J. Mt. Sci. (2016) 13(2) e-mail: jms@imde.ac.cn http://jms.imde.ac.cn DOI: 10.1007/s11629-014-3244-5 Appendix 1 Characteristics table of the Emeishan basalt main hydroelectric stations in the Lancang River, Jinsha River, Yalong River River name Dadu River Yalong River Jinsha River Hydroelectric station name Installed capacity ( 10 4 kw) Tongjiezi 60 32.1 Ertan 300 162 Annual average generated energy ( 10 8 kw h) Guandi 180 88.48 Longkaikou 180 82.7 Jin anqiao 160 Xiluodu 1200 573.5 Baihetan 1400 581.81 Hutiaoxia(the Tiger leaping gorge) 420 168.8 Main characteristics Five eruption cycles of magma, from up to down: bottom phase of basalt, internal phase of dense or columnar jointed basalt, top phase of tuff. Tuff interlayer decreased rock mass quality. Basalt thick 1100m. As Syenite intrusive the basalt, intrusive plane is formed. With the influence of magmatic hydrothermal, formed alteration plane along invasion interface. The damsite rock quality is decrease. Within basalt, developing the of middle and gently dipping. In the divided by the content difference of breccia, cuttings and gouge mainly are rock fragments and little mud and mud and little rock fragments. Structure main for: smaller faults, parallel fissures and a small amount of columnar joints. There are seven layers of tuff interlayers, constitute bedding fault zone of 5 ~ 30 cm thickness, extending 100 ~ 1000 m length. Basalt thick 3000 m, divided into 10 layers, every layer bottom-up: tholeiite - amygdaloidal basalt - volcanic breccia lava- tuff. Rock quality is decreased by tuff interlayers. The total thickness of the basalt layer 520 m, single thickness 10~30 m. There are 14 rock flow layers. Each layer is composed of basaltic lava of the lower and pyroclastic rocks of the upper. There are 11 rock flow layers. Lower portion of each rock flow is basalt lava, the upper is tuff. Rock quality is decreased by tuff interlayers. Fracture structure and rock structures of the dam site more complicated on left bank than right bank. Types of main structure plane Bedding and intraformational faulted zones Weatheringunloading zone, Intrusion and alteration plane Bedding fault zone, fracture. Intraformational and bedding fault zone, fracture Bedding fault zone and alteration plane Intraformational and Bedding Fault zone Intraformational faulted zone and bedding fault zone Fault and fracture 1
2 Appendix 2 The isopach map of Permian basalts in southwestern China (change from Zhang et al. 1988) (1. Thickness isopach; 2.Fault).
Appendix 3 Properties of weak plane sub-types in Baihetan hydroelectric station dam area of Jinsha River Types Sub-types Properties of plane Names Weak Rock block Containing rock fragments gravel Rock fragments gravel They are the intraformational faulted zones in the rock of slightly weathered and weak weatheredlower segment and the fractures which have width greater than 0.5~2 cm. The fillings are basalt rock block and rock fragments. Rock block content >90%. The plane has mirror scratch, and has intact rock mass on both sides. The intraformational faulted zone is mediumsteep-dip extrusion belt, and is filled with rock block, breccia, and rock fractures. With medium permeability, water has no effect on the fault zone material. They are the bedding fault zone above groundwater level. The fillings are tuff rock block and rock fragments. Gravel content>70%, rock fragments content <30% in the fillings. Main fault with thickness 2~20 mm. With medium permeability, groundwater has no effect on the fault zone material. 50% ± of rock fragments and gravel content, with continuous rock fragments or weathered mud of 0.2~0.8 cm thickness near the fault zone, more compact structure, lower strength. The main fault zone is 5~20 mm thickness, is easily broken on both sides The permeability is from medium to strong. Groundwater has some influence to the fault zone material. Rock block and rock fragments(1) Rock block and rock fragments(2) Rock fragments clip mud Mud clip rock fragments Particle diameter<0.005 mm Clay content (%) <3 0.45 0.1 Shear strength Typical f c (MPa) PD45-Nc6, PD52- Nc2, PD44-Nc2, etc. C3, C6-C11, etc. 3~10 0.35 0.04 C2, C3-1, C5 10~30 0.3 0.02 C2, C4, C3-1 3
