The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry By Ball, Hill and Scott Download PDF at https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/bookdetail.aspx?bookid=40 Page 5 Chapter 1 Chemistry, Matter, and Measurement 1.1 What is chemistry (including scientific method) 14 1.2 Classification of matter 24 1.3 Measurements 28 1.4 Scientific notation 36 1.5 Significant figures 39 Using sig fig in calculations 46 1.6 SI system of units 57 1.7 Converting between units 71 1.8 Chapter summary 78 Chapter 2 Elements, Atoms, and the Periodic Table 79 2.1 The elements 91 2.2 Atomic theory 94 2.3 Structure of atoms 102 2.4 Nuclei of atoms 113 2.5 Atomic masses 117 2.6 Arrangement of electrons 124 2.7 Periodic table 140 2.8 Chapter summary 145 Chapter 3 Ionic Bonding and Simple Ionic Compounds 146 3.1 Two types of bonding 150 3.2 Ions 161 3.3 Formulas for ionic compounds 174 3.4 Ionic nomenclature 185 3.5 Formula mass 193 3.6 Chapter summary 200 Chapter 4 Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Compounds 201 4.1 Covalent bonds 210 4.2 Covalent compounds: formulas and names 220 4.3 Multiple covalent bonds 224 4.4 Characteristics of covalent bonds (includes electronegativity an polarity) 237 4.5 Characteristics of molecules (includes VSEPR and molecular shape) 245 4.6 Introduction to organic chemistry 261 4.7 Chapter summary 267 Chapter 5 Introduction to Chemical Reactions 268 5.1 Law of conservation of matter 270 5.2 Chemical equations 278 5.3 Quantitative Relationships Based on Chemical Equations 286 5.4 Some Types of Chemical Reactions
292 5.5 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) reactions 300 5.6 Redox reactions in organic chemistry and biochemistry 304 5.7 End of chapter material, summary 309 Chapter 6 Quantities in Chemical Reactions 310 6.1 The mole 317 6.2 Atomic and molecular masses 322 6.3 Mole-mass conversions 330 6.4 Mole-mole relationships in chemical reactions 335 6.5 Mole-mass and mass-mass problems 345 6.6 End of chapter material, summary 349 Chapter 7 Energy and Chemical Processes 350 7.1 Energy and its units 355 7.2 Heat 362 Phase Changes 368 Bond energies and chemical reactions 375 The energy of biochemical reactions 378 Chapter summary 384 Chapter 8 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 385 8.1 Intermolecular interactions 386 8.2 Solids and liquids 400 8.3 Gases and pressure 406 8.4 Gas laws 423 8.5 Chapter summary 427 Chapter 9 Solutions 428 9.1 Solutions 434 9.2 Concentrations 456 9.3The dissolution process 461 9.4 Properties of a solution 472 9.5 Chapter summary 477 Chapter 10 Acids and Bases 478 10.1 Arrhenius definition of acids and bases 488 10.2 Brønsted-Lowery definition of acids and bases 495 10.3 Water: both and acid and a base 500 10.4 The strengths of acids and bases 508 10.5 Buffers 515 10.6 Chapter summary 520 Chapter 11 Nuclear Chemistry 521 11.1 Radioactivity 530 11.2 Half-life 535 11.3 Units of radioactivity 543 11.4 Uses of radioactive isotopes 550 11.5 Nuclear energy
557 11.6 Chapter summary 561 Chapter 12 Organic chemistry: Alkanes and halogenated hydrocarbons 562 12.1 Organic Chemistry 567 12.2 Structures and names of alkanes 572 12.3 Branched-chain alkanes 577 12.4 Condensed structural and line-angle formulas 581 12.5 IUPAC nomenclature 593 12.6 Physical properties of alkanes 597 12.7 Chemical properties of alkanes 600 12.8 Halogenated hydrocarbons 608 12.9 Cycloalkanes 614 12.10 Chapter summary 621 Chapter 13 Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons 621 13.1 Alkenes: Structures and names 631 13.2 Cis-Trans isomers (geometric isomers) 641 13.3 Physical properties of alkenes 643 13.4 Chemical properties of alkenes 647 13.5 Polymers 651 13.6 Alkynes 654 13.7 Aromatic compounds: benzene 657 13.8 Structure and nomenclature of aromatic compounds 675 13.9 Chapter summary 683 Chapter 14 Organic Compounds of Oxygen 684 14.1 Organic compounds with functional groups 686 14.2 Alcohols: Nomenclature and classification 697 14.3 Physical properties of alcohols 703 14.4 Reactions that form alcohols 707 14.5 Reactions of alcohols 716 14.6 Glycols and Glycerol 720 14.7 Phenols 724 14.8 Ethers 731 14.9 Aldehydes and ketones: Structure and names 742 14.10 Properties of aldehydes and ketones 751 14.11 Organic sulfur compounds 754 14.12 Chapter summary 765 Chapter 15 Organic Acids and Bases and Some of their Derivatives 766 15.1 Functional groups of the carboxylic acids and their derivatives 771 15.2 Carboxylic acids: Structures and names 778 15.3 Formation of carboxylic acids 781 15.4 Physical properties of carboxylic acids 784 15.5 Chemical properties of carboxylic acids: Ionization and neutralization 790 15.6 Esters: Structures and names 799 15.7 Physical properties of esters 801 15.8 Preparation of esters
804 15.9 Hydrolysis of esters 808 15.10 Esters of phosphoric acid 812 15.11 Amines: Structures and names 823 15.12 Physical properties of amines 828 15.13 Amines as bases 835 15.14 Amides: Structures and names 840 15.15 Physical properties of amides 844 15.16 Formation of amides 844 15.17 Chemical properties of amides and hydrolysis 846 15.18 Chapter summary 857 Chapter 16 Carbohydrates 923 Chapter 17 Lipids 977 Chapter 18 Amino acids, Proteins, and Enzymes 979 18.1 Properties of amino acids 992 18.2 Reactions of amino acids 998 18.3 Peptides 1002 18.4 Proteins 1017 18.5 Enzymes 1022 18.6 Enzyme action 1029 18.7 Enzyme activity 1037 18.8 Enzyme inhibition 1045 18.9 Enzyme cofactors and vitamins 1051 18.10 Chapter summary 1060 Chapter 19 Nucleic Acids 1061 19.1 Nucleotides 1072 19.2 Nucleic acid structure 1086 19.3 Replication and expression of genetic information 1096 19.4 Protein synthesis and the genetic code 1104 19.5 Viruses 1112 19.7 Chapter summary 1120 Chapter 20 Energy Metabolism 1201 Chapter 21 Appendix: Periodic Table of the Elements