TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING Technologies for energy efficient design and thermal comfort in buildings Stuttgart - Munich - New York Dipl.-Ing. Martin Engelhardt Dr. Wolfgang Kessling Projekt Vorlage Klima-Herausforderung WM 2022 in Katar Nachhaltige Konzepte zwischen Klimaanlage und künstlicher Wolke Forum Building Science 2012 07. März 2012, Krems
Man-made clouds to shade the 2022 World Cup in Qatar? 2
Facts or fiction? 3
Facts or fiction? 4 http://bldgblog.blogspot.com/2011/03/cloud-tent.html
5 Lufttemperatur ist nicht gleich Klima
Reference climate data Doha, Qatar: air temperature and humidity 50 Reference climate data Doha, Qatar 50 40 40 temperature [ C] 30 20 30 20 humidity ratio [g/kg] 10 10 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Mrz Apr May Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Okt Nov Dez Dec ambient temperature humidity ratio
Reference climate data Doha, Qatar: wind direction and velocity 340 north 0 1000 900 20 340 north 0 200 20 320 800 700 40 320 40 600 300 500 400 60 300 100 60 300 280 200 100 80 280 80 0 0 260 100 260 100 240 120 240 120 220 140 220 140 200 160 200 160 180 south 180 south Year wind velocity >0.5 m/s >3.5 m/s >6.5 m/s June and July
8 Was genau ist Außen-Komfort? 26 Grad was denn?
Stop play and outdoor comfort, reference and target values Activity Player 400 W for mean skin surface area Spectator 150 W for mean skin surface area WBGT reference values Heat stress* Q 2022 Comfort stop play target conditions 32 C 26 C 29 C 26 C * ISO 7243, Health and safety executive, UK Index used by FIFA to define stop play: WBGT
Stop play and outdoor comfort, reference and target values Activity Player 400 W for mean skin surface area Spectator 150 W for mean skin surface area WBGT reference values Heat stress* Q 2022 Comfort stop play target conditions 32 C 26 C 29 C 26 C * ISO 7243, Health and safety executive, UK Index used by FIFA to define stop play: WBGT Thermal Perception* (walking person) Wet Bulb Global Temperature (WBGT) WBGT converted into PT Perceived Temperature* (PT) Index for outdoor comfort rating: PT warm 26 C 32 C hot 29 C 35 38 C very hot 31 C above 38 C * German Industry Standard VDI 3787, November 2008
Stop play and outdoor comfort, reference and target values Activity Player 400 W for mean skin surface area Spectator 150 W for mean skin surface area WBGT reference values Heat stress* Q 2022 Comfort stop play target conditions 32 C 26 C 29 C 26 C * ISO 7243, Health and safety executive, UK Index used by FIFA to define stop play: WBGT Thermal Perception* (walking person) Wet Bulb Global Temperature (WBGT) WBGT converted into PT Perceived Temperature* (PT) Index for outdoor comfort rating: PT warm 26 C 32 C hot 29 C 35 38 C very hot 31 C above 38 C * German Industry Standard VDI 3787, November 2008 32 C PT ~ 26 C WBGT and lower are rated as excellent for outdoor comfort for players and spectators. Recommendation
Psychrometric Chart, Climate Data Doha, Qatar 12 humidity ratio [g/kg] 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 June / July Year 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 air temperature [ C] psychometric chart with hourly climate data for: air temperature (x) and humidity ratio (y)
Psychrometric Chart, Climate Data Doha, Qatar 13 humidity ratio [g/kg] 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Year June / July 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 air temperature [ C] 32 C comfort target conditions psychometric chart with hourly climate data for: air temperature (x) and humidity ratio (y) overlay: perceived temperature range for best passive design
Psychrometric Chart, Climate Data Doha, Qatar 14 humidity ratio [g/kg] 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Year June / July 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 air temperature [ C] 38 C acceptable conditions 32 C comfort target conditions psychometric chart with hourly climate data for: air temperature (x) and humidity ratio (y) overlay: perceived temperature range for best passive design
Psychrometric Chart, Climate Data Doha, Qatar 15 humidity ratio [g/kg] 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Year June / July 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 air temperature [ C] 38 C acceptable conditions 32 C heat stress comfort target conditions psychometric chart with hourly climate data for: air temperature (x) and humidity ratio (y) overlay: perceived temperature range for best passive design
Psychrometric Chart, Climate Data Doha, Qatar 16 humidity ratio [g/kg] 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Year June / July 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 air temperature [ C] 38 C acceptable conditions 32 C heat stress comfort target conditions psychometric chart with hourly climate data for: air temperature (x) and humidity ratio (y) overlay: perceived temperature range for best passive design PT statistics 31% 44% 25%
Overview of compared international sport competitions Orlando USA, 1994 event exposed to sun FIFA World Cup Seoul S-Korea, 2002 event shaded FIFA World Cup Mexico City, 1986 event exposed to sun FIFA World Cup Athens Greece, 2004 event exposed to sun Olympic Summer Games Doha Qatar, 2022 event shaded FIFA World Cup Beijing China, 2008 event exposed to sun Olympic Summer Games
