trend, R. D. (2001). Deep time framework: A preliminary study of U.K. primary teachers' conceptions of geological time and perceptions of geoscience. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, (2), 11-221.