Appendix 4 C4, C5 Lithologic characteristics and layers relationship between upper and lower layers of Tongjiezi hydroelectric station Series The Permian Group Shawan group, sand shale Emeishan basalt Phase identification Inland lake The top The internal The bottom The top Names of sublayers The forth layer (P2S4) The third layer (P2S3) The second layer(p2s2) The first layer (P2S1) Thickness (m) 60~70 18~36 20~34 7~13 Tuff(P2β5 3 ) l~5 Tuff basalt(p2β5 2 ) 0.94~4.40 Dense block basalt(p2β5 1-3 ) Slender columnar joint basalt (P2β5 1-2 ) celadon basalt (P2β5 1-1 ) Bedding Fault Zone C5 3~25 20~37 5~7 0.04~0.95 Tuff (P2β4 3 ) 0~12.50 Tuff basalt (P2β4 2 ) 0~15.90 Lithology description Mainly light grey, celadon sandstone and clay rocks, inferior coal layer in middle and upper part. Mainly purple red, blue grey, gray white, and mix-colored rocks, partly thin layer of siltstone. Mainly grey, celadon concretion-shaped medium and small sandstone and siltstone, partly clay rock, sandy clay rocks and coal line. Purple red irony clay rocks, gray white and gray yellow bauxit, Kaolinite clay rocks. A little rough, with stoma, almond shape, brecciated structure, filling with silicon strip, and carbonation. The transitional rock is with basalt-liked characteristics, sometimes containing stoma, cavities, and obvious carbonation effect. A block or a short column shape, a small amount of almond, geode, and bottom-surface joint development. Small columnar joints containing plagioclase phenocryst, almond is very rare. Joint development on layer with small almondshaped rocks. Accumulated volcano clastic sedimentary of two eruption intermittent and the Asanuma lacustrine deposits of the normal sedimentaryface, through the tectonic compression or dislocation between layers. The tectonite has a high grade of argillization, low mylonite and mud content. It mainly has the cleavage rocks and crushed rock. Gray green with gravel structure, porous or almond shaped structure, partly scattered with carbon particles. Dark gray, gray green, with almond shaped structure, and containing crystal caves. The internal Almond-shaped basalt(p2β4 1-3 ) Purple black and brittle basalt (P2β4 1-2 ) 7~13.56 12~18.98 Green gray, dark gray, with almond-shaped and block structure, and with rich relatively large crystal cave at the top. Purple black, brittle, fragile, unstable lithofacies, with tuff and tuffaceous basalt lens. The bottom Stubby column basalt (P2β4 1-1 ) 3.5~13.0 Gray green, gray black, short and thick columnar joints and closed and relatively developed fracture. Bedding Fault Zone C4 Intermittent period deposits. 4
Appendix 5 Length histogram of Xiluodu Hydroelectric Station Intraformational Faulted Zones. 5
Appendix 6 Structural classification of Xiluodu hydroelectric station on Jinsha River (-To be continued-) Grade Classification basis Engineering geological characteristics First Second Scale Properties Engineering significance II Bedding faulted zone II1 (Containing) debris gravel II2 Welding Developed in the rock flow layers, with gentle angle, stably extending throughout the whole dam With different structure reformation, greatly changed nature, with filling material of lithic lapilli, mainly rock block, and partly fracture or weld junction. Strength of this plane is controlled by combining tectonic components and layers combination. The plane is controlling boundary for stability of large scales of rock (stability of dam abutment, dam foundation). Rock flow layers are with strong dislocation, fault zone material including rock containing gravel or rock gravel (>75%), flat and fluctuated interface, partial visible shear dilatancy, properties and strength strongly influenced by weathering and unloading effect, relatively low strength. Rock flow layer interface basically has no dislocation, with melting type (>75%), rough interface, good properties and high strength. III Intraformati onalfaulted zone III1 (Containing) Breccia III2 Crack(block) III3 Short and small Development in middle and lower part of each rock layer, with gentle angle extension of 5~100 m. The products of further dislocation of original structure or crack, with greatly change of properties, containing lithic lapilli, fractured rock mass (quartz epidote belt), and fracture scrape, etc. Strength of plane is controlled by tectonic rock composition or crack surface properties, which effected the rock mass stability of dam abutment, dam foundation, tunnel and slope. The faulted zone is flat, stably extending, running through three walls of the tunnel, with thickness of 2~10 cm, including mainly rock containing gravel and lithic lapilli, generally stable properties. The hard intraformational faulted zone of flat and stable, with thickness 0.5~5 cm, mainly material of fractured-block and fissure -scrape, and good properties. The structure extends short, with angle of >25, thickness of <2 cm, mainly material of quartz and epidote belt, scrape debris, consolidated gravel material containing debris, the generally do not constitute the boundary of rock mass mechanics effect. Typical C8, C9; C111, C12, C13, C7-1 C6-1, C6-2 PD39-Lc8-11, PD36-Lc8-15 PD12-Lc6-6, PD57-Lc8-17 PD36-Lc8-5, Lc48 of PD45branch PD18-Lc6-1 6