Comfort rating at major sport competitions 50 Perceived Temperature [ C] 45 40 35 30 25 20 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Ambient Temperature [ C] Olympic Stadium Mexico City FIFA World Cup 1986 June 14:00-18:00 event exposed to sun
Comfort rating at major sport competitions 50 Perceived Temperature [ C] 45 40 35 30 25 20 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Ambient Temperature [ C] Citrus Ball Orlando USA FIFA World Cup 1994 June 14:00-18:00 event exposed to sun
Comfort rating at major sport competitions 50 Perceived Temperature [ C] 45 40 35 30 25 20 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Ambient Temperature [ C] Seoul World Cup Stadium FIFA World Cup 2002 June 17:00-21:00 event shaded
Comfort rating at major sport competitions 50 Perceived Temperature [ C] 45 40 35 30 25 20 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Ambient Temperature [ C] Spyridion Louis Stadium Athens Olympic Games 2004 August 08:00-12:00 event exposed to sun
Comfort rating at major sport competitions 50 Perceived Temperature [ C] 45 40 35 30 25 20 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Ambient Temperature [ C] Olympic Stadium Beijing Olympic Games 2008 August 12:00-16:00 event exposed to sun
Comfort rating at major sport competitions 50 Perceived Temperature [ C] 45 40 35 30 25 20 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Ambient Temperature [ C] Umm Slal Stadium Doha FIFA World Cup 2022 June 17:00-21:00 event shaded
Comfort rating at major sport competitions comfort rating 50 Doha Qatar 45 very hot 40 35 hot ambient conditions in shade Mexico City Orlando USA Seoul S-Korea Athens Greece 30 warm Beijing China objective for comfort 25 for players and slightly spectators during warm FIFA WC TM 2022 20 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 ambient temperature [ C]
Projekt Vorlage Solar cooling for football stadiums and training pitches
Shading study 13th of June 5.00 am 26
Shading study 13th of June 5.30 am 27
Shading study 13th of June 6.00 am 28
Shading study 13th of June 6.30 am 29
Shading study 13th of June 7.00 am 30
Shading study 13th of June 7.30 am 31
Shading study 13th of June 8.00 am 32
Shading study 13th of June 8.30 am 33
Shading study 13th of June 9.00 am 34
Shading study 13th of June 9.30 am 35
Shading study 13th of June 10.00 am 36
Shading study 13th of June 10.30 am 37
Shading study 13th of June 11.00 am 38
Shading study 13th of June 11.30 am 39
Shading study 13th of June 12.00 noon 40
Shading study 13th of June 12.30 noon 41
Shading study 13th of June 1.00 pm 42
Shading study 13th of June 1.30 pm 43
Shading study 13th of June 2.00 pm 44 First spectators arrive on the seats
Shading study 13th of June 2.30 pm 45
Shading study 13th of June 3.00 pm 46
Shading study 13th of June 3.30 pm 47
Shading study 13th of June 4.00 pm 48
Shading study 13th of June 4.30 pm 49 Start of the game, pitch is completely shaded
Shading study 13th of June 5.00 pm 50
Shading study 13th of June 5.30 pm 51
Shading study 13th of June 6.00 pm 52
Example for sun exposure 53 King Fahd Stadium Riyadh 21 sd of September 15:46
Sun shine hours 13th of June 2 pm to 7 pm 54 sun shine hours [h] > 4.0 3.7 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.3 0
PT 13th of June 2.00 pm 55 without radiant cooling with radiant cooling PT [ C] 33.5 C 41 C > 44.0 43.5 41.0 39.5 38.0 36.5 35.0 32 C 38 C 32 C 39.5 C 33.5 32.0 30.5 C 36.5 C 30.5 29.0 27.5 26.0
PT 13th of June 6.00 pm 56 without radiant cooling with radiant cooling PT [ C] > 44.0 43.5 41.0 39.5 38.0 36.5 35.0 33.5 38 C 35 C 32.0 30.5 29.0 27.5 26.0
13th June, Climate Data 57 50 45 40 T_amb [ C] T_Dew [ C] Wind velocity [m/s] Insolation [W/m²] 1000 900 800 35 30 25 20 15 air humidity! 700 600 500 400 300 Global horizontal Insolation [W/m²] 10 200 5 100 0 13. June 0 14:00 18:00
Natural green lawn is cool! air temperature: 42 C hard surface 53 C green lawn surface: 35 C Measurement of surface temperatures at ASPIRE Doha training sites
Cooling and comfort concept stadium wind protection high reflective membrane photo voltaic layer low-e layer soft air conditioning return air cooling shading Temporary Stadium high reflective materials Permanent Stadium soft air conditioning floor cooling AHU return air cooling floor cooling CCH CCH AHU Pitch
Cooling concept training pitch operable wind protection photo voltaic layer shading low-e layer soft air conditioning floor cooling AHU CCH public utility grid
Use footprint to harvest electric enery
Provide shade and produce energy
Solar cooling concept, renewable energy production and demand in 2022 Renewable energy production with PV on stadium and training pitch roofs Training Pitchs Production Demand Electrical energy demand for cooling FIFA World Cup TM 2022 in Qatar Stadiums Stadium Roofs Training Pitchs Fan Zones Objective: Balance renewable energy production vs. demand for solar cooling of World Cup TM 2022 within one year. Legacy: Supply renewable electric energy to the public grid for ten+ years.
Projekt Vorlage Thank you