Kavli IAU workshop on global coordination of ground and space astrophysics: Future space based optical/uv/ir telescopes 17 19 July, 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands Boris Shustov
Plan of the talk 1. General information on astronomy in Russia 2. Space astronomy in Russia: state of art, prospects, problems 3. On future space based optical/uv/ir telescopes Main science drivers General challenges Technological challenges and developments Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 2
General information on astronomy in Russia Peoples 7 astronomical observatories and institutes >10 Physical institutions with astronomical departments (groups) >12 high schools with astronomical observatories, groups etc. ~1400 professional astronomers ~ 420 members of the IAU Funding Regular funding about 1 10 6 roubles for researcher per year. Funding by grants comparable value. Productivity 2.3 WoS publications for researcher (IAU member) per year. Major prospects 1. Joining the ESO 2. National projects Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 3
Largest ground-based optical telescopes of Russia Working telescopes 6 m BTA 2.6 m ZTSh 2.5 m KGO 2 m Terskol 1.6 m, 2.8 AZT33VM BSVT BST-1 Telescopes under design 3-m solar telescope 4-m large field survey telescope Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 4
Budgets of leading space agencies 20 billion $ 19.3 15 NASA 10 4 3 2 1 ~ Roscosmos CNES ESA ISRO JAXA China ~ 6? 5.2 2.9 1.7 2015 1.0 2015 0 1989 2000 2007 2016 http://gagago.ru/nacionalenij-centr-nauchnotehnicheskoj-informacii-respubl.html Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 5 ~
Life cycle of the space project Project ideas R&D R&D Institutes, universities, space industry research centers Space Council of the RAS Sci-Tech Council of Roscosmos Roscosmos, Energia + expertise by TsNIIMash etc. Space project Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 6
Federal space program 2016-2025 major directions and shares for basic research moon, planets, minor bodies of the solar system (47%) space astronomy (26%) space plasma and solar physics (13%) basic problems of space biology and medicine (14%) Total ~ 8 billion roubles in 2016 Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 7 7
Current space astronomy projects Radioastron (Spektr R) launched July 18, 2011. Space radio telescope: 10 meters diameter. Frequency bands: 0.3, 1.6, 5, 22 (18-25) GHz. World highest resolution (at 1.3 cm): ~7 μas is achieved! Pamela launched 15th of June 2006 The experiment is still operating, daily transmitting about 15 GB of data Nukleon launched 26.12.2014 Lomonosov (launched in April 2016) Educational and science project for observation of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, studies of transient phenomena in the Earth's upper atmosphere, simultaneous studies of gamma-bursts by means of optic cameras and gamma-detectors Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 8
Space astronomy projects in FSP-25 SPEKTR R 2011 SPEKTR RG 2018 SPEKTR UF 2023 Projects beyond the Federal Space Program 2025 SPEKTR M (MILLIMETRON) GAMMA 400 Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 9
Spektr-RG Project erosita ART-XC Tech info 4 years an all sky survey. 3 years follow-up pointed observations. erosita 0.2-12 kev, res. 15 in the center of FoV, E 130 ev at 6keV ART-XC 5-30keV, 1, FoV 36 Science goals The study of the large-scale structure of the Universe with 100 000 galaxy clusters The exploration of the growth and cosmological evolution of supermassive Black holes in the Universe with sample 3 million AGNs. Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 10
Spektr-UF (World Space Observatory Ultraviolet) Telescope T-170M under construction Tech info A multipurpose space observatory for UV spectral range (>115-320 nm). The WSO- UV is equipped with a 170 cm telescope and scientific instruments: UV imagers and 3 spectrographs (resolving power 1000-55000). Science goals The Cosmic Web (history of reionization, search for baryons chemical evolution of Universe). Physics of astrophysical engines Formation and the evolution of the young planetary systems. Astrochemistry in UV field and life origin. Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 11
WSO-UV mission partners Telescope: T-170M, 1.7 m, f/10 Russia Spectrographs: WUVS, Russia Imagers: Russia, Spain Platform: Navigator, Russia Orbit: geosynchronous, i=40 o Launcher, launch: Proton, Russia Ground Segment: Russia and Spain 12
WUVS efficiency (expected) 13
Parameters of Field Camera Unit Parameters ISSIS Far-UV Near-UV Detector MCP, analogue of UVIT (Spain) MCP, analogue of UVIT (Spain) CCD HST/ACS/S BC MCP, MAMA HST/WFC3/U VIS CCD Spectral range, 174-310 (115-115-310 115-176 nm 1000) 115-170 200 1000 Effective area, m 2 0.054 0.068 0.27 0.18 0.45 Field of view, arcsec arcsec Angular resolution, arcsec Detector size, mm Number of filters 70 75 121 121 597 451 34.59 30.8 162 162 0.03 0.08 0.146 0.03 0.04 40 30 49 37 25 61 61 2х (5 + 2 neutral) Up to 10 Up to15 6 + 2 prism 42+5 14
