Unit 1
Earth Science Environmental Science The composition, structure, & functions of the Earth & it s place in the universe. The interactions between the living & nonliving parts of the Earth. plate tectonics, weather events, space, the sun, weathering, soil, water currents, rock cycle food webs, agriculture, pollution, deforestation, habitat destruction, compost, population growth
branch of Earth Science Geology study of the Earth s structure & development Meteorology study of Earth s atmosphere & weather Oceanography study of the biology, chemical composition, and structure of the oceans Ecology study of interactions between living & nonliving things Astronomy sphere Geosphere all parts of the Earth s layers (crust, mantle, & core) Atmosphere all the gases that surround Earth Hydrosphere all water on earth including its movement & composition (97% salt, 3% fresh) Biosphere all the living things on Earth (from ocean floor to atmosphere) Space study of Earth s place in the universe anything beyond Earth s atmosphere
Gas nozzles Perpendicular when turned off Fume hood Used for taking fumes & smoke out of the room Clean up all water from the floor # 1 lab injury! slipping on water on the floor Safety Shower & Eye Wash Station Only used in an EMERGENCY Water flows onto the floor
Observations Learning about the natural world and the principles that explain these facts through the 5 senses. Reasoning Induction: Using several separate observations to arrive at general principles. Ex. Most universities and colleges in Utah ban alcohol from campus. Therefore most universities and colleges in the U.S. ban alcohol from campus. Deduction: Reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions. Ex. Detective, Scientists "Inductive reasoning deals with probability, and generally goes from the particular to a universal. Deductive reasoning deals with certainty, and goes from the universal to a particular."
1 Purpose/Question Why we are doing the experiment? 2 Background Information What do we already know that will help us? 3 Hypothesis What do you predict will happen? be specific. 4 Experiment Do the lab to test hypothesis. 5 Data/Analysis What did results of the experiment mean? 6 Conclusion Present finding & restate hypothesis.
What makes a good hypothesis? 1 It has to have two variables you change one and watch the effect on the other! *** If then*** 2 It must be testable you have to be able to design a method in order to see if there is a relationship ***Do we prove something or disprove one particular hypothesis?*** 3 It must be measurable you need to be able to see a change (qualitative) or you need to be able to measure it (quantitative)
What makes a good hypothesis? Checklist for a Good Hypothesis When you have an idea for a hypothesis, it may help to write it several different ways. Review your choices and select a hypothesis that accurately describes what you are testing. 1. Does the hypothesis relate an independent and dependent variable? Can you identify the variables? 2. Can you test the hypothesis? In other words, could you design an experiment that would allow you to establish or disprove a relationship between the variables? 3. Would your experiment be safe and ethical?
What makes a good hypothesis? Chewing gum is delicious. Chewing gum raises test scores. If students chew gum during a test, they will earn higher scores.
Methods of Testing Hypotheses
Modes 1. If the water temperature decreases in the Laurentian Abyss, the amount of life there will decrease. Physical Modeling 2. If Kudzu is left unattended, it will grow at an exponential rate. Observation 3. The temperature on the surface of an asteroid is directly related to its distance from the sun. Computer Modeling 100% pure cotton shirts provide more warmth than an 80% cotton 20% polyester blend. Experiment
Hypothesis - has Independant/Dependant variable A prediction about the world that is testable (If/Then) (formed in a true/false statement). Control Group Changes are NOT applied to this group Used as a comparison. Experimental Group (also called Test Group) Changes are applied to this group. Independent Variable is applied to this group.
Independent Variable The factor that is being tested or changed. Dependent Variable The factor that is responding to the changes of the independent variable. Can be measured. Constant Any factor that remains the same in an experiment & does not affect it. now practice identifying these variables..
Qualitative Written in words Description of something Examples: The room is clean The chair is blue Quantitative Written with numbers Amount of something Examples: There are 8 lab benches I am 6ft tall
Qualitative, I feel word or description Quantitative, I feel Number On a scale of 1 10
Scientific Theory Well-tested hypothesis Regarded as true Can be proven false if there is enough evidence Qualitative Examples: Big Bang Theory Theory of Evolution Theory of Plate Tectonics Scientific Law Well-tested hypothesis Regarded as true Can be shown using MATH Quantitative Examples: Law of Gravity Laws of motion Kepler s Laws
symbol k h da metric system d c m prefix kilo- hecto- deka- base unit deci- centi- millimultiple 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 length Kilometer km hectometer hm dekameter dam meter m decimeter dm centimeter cm millimeter mm volume kiloliter kl hectoliter hl dekaliter dal liter L deciliter dl centiliter cl milliliter ml mass Kilogram kg hectogram hg dekagram dag gram g decigram dg Centigram cg milligram mg
American / English units Imperial System Scientific / International / SI Units Metric System Length inches, feet, miles cm, meters, kilometers Volume fluid ounces, pints, quarts, gallons ml, liters, kl Mass ounces, pounds grams, kilograms Temperature Fahrenheit Celsius Velocity mph kph
Metric System Chart
Metric System Chart Metric System Chart
Meniscus = the curve of water in a graduated cylinder, always read from the bottom
Practice reading these measurements: 1. 2. 3. C
Accuracy How close a measured value is to a true value Precision How close measured values are to each other The more decimal points, the more precise a tool is 2.34 grams vs. 2.3 grams Low Accuracy High Precision High Accuracy Low Precision High Accuracy High Precision
Accuracy Examples: Boiling point of water is 100⁰C but the thermometer reads 99⁰C The recipe calls for ¾ cup of sugar but your sister accidentally measures out ⅞ cup of sugar Precision Examples: Mr. McCutcheon says he has about 100 students but Mr. Harabin knows that he only has 89 Jimmy measured the ounces of gold he had at about 10 but Pauly knew that he had exactly 12.35
EXAMPLES:
Remember to count the movement of the decimal point and that becomes the exponent. Left = +. Right = - Example 1 12,340 1.234 x 10⁴ Example 2 10,456,000 1.0456 x 10⁷ Example 3 0.00045 4.5 x 10-⁴
Density
Density