Mechanism Summary for Alevel AQA hemistry Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes with omine Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes with sulphuric acid 3 S 2 3 3 S 2 S 2 Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes with hydrogen bromide 3 3 3 3 3 3 Elimination of alogenoalkanes with ethanolic hydroxide ions 3 3 2 Acid catalysed elimination mechanism alcohols alkenes 3 3 3 3 3 The comes from the conc 2 S 4 or conc 3 P 4 3 Acid catalysed addition mechanism for hydration of ethene The comes from the conc 3 P 4 Nucleophilic Substitution of alogenoalkanes with aqueous hydroxide ions. 3 3 Nucleophilic Substitution of alogenoalkanes with cyanide ions. 3 3 N N Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes with omine STEP NE Initiation Essential condition UV light 2 2. STEP TW Propagation 3 3.. 3 2 3 2. 2 3 2. STEP TREE Termination 3 2.. 3 2 3 2. 3 2. 3 2 2 3
Nucleophilic Substitution reactions of ammonia/amines Reaction 1 with ammonia forming primary amine 3 3 N 3 3N 3 N 2 N 3 3 N 2 N 4 Reaction 2 forming secondary amine The amine formed in the first reaction has a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen and will react further with the haloalkane. 3 3 2 N 2 2 3 3 2 N 2 3 2 N 2 3 3 2 N 2 3 N 4 N 3 Diethylamine Reaction 3 forming a tertiary amine 3 3 2 3 2 N 2 3 3 2 N 2 3 N 3 3 2 N 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 N 2 3 triethylamine Reaction 4 forming a quaternary ammonium salt 3 3 2 N 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 N 2 2 3 2 3 Tetraethylammonium ion
Mechanism Summary for ALevel AQA hemistry Nucleophilic Addition Mechanism from water or weak acid 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 l l 3 3 l N 3 Electrophilic Substitution 3 N 2 l 3 Equation for Formation of electrophile N 3 2 2 S 4 N 2 2S 4 3 N 2 N 2 N 2 Nucleophilic Addition Mechanism 3 N 3 3 3 3 2 3 l l 3 N 2 3 l N l 2 3 3 N 2 3 2 3 3 3 N from sulphuric acid 3 3 3 N 2 3 Electrophilic Substitution Equation for Formation of the electrophile. All 3 3 l 3 All 4 3 3 N 2 3 S 4 2 S 4 All 4 All 3 l
Reaction Summary for Alevel AQA hemistry poly(alkene) dihalogenoalkane K aqueous under reflux Nu Sub diol high pressure catalyst Step 1 2 S 4 Step 2 2 warm hydrolysis alcohol alkene conc. 2 S 4 or conc. 3 P 4 Elimination, dehydration 2, l 2 K aqueous under reflux, l K alcoholic under reflux Elimination halogenoalkane alkane 2, l 2 UV light Fr Sub NaB 4 If primary Na 2 r 2 7 / and distill partial ox aldehyde (If primary) Na 2 r 2 7 / under reflux excess oxidising agent xidation carboxylic acid If secondary Na 2 r 2 7 / oxidation ketone NaN 2 S 4 Nu Add NaB 4 hydroxynitrile Alcohol 2 S 4 aboxylic acid 2 S 4 ester KN in ethanol/ water mixture under reflux nitrile Esters and amides can be hydrolysed by Na and acids LiAl 4 in ether haloalkane 2 o amine 3 o amine Quaternary salt 1 o amine Alcoholic N 3 under pressure 1 o amine Acyl chloride secondary amide 2 Alcohol Acyl chloride/ acid anhydride N 3 Primary amide N Goalby chemrevise.org 4
Aromatic synthetic routes N 2 conc nitric acid conc sulphuric acid Electrophilic substitution Sn and l N 2 3 l Nu sub N 3 acyl chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride catalyst Electrophilic substitution 3 NaN 2 S 4 Nu Add N 3 l Nucleophilic addel N 3 3 NaB 4 3 LiAl 4 2 N 2 3 3 2 2 S 4 3 3 N Goalby chemrevise.org 5