Millimetron (Spektr-M) project Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 15
Millimetron (Spektr-M): tests of structures Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 16
Gamma-400 baseline Science goals: Dark matter studies at GeV energies, resolving the Galactic Center and providing excellent sensitivity for searches in spheroidal galaxies (several times better than Fermi-LAT) Cosmic-ray acceleration in SNR and galactic diffusion resolved with unprecedented detail in both space and spectra (Excellent sensitivity to neutral pion emission below 200 MeV). Tech info Gamma-ray energy range 10 3000 GeV Multilayer converter Si-W, 11 layers, 100 x 100 cm 2, 0.84 X 0 Calorimeter CC1 CsI-Si, 5 layers, 80 x 80 cm 2, 3 X 0 Calorimeter CC2 1024 BGO bars (25 x25 x 250 mm 3 ), 80 x 80 cm 2, 22 X 0 Angular resolution (@ 100 GeV) 0.01 0.02 Energy resolution (@ 100 GeV) 1 2% Proton rejection 10 5 Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 17
Problems and challenges 1. Long cycles of projects. Not efficient planning of funding. Proper planning and control of cost is still a problem. Cost of the large and expensive projects often exceeds the planned limits many times! Should be improved. 2. Insufficient level of international cooperation prevents realization of best possible options. To work with space agencies. 3. Political interferences. They seem to be difficult to overcome but for the really ambitious project we have to find solution(s). Good example the ISS. 4. Multipurpose or dedicated missions. Both. 5. Surveys or targeted missions. UV and IR surveys seem to be very required. Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 18
Main science drivers: Solar System Many of cosmogony and planetary dynamics problems can be solved if a multi-wavelength survey being performed with a large aperture wide-field telescopes (O and IR). Both imagery and spectroscopy will be helpful for a deep inventory and study of external areas of the Solar System, e.g. for regular survey and study of TNO (up 1000 a.u) population. Significant contribution to solution of NEO detection and study problem will be made either. The LSST is a promising optical tool. Large IR survey telescope can be even more promising. Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 19
Main science drivers: 100 pc Вasic problems is a complete inventory in the vicinity of the Sun (say within 100 pc). This is required for solution of many problems, including: determination of low-mass end of stellar (+brown dwarfs) IMF with sufficient completeness and accuracy; finding of Pop 2.5 stars, which chemical composition has imprints of PopIII stars; detailed analysis of physics and chemistry of the nearest exoplanets, etc. Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 20
Main science drivers: distant Universe Observations of the near (z < 2) Universe in the UV are crucial for solving the problem of missing baryons, determination of the mass spectrum of Lyalpha absorbers, chemical and ionization history of the Universe, etc. UVobserv. domain An example: where to look for missing baryons Davé, 2004 Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 21
Technological challenges and developments: new ideas An example: Fresnel telescope Large "Primary Array" module: 4 to 30 m diameter, or more. Field optics telescope 1/10 th to 1/20 th the diameter of Primary Array. Chromatic correction : Blazed lens or concave grating, 10 to 30 cm diameter focal Instrumentation: Spectro-imagers Koechlin 2009,2016 Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 22
Technological challenges and developments: optoelectronic elements In optics both coating (reflectivity, stability, etc) and detector (quantum efficiency, dynamic range, lifetime and radiation hardness) parameters are approaching their fundamental limits. In UV domain there remains a lot of parameters to be substantialy improved. E.g. : GaN Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 23
Technological challenges and developments Technology of light-weighted large deployable optical constructions (using new composite materials, membrane mirrors etc.) is quickly developing but really big space constructions of optical quality remain a challenge. Wait for JWST. Technology of operation with split-instruments is required (Fresnel Imager is a good example). There exist positive results of R&D of space-space interferometers. Technology of assembly, integration and verification of very large instruments in space: onboard space station, on planetary surface is becoming affordable. Telescopes that will be located outside Earth radiation belts, at lunar or at deep space distances will require for new communication systems, which down link rate has to be orders of magnitude higher than for existing ones (laser?) Kavli IAU Meeting, 17-19 July 2017, Leiden, The Netherlands B.Shustov. Concepts from Russia 24
We are open for the international cooperation!