(-Continued-) Appendix 6 Structural classification of Xiluodu hydroelectric station on Jinsha River Grade Classification basis First Second Scale Properties Engineering significance IV Crack The fractured and hard intermittently extended from a few meters to more than 10 meters. The plane often filled with 0.2~0.5 cm of calcite films or quartz veinlet. Closely fitting of crack surface is contained in new rock mass. Weakly weathered zone reveals opening shape. Steep and gentle fissure often are with alternating development. Forming a potential lateral slip boundary of abutment stability; Destructing completeness of rock mass. V Strong weathered layer V1 Strong weathered interlayer V2 paleoweathering layer Extending from several meters to tens of meters, with thickness of, 0.5~2.5 m. Developed between the two rock layers, with gentle angle, stably extending throughout the whole dam. The plane is controlled by the intraformational faulted zone of gentle angle, 70~90 m of depth away from the slope, mainly concentrated in the weakly-weathered rock body, loose-shaped structure, lithic grave. It is products of structure transformation of original rock flow surface. With different grade of structure transformation, its nature changed greatly, with filling material mainly lithic lapilli e, rock block, some fracture or weld junction. The plane is with poor properties, which can form the mechanics effect boundary of rock mass. With strength controlled by the plane strength, large thickness, it brings the nonuniformity of partial rock mass deformation. Strength of this plane is affected by tectonic components or layers combined grade, forming controlling boundary for stability of large scale of rock (dam abutment and dam foundation stability). Engineering geological characteristics With fracture extending 0.5~10 m length, the long one can form control boundary of a large range or part of rock stability, strength depending on the fracture connectivity, crack surface properties and fluctuation. The strong weathering interlayer is controlled by upper and lower gentle cracks, with thickness of 1~3 m, showed as lens, nonuniformity development on both sides along the fault, some "chicken coop" shape development. Located above the dam crest, developed in the rock flow layers, running through the dam area, thickness of 2~3 m, containing a large amount of clay minerals, easy disintegration with water, poor properties near surface. Typical PD90-g1 PD18-Lc6-50, PD27 -f1 PD11-Lc6-5 PD12-Lc6-1 C11 Dam Crest 7
Appendix 7 Rock of Tongjiezi hydroelectric station on Dadu River Grade Names II III IV V Bedding faulted zone Faults Small faults and intraformational faulted zone (L0) Crack, randomly distributed small faults and fissure zone Classification basis and main properties Scale 0.3~0.4 m Running throughout the whole dam foundation, with 0.3~0.4 m fracture. Extending from dozens to hundreds of meters, with 0.2~ 2 m of fracture zone. A few meters to tens of meters long, with 0.02~ 0.1 m of fracture zone. A few meters to tens of meters long. Properties Tectonic rocks are developed, with continuous and intermittent fault gouge. With intermittent and continuous fault gouge. Mainly composed of mylonite and breccia, partly fault gouge. Rock mechanical property Soft, as main scontrolling slip plane for the dam foundation stability. Soft surface, controlling dam structure, as oblique cutting surface or positive and passive sliding surface. Soft, cutting rock. As in a disadvantageous position, the have adverse effects on the strength and stability of foundation rock mass. Hard, controlling rock mass integrity, affecting mechanical properties. Typical C5, C4 F3, F3-1, F5, etc. F(small fault), L0 Base crack Appendix 8 Structural classification of Guandi hydroelectric station dam area Grade Name Scale Extension Width(m) II Faults 500~2000 m 1.0~4.0 III Faulted zone 40~50 m, ultimate 100m 0.3~1.0 IV <0.3 V Crack Uneven length, ultimate 20 m General properties There were 6. They are composed of sheet rock, crushed rock, breccia and quartz vein. The top and bottom surface or internal surface contain continuous mylonite and fault clay belt. A total of 17 are exposed. Main fault zones are mylonites and fault gouge belts with width 1~3 cm. Main fault zones are with lens shape, or regular fracture cutting block, and slight tectonic action. A total of more than 300 are exposed, The plane direction is more disorderly. Steep faulted zones occupying 60%~70%, medium or slow steep fault zones are 15%~20%, which are mainly composed of crushed rock, partly breccia and mylonite. With chaotic direction, cracks quasi parallel are relatively developed. Fractures with steep dip angle account for 80%, fractures with medium dip angle account for 20%. 8
Appendix 9 Geological classification system of the of Longkaikou hydroelectric stations Grade Geological type Classification basis First Second II III IV V II1 II2 III1 III2 III3 Bedding faulted zone Controlling faults Intraformational faulted zone Small fault Extrusion belt Scale Small angle, stably extends throughout the whole dam. 100~1000 m length, extrusion belt>1 m width, containing continuous fault gouge. Extending from a few meters to tens of meters, with 0.2~1 m width. IV1 Small fault Extending from a few meters to tens of meters, with less than Extrusion belt, 0.2 m width. IV2 fissure zone Joint, cleavage, schistosity, etc. Extending from a few meters to tens of meters Engineering significance Controlling boundary of large scale rock mass stability, Controlling rock deformation and destroying mode. Controlling to the stability of slope, dam foundation rock, underground cavern surrounding rock, forming the boundary of rock mass mechanics. Having an impact on the stability of slope, dam foundation rock, underground cavern. Under certain conditions, having an impact on the stability of slope, dam foundation rock, and underground cavern. Forming potential slip boundary of dam abutment and slope, causing difference of rock mass mechanical properties and some uniformity. Engineering geological characteristics Rock flow layer keep original construction characteristics of tuff, which is soft, easily weathering cracked. Having continuous distributed fracture surface, a certain thickness of soft filling. The rock mechanics effect and strength characteristics are controlled by filling material properties and thickness. Rock mass mechanics effect and strength mainly are controlled by the properties and dense grade of filling. Filling with cuttings, occasionally mud. Fractured rock, occasionally mud within the zone. The hard structure plane, with strength depending on the crack surface properties and fluctuation. Sheet fractured rock, occasionally mud within the zone. Poor continuity, random distribution, and hard plane. Typical plans T0, T1 and T5 F1, F2, F3 and F4 N2-3, PD13-1, etc. f1~f3, etc. J9, etc. f11, etc. J1, L10, etc. 9
Appendix 10 Scales and classification of the of Baihetan hydroelectric station on Jinsha River 10 Types and codes Classification basis First Second Third Scale Engineering significance Engineering geological characteristics I Regional controlling None II Controlling III General plane IV V II1 Bedding faulted zone II2 Controlling faults III1 Intraformational faulted zone III2 General faults Extrusion belts, small faults V1 Medium long fracture V2 Short and small fracture V3 Columnar joints III1-1 III1-2 III1-3 Developed in tuff interlayers between rock flow layers, with low angle extending throughout the whole dam. Extension length>1000m, fracture belt width 0.5~2 m, a continuous fault gouge. Fault zone width >0.1 m, developed in small cycle interface. Fault zone width >0.1 m, developed in small cycle internal interface. Fault zone width >0.1 m, developed in the same lithosection of rock mass. Extending length 100~1000 m, fracture belt width 0.1~ 0.5 m. Extending length 10~100 m, obvious extrusion fractured belt, with width < 0.1 m. Extending length 1 ~10 m. Controlling boundary of rock mass stability of dam area (dam abutment and dam foundation). Having Significant control of stability of slope, dam abutment, and underground cavern, extension scale following after the bedding faulted zone. When concentrated into belts, the rock mass integrity is damaged. Having Significant influence on stability of slope, dam abutment, and underground cavern, forming stability boundary of rock mechanical effect. Forming potential slip boundary of dam abutment stability, destroying rock mass completeness controlling the stability of large amount of small scale rock mass. Retaining original tuff construction, with flat and fluctuated interface, relatively a little influence of weathering, unloading and groundwater strength. With continuous distributed fracture surface, rock mass mechanics effect and strength controlled by filling properties and thickness. Tectonic fault zone is relatively weak, generally filled with rock blocks and debris. Generally do not constitute the stability boundary of rock mass. Fracture belt containing breccia, and cutting, occasionally mud. Mainly steep angle fault zone, extrusion belt, composing of fragmentation, flake, and mylonites, separately forming, controlling boundary of partial rock mass stability, with strength depending on crack surface fluctuation and properties. Several numbers of can affect large scale or part of rock mass stability, with strength depending on fracture connectivity. Extending length > 1 m. Influence of properties on rock mass mechanical characteristics is reflected Column diameter 25~40 cm, in the large scale field test. length <4.0 m. Typical C2-C10 F17, F3 PD45 -Nc6; PD44-Nc1, etc. PD52 -Nc2, PD44-Nc2, etc. PD133, Nc3, etc. F13, F14, F16, F18, F19, etc. PD60-f3, PD51-f1, etc.